Sociodemographic factors associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Colombia / Factores sociodemográficos asociados al consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en Colombia

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the consumption of ultra-processed foods in the Colombian population across sociodemographic factors. METHODS We used data from the 2005 National Survey of the Nutritional Status in Colombia. Food consumption was assessed using a 24-hour food recall in 38,643 individuals. The food items were classified according to the degree and extent of industrial processing using the NOVA classification. RESULTS The mean calorie contribution of ultra-processed foods ranged from 0.2% in the lowest quintile of consumers to 41.1% in the highest quintile of consumers. The greatest increases were due to the consumption of industrialized breads, sweet and savory snacks, sugary drinks, processed meats, and confectionery. No major differences were found in the consumption of ultra-processed foods between men and women. We observed significant differences by age, socioeconomic status, area of residence, and geographic region. Children and adolescents showed a higher intake of ultra-processed foods, almost double that of participants over 50 years of age. Children consumed significantly more snacks, confectionery products, processed cereals, milk-based drinks and desserts. Participants over 50 years consumed fewer products from these sub-groups of ultra-processed foods but had the highest consumption of industrialized bread. Individuals from urban areas, those with high socioeconomic status, participants residing in the Bogotá region had 1.5 to 1.7 times higher calorie intake from ultra-processed foods compared with those from a lower socioeconomic status and those residing in rural regions. CONCLUSION In Colombia, industrialized bread is the ultra-processed product that is most easily assimilated into the traditional diet, along with snacks and sugary drinks. Children and adolescents residing in urban areas and households with greater purchasing power have some of the highest intakes of ultra-processed foods in the country.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar el consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados en la población colombiana según factores sociodemográficos. MÉTODOS Se usaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia del año 2005. El consumo de alimentos se evaluó por medio de recordatorio 24 horas en 38.643 individuos. Los ítems alimentarios se clasificaron según el grado y extensión de procesamiento industrial usando la propuesta NOVA. RESULTADOS La contribución promedio de calorías de los alimentos ultraprocesados varió del 0,2% en el primer quintil al 41,1% en el ultimo quintil. Los mayores incrementos se dieron por el consumo de panes industrializados, snacks dulces y salados, las bebidas azucaradas, las carnes procesadas y los productos de confitería. No hubo grandes diferencias en el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados entre hombres y mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas por edad, estatus socioeconómico, área de residencia y región geográfica. Los niños y adolescentes presentaron mayor ingesta de alimentos ultraprocesados, casi el doble que los participantes mayores de 50 años. Los niños consumieron significativamente mayor cantidad de snacks, productos de confitería, cereales procesados, bebidas a base de leche y postres. Mientras que los participantes mayores de 50 años consumieron menor cantidad de productos de estos subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocesados, pero tenían el consumo más alto de pan industrializado. Los habitantes urbanos, con alto estatus socioeconómico, que residían en la región de Bogotá tenían entre 1,5 a 1,7 más veces de ingesta calórica de alimentos ultraprocesados en comparación con sus contrapartes de bajo estatus socioeconómico, y sus contrapartes rurales. CONCLUSIÓN En Colombia, el pan industrializado es el alimento ultraprocesado más fácilmente asimilable en la dieta tradicional, junto con los snacks y las bebidas azucaradas. Los niños y adolescentes residentes en zonas urbanas y hogares con mayor poder adquisitivo fueron más vulnerables en el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados.

Arch parameters and dental discrepancy (crowding and spacing) in a sample of an Afro-Colombian population / Parámetros de arco y discrepancia dental (apiñamiento y espaciamiento) en una muestra de población Afrocolombiana

