Diagnóstico posnatal de hematoma de cordón umbilical: reporte de un caso / Postnatal diagnosis of umbilical cord hematoma: case report

ANTECEDENTES: El hematoma espontáneo del cordón umbilical es una complicación rara del embarazo que representa una causa grave de morbilidad y mortalidad fetal. Se han descrito numerosos factores de riesgo, pero aún se desconoce su etiología exacta. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 28 años, en su octava gestación, que consultó en urgencias por disminución de los movimientos fetales de varias horas de evolución tras una caída accidental traumática. La monitorización fetal mostró un patrón cardiotocográfico no tranquilizador, con disminución de la variabilidad y sin aceleraciones. Se realizó una cesárea urgente, sin complicaciones, con el nacimiento de un varón vivo de 4560 g, con Apgar 8/10/10 y pH de sangre de cordón umbilical 7.08, que precisó ingreso en la unidad de neonatología por hallazgo de un soplo cardíaco. Tras el alumbramiento se objetivó una gran colección hemática en el cordón umbilical. MÉTODO: Se aplicó una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática en Medline, PubMed y Cochrane de todos los artículos en inglés y español que tuvieran como palabras clave "Umbilical", "Cordón" y "Hematoma". RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 13 publicaciones de 15 casos de hematoma del cordón umbilical en los años 2008-2020. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los informes de casos descritos en los últimos 12 años en la literatura para evaluar la epidemiología, los factores predisponentes, los resultados potenciales, el diagnóstico prenatal y el manejo clínico. CONCLUSIONES: Debido a la rareza de esta afección, se deben informar todos los casos nuevos de hematoma del cordón umbilical para mejorar el conocimiento de los factores predisponentes, el diagnóstico prenatal y el manejo clínico.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous umbilical cord hematoma is a rare complication of pregnancy which represents a serious cause of fetal morbidity and mortality. There are many risk factors, but the exact etiology is still unknown. CASE REPORT: 28-year-old woman, eighth gestation, who consulted due to decreased fetal movements of several hours of evolution after traumatic accidental fall. Fetal monitoring showed a non-reassuring cardiotocographic pattern, with decreased fetal variability, without accelerations. An emergency cesarean section was performed without complications, with the birth of a living male weighing 4560 grams, with an 8/10/10 Apgar test, and an arterial pH of the umbilical cord 7.08, which required admission to the neonatology unit. After delivery, a large blood collection was observed in the umbilical cord. METHOD: A systematic search strategy was applied to several electronic bibliographic databases: Medline, PubMed and Cochrane. Key words used were "Umbilical", "Cord", "Hematoma". RESULTS: 13 publications of 15 cases of umbilical cord hematoma were reported in the years 2008-2020. A systematic review of the reports of cases, described in the last twelve years in the literature was carried out to evaluate the epidemiology, predisposing factors, potential results, prenatal diagnosis and clinical management of this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the rarity of this condition, every new case of umbilical cord hematoma should be reported in order to improve the knowledge of predisposing factors, prenatal diagnosis, and clinical management.

Impacto de la atención farmacéutica en la calidad del tratamiento con acenocumarol en pacientes con fibrilación auricular / Effects of pharmaceutical counseling on the effectiveness of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background: Vitamin K antagonists such as acenocoumarol and warfarin are usually indicated for the treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (AF). The Therapeutic Range Time (TRT) is a quality of treatment indicator. Values greater than 65% are associated with significantly lower stroke and bleeding rates. Proper pharmaceutical care improves TRT. Aim: To evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care in patients with AF treated with acenocoumarol. Material and Methods: We studied 41 patients using acenocoumarol for AF aged 71 ± 11 years (43% women). They received pharmaceutical counseling during 12 weeks. TRT was calculated retrospectively for the year before counseling and prospectively during the intervention period. Results: After receiving pharmaceutical counseling TRT improved from 29% at baseline to 46% at the end of the intervention (p < 0.01). After pharmaceutical care, the adherence of patients to drug treatment improved from 27% at baseline to 85% at the end of the study. The user satisfaction survey of the pharmaceutical care received showed a high degree of patient satisfaction. Conclusions: Pharmaceutical care in patients with oral anticoagulant treatment improves TRT of anticoagulation. It is accepted and positively evaluated by patients.

