[Urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations in lactating mothers and its association with certain demographic characteristics in an area with iodine sufficiency]

Introduction: lactating mothers and breastfed infants are most vulnerable to iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess the iodine status of lactating mothers and its association with certain demographic characteristics in an area of iodine sufficiency

Materials and Methods: in this cross-sectional study, 264 lactating mothers, 3-5 days postpartum were randomly selected from health care centers. Breast milk, urine, and salt samples were collected from each mother. Demographic factors including age, education, occupation, date of last pregnancy, parity, gravidity, type of delivery and use of iodine containing supplement during pregnancy were assessed

Results: a total of 254 lactating mothers, aged 28.2 +/- 4.9 years completed this study. Median [interquartile range [IQR]] maternal urinary iodine concentration [UIC] and breast milk iodine concentration [BMIC] was 82 [42-146] and 241 [167-337] [micro]g/L, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between maternal UIC and BMIC [r =0.177, P=0.007]. In multiple linear regression, maternal UIC value was associated with occupation [P=0.010] and parity [P=0.014]; a significant association was observed between BMIC and occupation [P=0.039] and the iodine content of salt [P=0.043]

Conclusion: the present findings indicate that despite lactating mothers being mildly iodine deficient, as defined by median UIC, the iodine levels of breast milk were within an optimal range. In an area with iodine sufficiency, parity, occupation and iodine content of salt are major determinants of iodine status among lactating mothers

[ association of dietary fat sources with leptin gene expression from visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues among tehranian adults]

Introduction: leptin, as an adipokine, plays a role in the regulation of metabolism and could be affected by dietary intake. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association of usual dietary intakes of fats with leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in adults

Materials and Methods: visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were gathered from 97 participants aged >/= 20, who had undergone elective abdominal surgery. Dietary fats including olive oil, hydrogenated oil, non-hydrogenated oil, and animal fat were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. Leptin gene expression in adipose tissues was measured using Real-Time PCR

Results: a significant inverse relation was observed between olive oil intake and leptin gene expiration in subcutaneous [[beta]=-0.441, P=0.017] and visceral [[beta]=-0.552, P<0.001] adipose tissue. In addition a direct association was also observed between dietary animal fat and leptin gene expression in subcutaneous [[beta]=0.328, P=0.020] and visceral [[beta]=0.305, P=0.015] adipose tissue. Furthermore, non-hydrogenated oil consumption was inversely associated with leptin gene expression visceral adipose tissue [[beta]=-0.348, P=0.031]

Conclusion: dietary intake of olive oil was inversely and animal fat was directly associated with leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues independent of body mass index and insulin indicating the importance of fat sources on adipose tissue leptin gene expression

[Association between nutrient patterns and changes in weight and waist circumference in Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: The association of nutrient patterns with chronic disease and obesity has been much focused on recently. This study investigated the relation between nutrient patterns with changes in weight and waist circumference

Materials and Methods: The study population included 1637 subjects, aged 30-75 years, free of cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, recruited from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [2005-2008]. Participants had complete anthropometric and dietary information and were followed up to the next phase [2008-2011]. Dietary intake of 33 nutrients was collected by a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire and three year changes of weight and waist circumference were documented. Nutrient patterns were obtained using principal component analysis

Results: Four nutrient patterns were identified. Median and interquartile range [IQR] of weight and waist circumference changes of participants were 1.0 [-1.0-3.0] kilogram and 3.0 [0.0-8.0] centimetres, respectively. The first pattern [high fat dairy and meat], rich in animal protein, saturated fatty acid, cholesterol, vitamin D, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorous and zinc was associated with higher weight gain 0.258 [0.066-0.449] P for trend=0.009 after adjusting for confounder variables. There were no significant associations for other patterns [fruit and vegetables with dairy, nuts and legumes, and grains and fruits] with changes in weight and waist circumference

Conclusion: Dietary intakes of nutrient patterns rich in animal source foods are directly associated with higher weight gain

