RESUMEN
ABSTRACT The tobacco epidemic has been one of the biggest public health threats, and smoking is one of the world's largest preventable causes of premature death. An estimated 15.4% of all deaths in the world are attributable to tobacco smoking. The present review aims to describe addiction to tobacco smoking and vaping. Tobacco and vaping devices contain nicotine, a highly addictive drug, which explains why smoking is so prevalent and persistent. Electronic cigarettes are a group of novel nicotine or tobacco products that have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. Electronic cigarette devices allow for the use of other drugs, including THC, while the lax regulation may allow for the introduction of toxic compounds that can lead to acute or subacute toxicity, such as the e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury that has been linked to vitamin E acetate. In addition, regular vapers and heated tobacco devices emit toxins, although at lower concentrations than burned tobacco. However, more and more side effects have been identified. No new effective treatment for nicotine addiction has been developed recently, despite its huge adverse impact on overall health and other outcomes. As for the primary line of medications, the last one started in 2006, the varenicline, demonstrating a low interest in developing new medications against smoking, an unacceptable state of affairs, given the huge impact of smoking on morbidity and mortality.
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Abstract: Objective: To describe the possible risks associated to smoking in the spread and complications of Covid-19, emphasizing in the benefits of quitting smoking. Materials and methods: The narrative review methodology and the established process for Cochrane rapid reviews were used. Results: The scientific evidence related to smoking and Covid-19 remains limited. However, there is an already documented trend in cross-sectional, clinical studies and meta-analyses on the increased risk of adverse outcomes with Covid-19 associated with tobacco use. Conclusions: It is necessary to issue a warning that persons who smoke would have greater risks in the Covid-19 pandemic, which add to the many already known risks of tobacco use. Thus, quitting smoking becomes a relevant preventive measure to better confront SARS-CoV-2.
Resumen: Objetivo: Describir los posibles riesgos asociados de tabaquismo con contagio y complicaciones por Covid-19, haciendo hincapié en los beneficios de dejar de fumar. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la metodología de revisión narrativa y el proceso establecido para las revisiones rápidas Cochrane. Resultados: La evidencia científica relacionada con el tabaquismo y Covid-19 todavía es limitada. Existe una tendencia ya documentada en estudios clínicos transversales y metaanálisis del aumento del riesgo de resultados adversos para Covid-19 asociados con el consumo de tabaco. Conclusiones: Es necesario advertir que las personas que fuman tendrán mayores riesgos en la pandemia de Covid-19, los cuales se suman a los muchos ya conocidos del consumo de tabaco, de modo que dejar de fumar se convierte en una medida preventiva relevante para enfrentar mejor el SARS-CoV-2.
RESUMEN
El tabaquismo es una afección médica de carácter crónico caracterizada por la adicción a la nicotina. El 70 por ciento de los fumadores desea dejar de fumar, aunque sólo 30 por ciento lo intenta en un año. A los fumadores motivados se les debe ofrecer alguno de los tratamientos disponibles. Dentro del tratamiento farmacológico se distinguen los compuestos sin nicotina y la terapia de reemplazo con nicotina (TRN). En el primer grupo destacan el tartrato de vareniclina y los medicamentos antidepresivos como bupropión y nortriptilina. Dentro de la TRN se encuentran los parches, goma de mascar, tabletas sublinguales y orales, dispositivo de inhalación oral y aerosol nasal. El tartrato de vareniclina es un agonista parcial de los receptores nicotínicos cerebrales alfa4beta2 que reduce los síntomas de abstinencia, así como el deseo y urgencia por fumar. Los estudios muestran que vareniclina es superior a placebo (RM 3.22, IC95 por ciento 2.43-4.27) y también el bupropión (RM 1.66, IC95 por ciento 1.28-2.16). Todas las modalidades de TRN resultan efectivas (RM 1.78, IC95 por ciento 1.60-1.99) aunque, en casos particulares, alguna presentación puede resultar más conveniente. El potencial adictivo de los sustitutos de nicotina es menor que el del cigarrillo y además carece de los efectos tóxicos del humo. El bupropión estimula la función noradrenérgica y dopaminérgica y duplica la tasa de abstinencia en comparación con el parche de nicotina (RM 1.94, IC95 por ciento 1.72-2.19). La nortriptilina también se relaciona con aumento de las tasas de abstinencia (RM 2.34, IC95 por ciento 1.61-3.41). Otros tratamientos han mostrado cierta eficacia, entre los cuales destacan los bloqueadores de los receptores endocanabinoides, como el rimonabant. De los tratamientos no farmacológicos, el consejo médico es una herramienta útil, cuyo éxito puede ser de 2 a 4 por ciento, pero sólo 35 por ciento de los médicos lo aplican (RM 1.74, IC95 por ciento 1.48-2.05). La...
Smoking is a chronic medical condition characterized by the addiction to nicotine. Seventy percent of smokers want to quit smoking, although only 30 percent per year make the attempt. Some of the available treatments should be offered to smokers who are motivated to quit. Among the pharmaceutical treatments, nicotine-free tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) stand out. In the first group, varenicline tartrate and anti-depression medications such as bupropion and nortriptyline are notable. NRTs include patches, chewing gum, sublingual and oral tablets, oral inhalation and nasal aerosol devices. Varenicline tartrate is an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist that reduces withdrawal symptoms as well as the desire and urge to smoke. Studies show that varenicline is better than a placebo (RM 3.22, IC95 percent 2.43-4.27) and better than bupropion (RM 1.66, IC95 percent 1.28-2.16). All NRT modalities are effective (RM 1.78, IC95 percent 1.60-1.99), although in particular cases one may be more appropriate than another. The addictive potential of nicotine substitutes is less than that of cigarettes and, in addition, they lack the toxic effects of smoke. Bupropion stimulates noradrenergic and dopadrenergic functions and doubles the abstinence rate as compared with the nicotine patch (RM 1.94, IC95 percent 1.72-2.19). Nortriptyline is also associated with an increase in abstinence rates (RM 2.34, IC95 percent 1.6-3.41). Other treatments have shown a certain degree of efficacy, such as the endocannabinoids receptors blocker, rimonabant. As for non-pharmaceutical treatments, medical advice is a useful tool whose success can range from 2 to 4 percent, but only 35 percent of medical professionals provide it (RM 1.74, IC95 percent 1.48-2.05). Group psychological therapy helps to modify the perception of cigarettes and its noxious effects. The success of this modality is between 20 percent and 35 percent per year (RM 2.17, IC95 percent...