Eficacia en el control de la anticoagulación de los diferentes fármacos antagonistas de la vitamina K disponibles en Chile

Background: Vitamin K antagonist medications (VKA) are essential for the prevention of thromboembolic events, but their effectiveness is influenced by multiple factors, such as the type of medication chosen. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy in anticoagulant control of the bioequivalent and non-bioequivalent drugs of acenocoumarol compared to the reference drug. To evaluate the efficacy of warfarin bioequivalents available in Chile. To contrast the overall anticoagulant control efficacy between acenocoumarol and warfarin. Material and Methods: The results of 69333 outpatient oral anticoagulation controls were analyzed. Patient were separated in groups according to the drug that they used. Subsequently, the proportions of controls outside the range for each of acenocoumarol and warfarin bioequivalent drugs were compared. Acenocoumarol non-bioequivalent drugs were also compared with the reference drug. Acenocoumarol was compared with warfarin. Results: Acenocoumarol bioequivalent drugs and the reference drug had a similar proportion of controls outside the range (Odds ratios (OR) 0.812; 0.969; 0.974 and 0.963). Non-bioequivalent drugs had a higher proportion than the reference drug (OR 1.561 and 2.037). Both warfarin brands have a similar proportion of controls outside of the range (OR 1.050). Acenocoumarol compared to warfarin had a significant higher proportion of controls outside the range (OR 1.191). Conclusions: The pharmacological presentation of vitamin K antagonists could influence anticoagulant control. Therefore, it is not prudent to switch these presentations frequently.

Estudio comparativo de equipos INR capilar "point of care" versus INR venoso, en pacientes en tratamiento con antagonistas de vitamina K / Comparison of point of care capillary international normalized ratio (INR) with INR measured in venous samples

Background: INR is used to monitor the treatment with vitamin K antagonists. A strategy to reduce waiting times for sampling is to measure INR in a capillary sample using a portable point of care (POC) type coagulometer. Aim: To evaluate the correlation of CoaguChek Pro II™, Xprecia™ and microINR™ with venous INR measured at the clinical laboratory and their ease of use. Materials and Methods: Patients provided capillary and venous blood samples for parallel tests comparing Xprecia™ Stride with CoaguChek Pro II™ and with venous INR, microINR™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM and with venous INR. The devices' ease of use was assessed surveying the sampling staff. Results: The three tested devices had good correlation coefficients with venous INR: CoaguChek Pro IITM 0.953 and 0.962; Xprecia™ of 0.912 and microINR™ of 0.932. The correlation coefficient of Xprecia™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM was 0.937 and microINR™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM was 0.976. Conclusions: CoaguChek Pro IITM, Xprecia™ and microINR™ results had a good correlation coefficient with INR measured at the laboratory. Our results indicate that, in the hands of trained users, POC-type coagulometers are reliable and acceptable for routine use in anticoagulant treatment control.

Trombolisis intravenosa en accidente cerebro vascular isquémico agudo en un hospital público de Chile: análisis prospectivo de 54 casos / Intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke: experience in 54 patients

Background: Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) reduces disability in patients with ischemic stroke. However, its implementation in Chilean public general hospitals has been slow and faces some difficulties. Aim: To analyze the results of an intravenous thrombolysis protocol implementation in a public general hospital. Material and Methods: During a lapse of 28 months a standardized protocol for intravenous thrombolysis implemented in the emergency room of a public hospital, was prospectively evaluated. Fifty four patients with ischemic stroke were treated and assessed three months later as outpatients. Results: At three months of follow-up, 66.4% of patients subjected to thrombolysis had a favorable evolution, defined as having 0 to 1 points in the modified Rankin scale. Intracerebral hemorrhage rate was 11.1%, including 5.5% of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Four percent of patients had systemic bleeding complications after thrombolysis. The mortality rate was 14.8%. Conclusions: The success rates, mortality, and complications rate were comparable to the results obtained in international studies, despite of the absence of a stroke unit to manage stroke and its complications.

Impacto de Ia telemedicina en Ia calidad del control de tratamiento anticoagulante oral / Impact of tele-medicine for control of oral anticoagulant treatment

Antecedentes: En el año 2014 se inició Telemedicina desde el Policlinico de Tratamiento Anticoagulante oral del Hospital San Juan de Dios y el Hospital de Curacaví, evitando así el traslado de pacientes a Santiago para el control con el médico especialista. Métodos: Se utilizó licencia de video conferencia en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, dispositivo móvil, equipo de INR capilar y stock de Acenocumarol en el Hospital de Curacaví. Resultados: En total se han realizado 2.174 consultas vía Telemedicina (junio 2014 a diciembre 2015). Esta estrategia ha sido bien evaluada por los pacientes. La mejora en la calidad del tratamiento ha sido evidente: 58,3% de los pacientes del Hospital de Curacaví se encuentran en rango terapéutico, superior al 50,8% de los pacientes del Hospital San Juan de Dios (p < 0,05). En cuanto al Tiempo en Rango Terapéutico (TTR) 50,6% de los pacientes del Hospital de Curacaví se encuentran en rango versus 46,2% de los pacientes del Hospital San Juan de Dios (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: La Telemedicina utilizada por equipos comprometidos es capaz de mantener indicadores de calidad de la atención que la validan como herramienta de atención clínica a distancia. La Telemedicina, en cuanto es una herramienta que acerca el especialista a comunidades alejadas de centros hospitalarios complejos, es valorada y muy bien calificada por los usuarios.