[Association of dietary approach to stop hypertension [DASH] diet with 3-year changes in body mass index and risk of obesity in adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: Considering the incrediblly high incidence of obesity in adolescents, in this study, we have examined the association of DASH diet with 3-year body mass index change and risk of obesity in Tehranian adolescents

Materials and Method: This population based cohort study included 629 adolescents [aged 10 to 18 years] from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [TLGS]. Dietary data were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measures were assessed both at baseline and end of follow up. In adolescents, obesity was defined as body mass index 2 95th percentile for age and sex according to national reference curves

Results: Mean +/- SD for age and DASH score at baseline were 14.1 +/- 2.5 years and 24.1 +/- 4.2, respectively. Also, the mean +/- SD of body mass index gain and risk of incident obesity was 1.7 +/- 2.6 kg/m2 and 12% after 3 years follow up, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, higher DASH diet score and lower dietary intakes of sweet beverage were inversely associated with 3-year changes in body mass index [P<0.05]. The odds ratio [95%CI] of developing obesity in the highest, compared with the lowest, quintile of DASH score was 0.2 [0.1-0.7] [P for trend=0.025]. Also, the lower intake of sweet beverage was significantly associated with reducing the risk of incident obesity [OR: 0.2; 95%CI: 0.1-0.6] [P for trend=0.003]

Conclusion: A DASH- style dietary pattern is associated inversely with 3-year body mass index changes and risk of incident obesity in adolescents

[ association of dietary beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin with the incidence of insulin resistance in adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Background and Objective: Dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin may be associated with reduce the risk of insulin resistance, due to their antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin and the risk of insulin resistance in adults

Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 938 [421 men and 517 women], aged between 19 to 82 years were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study in Iran. Dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured at base line and again after a 3-year of follow up. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of insulin resistance across tetiles of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin with adjustment for potential confounding variables

Results: The mean age of participants was 40.7 +/- 12.1 years. beta-carotene was inversely associated with insulin resistance after adjustment for confounder variables [95% CI= 0.25-0.72, OR= 0.42, P-value for trend=0.01]. Also, an inverse association was found between dietary intake of beta-cryptoxanthin and insulin resistance risk [95% CI= 0.30-0.84, OR= 0.51, P-value for trend=0.01]

Conclusion: There was inverse association between dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin and risk of insulin resistance in adults

[ effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemic control, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers of type 2 diabetic patients]

Introduction: Systemic inflammation plays a main role in the incidence of diabetes complications. Probiotics can be used in the treatment of diabetes complications for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic supplement on glycemia, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes

Materials and Methods: This randomized double blind clinical trial was carried out on 59 diabetic patients, aged 25-65 years, referred to the Taleghani Hospital in Tehran. They were randomly divided in 2 groups, the probiotic and the placebo. Patients in each group received 2 capsules per day for 6 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after intervention to evaluate glycemic control, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers

Results: Mean fasting blood glucose was significantly decreased by 9% [132.7 +/- 34 vs. 146.5 +/- 44] in the probiotic group during the intervention [P=0.001]. Results of the analysis of covariance showed that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance, whereas there were none observed in IL-6 and TNF alpha between the two groups after intervention

Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that probiotic consumption may help in diabetes control through reducing glycemia and insulin resistance

[Dietary glycine and incidence of hypertension: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, and recent studies have been investigating the association of dietary amino acids with blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the association of dietary glycine with blood pressure

Materials and Methods: For the present study, conducted on 2612 participants, aged 35-70 years, who had participated in the fourth phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [2008-2011] were followed up to the fifth phase [2011-2014]. At baseline, participants, who were free of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer and had complete documented anthropometric, clinical and dietary data entered the study. Dietary glycine information was collected, using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Incidence of hypertesion was ascertained after three years of follow up, using logistic regression to assess the associations between incidence of hypertension and tertiles of glycine intake, adjusted for potential confounders

Results: The mean+/-SD age of participants [42.1% men] was 47.1+/-8.3 years. During 3 years of follow-up, 365 cases [14%] of hypertension developed. The OR of the highest tertile of glycine intake was 0.69 [95% CI: 0.49-0.96; P for trend: 0.04], compared to the lowest, after adjusting for potential confounders

Conclusion: Our results indicate an inverse association between higher glycine intake and incidence of hypertension

[Interaction of macronutrient intake and cetp gene variants in relation to metabolic syndrome and components]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between CETP [Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein] polymorphisms and macronutrient intakes in relation to metabolic syndrome [MetS] and its components

Materials and Methods: In this matched nested case-control study, 441 MetS subjects and 844 controls were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intake was determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Portions of DMA samples were genotyped with HumanOmniExpress-24-v1-0 bead chips [containing 649,932 SNP loci] in the Tehran cardio-metabolic genetic study

Results: Mean ages of men and women did not differ between cases and controls. Frequencies of the C [rs3764261] and A [rs5882] alleles were 62.9% and 62.1%, respectively, and did not differ in cases and controls. Compared to CC [rs3764261] genotype, low HDL-C risk was decreased in subjects with the AC+AA genotypes [P<0.001]. Interactions were observed between Mono-unsaturated fatty acids, total fat intakes and rs5882 in relation to risk of low HDL-C [Pi=0.02 and 0.05, respectively]. The risk of high blood pressure across quartiles of trans-fatty acid and cholesterol intake differed in rs5882 genotypes [Pi<0.05]

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated no interaction between rs3764261, rs5882 polymorphisms and macronutrient intakes in relation toMetS; neither were MUFA and trans-fatty acid intakes associated with rs5882 genotypes in relation to risk of high blood pressure and low HDL-C

[Effect of camel milk on glycemic control and lipid profiles of diabetic patients]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of camel and cow milk on blood sugar and lipid profiles of patients with diabetes mellitus, who injected lantus insulin

Materials and Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 40 patients with diabetes mellitus, using lantus insulin injections were randomly allocated two groups of camel milk receivers (19 patients, mean age 59.84+1.05] and cow milk receivers [17 patients, mean age 49.47 + 2.93]. The two groups consumed 500 ml of either camel milk or cow milk daily for three months

Results: Changes in mean glucose levels of the camel milk group were significant, over the study duration and [P<0.05]. HbA1c decreased significantly in both groups [P<0.05]. There was significant reduction of the insulin dose required in the patients receiving camel milk [13.71%], compared to those who received cow milk [0.25%; P0.05]. In the group receiving camel milk, there was a significant increase in HDL-C levels [P<0.05]. There was no difference in fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and lipid profiles between the two groups at the end of study [P>0.05]

Conclusion: Camel milk decreased blood sugar, HbA1c and required the insulin dose required in diabetes mellitus patients, who inject lantus insulin and in could also contribute to glycemic control in these patients

[Trans fatty acids and gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review]

Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [GDM] is a common metabolic disorder in pregnancy that is diagnosed for the first time in the second half pregnancy. Associations between consumption of trans fatty acids and GDM have been conflicted in many studies. The purpose of this study is to determine this relationship. Materials and Methods: This is a narrative review to assess the relationship between trans fatty acids consumption before and during pregnancy and GDM incidence. We searched Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Science Direct and Med Line for identifying relevant analytic studies [Cohort and case- control studies]. We used the key words: Trans Fatty Acids, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, pregnancy glucose intolerance. Result: At last we identified 12 relevant studies. Studies demonstrated that high trans fatty acids and animal fat intake before and during pregnancy significantly increased blood glucose levels in late pregnancy. Conclusion: High trans fatty acids intake and animal fat consumption in daily diet before and during pregnancy disturb glucose metabolism and increase risk of GDM in the second half of pregnancy, although all of the studies recommended more widespread clinical trials to identify the exact relationship between high trans fatty acids intake and GDM