Background: Starting in 2014 telemedicine has been used to control oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT) in patients attending a peripheral hospital (Curacaví), in connection with Hospital San Juan de Dios, based in Santiago. Methods: A license for video conference was available to communicate both hospitals. Capillary INR and medications were available at Curacaví Hospital. Results: Between June 2014 and December 2015, 2174 indications for OAT have been made through tele-medicine. Different estimates of quality of care and user satisfaction have been rated > 6.7 (1-7 scale). Percent of INR measurements in therapeutic range was 58.3% in Curacavi and 50.8% at Hospital San Juan de Dios (p<0.05) and time in therapeutic range was 50.6% vs 42.6%, respectively (p<0.05) Conclusion: Tele-medicine allowed a close relationship between remote medical facilities and a complex medical center and was fully validated as a means of controlling OAT with a high degree of acceptance by patients.

Efecto de las variantes de VKORC1 y CYP2C9 sobre la dosis de anticoagulantes orales en individuos chilenos / Effect of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 variants on dosage of oral anticoagulants in Chilean individuals

Background: The dose of oral anticoagulants (OAC) shows great variability among patients. Pharmacogenetic studies have shown that common variants in genes CYP2C9 (*2 and *3) and VKORC1 (-1639G>A) are associated with lower requirements of OAC. Aim: To study the association between average maintenance doses of oral anticoagulant therapy required to maintain a stable INR and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene variants in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Prospective study of patients on anticoagulant treatment and with a stable international normalized ratio (INR) for prothrombin time for at least three months. Patients were classified as having high or low acenocoumarol or warfarin requirements. Peripheral blood DNA genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment polymorphism or sequencing and electrophoresis. Results: The study included 185 patients, 125 on acenocoumarol and 60 on warfarin. Patients with VKORC1-1639A allele were more likely to require lower doses of both drugs than patients with the G allele (Odds ratio [OR] for acenocoumarol 9.06, and OR for warfarin = 18.7). There was no association between CYP2C9*2 and*3 and acenocoumarol or warfarin requirements. Conclusions: There is an association between VKORC1-1639A variant and anticoagulant doses.

Calidad de las tromboplastinas utilizadas en el laboratorio clínico y en los equipos POCT y su impacto en la dosificación de acenocumarol en pacientes con terapia anticoagulante oral / Types of thromplastin used for INR determination in patients under chronic oral anticoagulant treatment: discrepancies that may affect the dose of coumarin derivatives needed for treatment safety

Antecedentes: El monitoreo del tratamiento con anticoagulantes cumarínicos se realiza a través del INR (International Normalized Ratio) que es el parámetro estandarizado del Tiempo de Protrombina. Las recomendaciones de la OMS indican que la precisión en el cálculo del INR puede ser mejorada usando reactivo de tromboplastina con Indice de Sensibilidad Internacional (ISI) bajo, considerándose como ISI de referencia internacional el valor 1,0. Debido a incongruencias observadas en los INR de pacientes controlados en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente, comparando valores de muestra venosa con resultados de INR capilar obtenidos en el mismo paciente el mismo día y hora (con reactivos Tromboplastina de distinto ISI), se efectuó un ensayo clínico cruzado entre los distintos métodos. Materiales y métodos: En 100 pacientes se comparó INR venoso con dos tromboplastinas de diferente ISI (1,3 y 1,0) vs aquel efectuado con muestra capilar (ISI 1,0). Resultados: Los resultados del estudio muestran que a partir de valores de INR 3,0 las determinaciones obtenidas usando Tromboplastina de cerebro de conejo ISI=1,3 subestiman el valor de INR para un mismo paciente y una misma muestra. Conclusiones: El uso de Tromboplastina recombinante humana ISI 1,0 permite evitar la subestimación del INR en pacientes con mayor riesgo tromboembóli-co (indicación de INR objetivo más alto). Por ello, este método se adoptó en el control del TACO en pacientes controlados en el Servicio de Salud Occidente.