[The association of red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables with the incidence of insulin resistance in adults: tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: although previous studies report the relationship of diabetes with various groups of fruits and vegetables, and also an inverse association between insulin resistance with dietary carotenoids and flavonoids, no studies have yet examined the effect of [Fruit and Vegetable] FV subgroups on insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of red, orange and yellow FV, with the 3-year incidence of insulin resistance in adults

Materials and Methods: in this longitudinal study, 940 men and women, aged>19 years were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intakes of fruits and vegetables [FV] were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and again after a 3-year of follow up. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of IR across tertiles of color subgroups of FV with adjustment for potential confounding variables

Results: the mean age and body mass index [BMI] of participants were 40.34+/-12.1 years and 26.4+/-4.4 kg/m2 respectively. Mean residual energy adjusted total intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow FV were 503g/d, 172, 108and 104g/d, respectively. Total intake of FV was inversely associated with IR after 3 years of follow up [OR=0.511P for trend=0.018]. and also an inverse association was found between red/purple [OR=0.48 P for trend=0.012], orange [OR=0.34 P for trend=0.001] and yellow [OR=0.34 P for trend=0.011] groups and the occurrence of IR

Conclusion: results of this longitudinal study, found an inverse association between dietary intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow groups and the risk of IR in adults

[Association between dietary patterns and incidence of chronic kidney disease in adults with high blood pressure: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: To investigate the association between major dietary patterns and the incidence of chronic kidney disease [CKD] over a 3.6 year follow up in adults with high blood pressure

Materials and Methods: This cohort study was conducted on 1521 prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects, aged >/= 27 years, without CKD at baseline, who participated in the fourth phase [2009-2012] of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary data were collected using a valid food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was performed to derive dietary patterns. Anthropometrics and biochemical measurements were obtained. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between dietary patterns scores and risk of CKD

Results: The mean age of participants was 46.32 +/- 11.59 years. After 3.6 years of follow-up, 255 [16.8%] cases of CKD occurred. Three dietary patterns were identified, the western, healthy and the traditional Iranian patterns. After adjustment for relevant confounders, subjects in the highest, compared to the lowest quartile category of the Western dietary pattern score, had a higher risk of CKD [OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.19-3.76]. Neither the healthy nor the traditional dietary patterns were significantly associated with incidence of CKD

Conclusions: Adherence to the Western dietary pattern is associated with increased risk of CKD in adults with high blood pressure

[Association between hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils and metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: In recent years, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome [MetS] in various countries shows a fast, rising trend, that can be caused by lifestyle changes, including changes in diet. Despite the possible association between dietary fats and the MetS receiving attention, limited studies have determined the association between oils [hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated] and the MetS. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils and the metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study between 2005 and 2008, on 2457 adults, aged 19-84 years. Intakes of vegetable oils were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements were assessed. The metabolic syndrome based on the definition of the Iranian National Committee of Obesity

Results: Mean age and BMI of participants was 39.3 years and 25.7 kg/m2, respectively. Median daily intakes of hydrogenated vegetable oils [HVOs] were 9.6 g/d and those of non-hydrogenated vegetable oils [NHVOs] were 6.0 g/d. Higher intakes of HVOs and NHVOs were associated with higher intakes of total energy intake, total fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, fiber, vegetables, legumes, meat, poultry and fish and lower intake of carbohydrates. After controlling for potential confounders, compared to the lowest tertile of HVOs, odds ratio for metabolic syndrome in the highest tertile was 2.54 [95% CI: 1.53-4.23]. NHVOs were not associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome

Conclusions: HVOs intake was found to be positively associated with metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults

[Iodine intake knowledge, attitude and practice in pregnant women and its relation to iodine status during pregnancy]

Introduction: Previous research shows that pregnant women, due to their increased need for iodine, are among the high risk groups for iodine deficiency. This study hence aimed to evaluate the status of women's knowledge, attitude and practice [KAP] regarding iodine and iodized salt intake and its association with iodine nutrition levels

Materials and Methods: In this observational analytical study, 100 pregnant women, residents of southern Tehran were randomly selected from five health care centers. Data collected included the general information and demographic characteristics and KAP questionnaires regarding iodized salt intake. Urine assessments of pregnant women and household salt samples were collected and evaluated

Results: Mean age of participants was 27.16 +/- 5.58 years, and their mean +/- SD knowledge, attitude and prachie scores were 62.5 +/- 20.8, 85.2 +/- 12.3, 64.7 +/- 14.3, respectively. Median urinary iodine concentrations and salt iodine content were 25.9[20.6-29.6] ppm and 109[60-160] micro g/L, respectively with 74% of women consuming salt containing 20-40 ppm iodine and 29% had urine iodine concentrations >/= 150 8g/L. Urine iodine concentration was significantly associated with practice score as well as with iodine content of salt

Conclusion: Although women suffered from iodine deficiency, their KAP scores regarding iodine and iodized salt consumption were adequate. Further assessment of other personal and social factors which could affect iodine nutrition status of pregnant women is recommended

[Effect of interventions based on lifestyle modification on clinical, hormonal and metabolic findings in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review]

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] is often associated with clinical, metabolic and hormonal disorders. There are strong correlations between obesity, hyperandrogenism, impaired glucose tolerance and reproductive disorders emphasising the importance of lifestyle in patients with this syndrome

Materials and Methods: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane and SID databases [2003-2014] were searched to identify publications on the effect of interventions based on Lifestyle modification on clinical, hormonal and metabolic findings in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Results: Suitable nutrition and weight reduction can improve the results of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Data on enhanced benicial composition of diets in these patients is not available and studies have focused mainly on the restriction of energy instead of diet composition. Some researchers believe that a low glycemic load diet is effective on insulin resistance and other symptoms of disease but there is in sufficient evidence on the effectiveness of diets with high protein content. Regular physical activity also improves insulin resistance in patients with the PCOS

Conclusion: Lifestyle modification as the first-line treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome can improve the clinical, hormonal and metabolic findings of patients. Although calorie restriction and weight loss can directly improve disease outcomes in these patients, yet the effect of diet composition is not well elucidated

[ association between dietary energy density and the risk of type 2 diabetes: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Dietary energy-dense foods predispose to obesity and may be associated with risk of type 2 diabetes; therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the association between dietary energy density [DED] and the risk of type 2 diabetes. In this matched nested case-control study, 178 new onset cases of diabetes were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, and followed for over 9 years. Each case was randomly matched with 3 controls from among participants who had not developed diabetes. Dietary intakes were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. DED was calculated as energy intakes [kcal] from foods and beverages divided by the weight [grams] of foods. The mean ages of participants were 43 +/- 6.5 and 44.5 +/- 12 years, in women and men respectively. Individuals with higher DED had higher calories, total fat, carbohydrate and processed meat intakes and lower fruit and vegetable intakes in men and women [P<0.05]. Energy density was positively associated with incident diabetes in women, after adjustment for diabetes risk factors and total calorie intake [OR: 2.28, P trend=0.02] or total fat intake [OR: 2.15, P trend=0.03], an association which was not significant in men. In this nested case-control study, there was positive association between DED and risk of type 2 diabetes in women

[Effect of legumes intake on the oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized cross-over study]

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of late diabetic complications, the markers of which could be improved by the beneficial effects of legumes. In this randomized crossover trial, 24 overweight subjects, aged 50-80 years, with type 2 diabetes, were selected. We aimed to determine the effects of non-soybean legumes consumption on oxidative stress markers such as ox-LDL [oxidative LDL], MDA [Malonedialdehyde] and TAC [total antioxidant capacity] in type 2 diabetic patients. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, receiving two diets - the TLC [controls] or the TLC diet with legumes [receiving 2 servings of legumes instead of meat three days of the week in the TLC diet]. Duration of each diet was 8 weeks with a 4 week wash-out period. At the beginning and end of each dietary period, fasting plasma glucose, ox-LDL, MDA, TAC and weight were measured. After the nutritional intervention, diabetic patients, those individuals who followed the legume-based TLC diet had significant reduction in ox- LDL [-3.1 +/- 0.5 vs. -0.7 +/- 0.4; P=0.003] and MDA [-1.1 +/- 0.2 vs. -0.3 +/- 0.1; P=0.006], but no change was observed in the TAC and BMI of the case and control groups. The legume-based TLC diet improves oxidative stress markers in diabetic patients, compared to the legume-free TLC diet