Background: INR (International Normalized Ratio) is the standard Prothrombin Time parameter for monitoring anticoagulant treatment with coumarin derivatives Recommendations of WHO indicate that precision in the calculation of the INR can be improved using thromboplastins with a low Index of International Sensibility (ISI=1,0). Discrepancies in INR obtained using either this technique or conventional rabbit brain derived reagents in the same sample in patients attending the Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (West Metropolitan Health Service) were observed. Our objective was to evaluate these discrepancies in a systematic way. Materials and methods: A comparative study was conducted using two thromboplastins of different ISI (1.0 and 1.3) for the calculation of venous INR in comparison with capillary INR in 100 patients. Results: The study showed that INR values may differ significantly according to the method used. In particular, rabbit brain thromboplastin ISI = 1.3 underestimates the value of INR in the range of INR ≥3.0. Conclusions: The use of human recombinant thromboplastin ISI= 1.0. for determination of INR may significantly decrease the risk of hemorrhagic complications in patients requiring higher levels of anticoagulation.

Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en pacientes con trombo intracavitario: Experiencia con tratamientos distintos en fase aguda / Management of ischemic strokes derived from intraventricular thrombi: Report of two cases

The origin of 20% of ischemic strokes is a left ventricular thrombus. We report two patients with strokes originating from cardiac thrombi, treated in two different ways. A 42-year-old diabetic man admitted with a left parietal and occipital stroke. An echocardiogram showed a left ventricular thrombus. The patient was subjected to a surgical cardiac revascularization procedure and left ventricular thrombectomy. The postoperative evolution was uneventful and the patient was discharged on oral anticoagulation. On ambulatory follow up, no neurological deterioration was evidenced. A 38-year-old male admitted with an acute ischemic stroke, was subjected to thrombolysis with human plasminogen activator. An echocardiogram showed a left ventricular thrombus, considered the cause of the stroke. The patient was anticoagulated with heparin and discharged ten days after admission with oral anticoagulation. A new echocardiogram performed one month later, did not show the left ventricular thrombus.

Hemifisiodesis del maléolo tibial con tornillos percutáneos para el tratamiento del tobillo valgo / Hemifisiodesis tibial malleolus with percutaneous screws for the treatment of ankle valgus

La deformidad en valgo del tobillo se asocia a una gran variedad de condiciones clínicas. El tratamiento de la deformidad en valgo del tobillo con hemifisiodesis percutánea es una alternativa para pacientes mayores de cinco años, que se ha utilizado en los últimos cinco años implantando un tornillo percutáneo en el maléolo tibial. Este es un estudio observacional descriptivo tipo serie de casos, realizado entre 1998 y 2005 en pacientes del Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt; fueron tratados 15 pacientes con diagnóstico de deformidad en valgo del tobillo que requirieron manejo quirúrgico mediante la técnica propuesta.

Osteosíntesis con placa percutánea en el tratamiento de las fracturas cerradas, inestables de la tibia / Percutaneous plate fixation for the treatment of closed fractures, unstable tibial

Estudio observacional retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos, realizado entre enero de 1999 y enero de 2006 en el Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael en 27 pacientes con fracturas inestables diafisiarias y distales extrarticulares de tibia, a quienes se les realizó osteosíntesis percutánea (técnica mínimamente invasiva) con placa convencional. Se evaluaron parámetros como mecanismo de trauma, tipo de fractura, tiempo de consolidación, función obtenida y complicaciones asociadas. De las fracturas, 24 correspondieron a fracturas diafisiarias (19 del tipo 42-A, 5 del tipo 42-B), y 3 casos fueron fracturas distales extraarticulares (43-A). De las 27 fracturas, 25 consolidaron sin procedimientos adicionales. Un caso requirió una osteotomía por deformidad rotacional y angular superior a 10 grados. Un caso requirió extracción de tornillo distal por aflojamiento. No se presentaron infecciones profundas, fatiga o ruptura de material. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la osteosíntesis percutánea con placa convencional no bloqueada es un método efectivo en aquellos casos en que el enclavijamiento endomedular ofrezca dificultades técnicas tales como deformidad previa, canal estrecho, dificultad en bloqueo distal por fragmento corto, o cuando no exista disponibilidad del equipo endomedular. El uso de placas con estabilidad angular es promisorio, y puede disminuir aún más las complicaciones por afl ojamiento, especialmente en fracturas en áreas metafisiarias o con conminución extensa. La técnica percutánea empleada ha disminuido notoriamente las complicaciones de la reducción abierta tradicional, tales como dehiscencia de la herida, infección, deformidad, aflojamiento de material y no consolidación.

Queratitis fúngica posterior a accidente laboral / Fungal keratitis after a work-related accident

Se presenta el primer caso de queratitis fúngica debido a Chrysosporium spp, diagnosticado en Chile. Hifas hialinas fueron detectadas en el raspado corneal y los cultivos fueron positivos a este hongo. el paciente habría sido curado después de tratamiento con Ketoconazol y Natamicina.Las Queratitis causadas por hongos filamentosos, del tipo Especies de Fusarium, Aspergillus inducidos por traumatismos por vegetales, metales y lentes de contacto. En este caso la queratitis se produjo como consecuencia de un traumatismo corneal.