[Effect of lentil sprouts on lipid profile and blood fasting glucose in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes]

The effects of lentil sprouts [LS] on lipid profiles and FBS among overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes have not yet been examined. Considering the importance of legumes and cereal sprouts in traditional Iranian medicine, we conducted this trial to investigate the effects of LS on fasting blood glucose, and the atherogenic index of plasma [AIP], in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-nine patients were randomly divided into two groups. For all individuals throughout the 8 weeks of the study period, the same drug treatment was given, with the intervention group patients consuming 60 g lentil sprouts in addition daily. Total cholesterol, triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein [LDL-C], high density lipoprotein [HDL-C], fasting blood glucose [FBS] and atherogenic index of plasma [AIP] were measured at baseline and 8 weeks after intervention. AIP decreased [P<0.07] in the LS group and their levels of HDL-C and LDL-C increased compared with baseline levels, whereas in the control group no significant change was seen. In this group a decrease in TG of 4.5% was seen, whereas this increase in the control group was 22%. Consumption of LS as supplementary treatment in type 2 diabetes could have favorable effects on lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose and reduce risk of coronary vascular diseases

[Interaction of APOC3 polymorphism and dietary fats on the risk of metabolic syndrome]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between dietary fatty acids and the genetic variant of APOC3 rs5128 3238C>G in relation to metabolic syndrome [MetS] components in adults. In this matched nested case-control study, 755 MetS subjects and 755 controls were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intake was determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. APOC3 was genotyped by the conventional polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Mean ages of men and women were not different in cases and controls. The frequency of C allele was 81%, which did not differ in cases and controls or in men and women. Compared to CC genotype, low HDL-C risk was increased in women with the CG+GG genotypes and with cholesterol intakes >/=208 mg/day [OR: 1.93]. In men with the CG+GG genotypes and saturated fatty acid [SFA] intakes >/=9.8% of energy, OR of high diastolic blood pressure [BP] was 2.15[1-1.46], compared to individuals with SFA intake <9.8% of energy and CC genotype. Compared to the CC genotype, the risk of high diastolic BP was higher in men carrying the G allele and consuming mono-unsaturated fatty acid [MUFA] intakes >/=9.4% of energy. Results demonstrate a nutri-genetic interaction between rs5128 and fat intakes in relation to components of MetS; individuals with G allele carriers and higher intakes of cholesterol, MUFA or SFA had higher risk of low HDL-C and hypertension than the CC genotype

Role of probiotics in glycemic controls and body weight in type 2 diabetes: a systematic of human and animal studies

Publications evaluating the effects of probiotics on glycemic parameters, body weight change and food intakes have increased steadily in recent years. This study hence assessed all related human and animal studies. In the present systematic review, we used search engines to collect relevant data until May 2014, concerning the effects of probiotics on body weight changes, fasting plasma glucose [FPG], oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT], glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], insulin, and insulin resistance in T2DM. Twenty-five animal and four human articles met our inclusion criteria, articles which generally reported positive effects of probiotics on glycemic parameters. Lactobacillus sub-strains were used in all studies except for one. Most of the human and animal studies reported significant reduction in FPG and delay in the onset of T2DM, respectively; only animal studies reported significant reduction in OGTT. Few studies showed significant reduction and increase in HbA1c and insulin levels, respectively. Most studies reported significant increment in body weight after intervention, whereas only a few reported significant reductions in this parameter. This study showed that the administration of probiotics have beneficial effects on glycemic parameters, although their effects on body weight were inconsistent. Therefore, considering the controversial results among human and animal reports, more data evidence is needed to conduct a meta-analysis