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in arch length, inter-canine distance, inter-premolar distance, intermolar distance and arch shape between dental discrepancies (crowding and spacing) in a sample of dental casts from the Afro-Colombian population of San Basilio de Palenque. An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 63 subjects aged 11 to 57years, of Afro-Colombian origin, with full dentition from first molar to first molar, without extensive caries or restorations, and excluding casts with defects due to loss. The differences between arch (upper and lower) variables were analyzed according to dental discrepancies. Plaster models digitalized with a TR1OS3 Mono scanner with exactitude (6.9 ± 0.9 pm) and precision (4.5 ± 0.9 pm) were analyzed with Orthonalyzer software. Statistical analyses were done on SPSS software (Version 20 for Windows) and Real Statistics. Spacing discrepancy of68.25% was found for upper arch and 66.66% for lower arch; crowding discrepancy of 19.04% for upper arch and 20.63% for lower arch, and an adequate ratio of 12.69% for both arches. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was found between arch parameters except for inter-premolar distance on the lower arch. The most frequent arch shape in the population was oval for both upper arch, with 76.19%, and lower arch, with 71.42%. Tooth size was larger in males than females but the difference was not statistically significant.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las diferencias en longitud de arco, distancia intercanina, interpremolar, intermolar y la forma de arco entre discrepancias dentales (apiñamiento y espaciamiento), en una muestra de modelos dentales de la población afrocolombiana de San Basilio de Palenque. Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal, en una muestra por conveniencia de 63 sujetos con un rango de edad entre 11 y 57 años, de origen afrocolombiano, quienes tuvieron dentición completa de primer molar a primer molar, sin caries extensas, ni restauraciones; se excluyeron los modelos con defectos por el vaciado. Se analizaron las diferencias entre las variables de los maxilares (superior e inferior) con las discrepancias dentales. Se utilizaron modelos de yeso que fueron digitalizados con el escánerTR1OS3 Mono con una exactitud de (6.9 ± 0.9 pm) y una precisión de (4.5 ± 0.9 pm)y analizados con el software Orthonalyzer. Los análisis estadísticos se llevaron a cabo utilizando el software SPSS (Versión 20 para Windows) y Real Statistics. Se encontró una discrepancia de espaciamiento de un 68,25% para el arco superior y 66,66% en el arco inferior; y una discrepancia de apiñamiento en el arco superior de 19,04% e inferior de 20,63% y una relación adecuada de 12,69% para los dos arcos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p>0.05) en los parámetros de arco a excepción de la distancia interpremolar del arco inferior. La forma de arco más frecuente en la población fue ovalada tanto en el arco superior con un 76,19% como en el arco inferior con un 71,42%. En cuanto al tamaño dental, se presentó mayor tamaño en los hombres que en las mujeres, pero este no fue estadísticamente significativo.

Association between ultra-processed food consumption and the nutrient profile of the Colombian diet in 2005 / Asociación entre el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y el perfil nutricional de la dieta de los colombianos en 2005

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed food and drink products and its association with the nutrient profile of the Colombian diet in 2005. Materials and methods: Food consumption based on 24-hour dietary records from 38 643 men and women was classified into four NOVA groups according to the extent and purpose of food processing. Results: Ultra-processed food and drink products represented 15.9% of the total energy daily intake, compared to 63.3% from minimally processed food, 15.8% from processed culinary ingredients, and 4.9% from processed food. Non-ultra-processed food items had a healthier nutritional profile compared to ultra-processed items in terms of contribution to total calories from protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat, free sugar, fiber and energy density. Conclusions: Ultra-processed food products have a less healthy nutrient profile than non-ultra-processed ones. An increase in the consumption of these foods must be prevented within Colombia.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el consumo de alimentos y bebidas ultraprocesadas y su asociación con el perfil nutricional dentro de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de 2005 en Colombia. Material y métodos: El consumo de alimentos basados en registros alimentarios de 24 horas de 38 643 individuos se clasificó en cuatro grupos de NOVA. Resultados: Los productos de alimentos y bebidas ultraprocesados representaron 15.9% de la ingesta diaria total de energía, en comparación con 63.3% de los alimentos mínimamente procesados, 15.8% de los ingredientes culinarios procesados y 4.9% de los procesados. Los alimentos mínimamente procesados tenían un perfil nutricional más saludable en comparación con los artículos ultraprocesados en términos de contribución a las calorías totales, de proteínas, carbohidratos, grasa total, grasa saturada, azúcar libre, densidad de fibra y densidad de energía. Conclusiones: Los alimentos ultraprocesados tienen un perfil nutricional menos saludable que los alimentos no procesados.

Scoping review of studies on food marketing in Latin America: Summary of existing evidence and research gaps

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To document the evidence about marketing of ultra-processed foods and "non-alcoholic" beverages in Latin America. METHODS We performed a structured search of quantitative and qualitative studies in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, published between January 2000 and May 2017 and conducted in Latin America. We conducted a quality assessment following a standardized tool and a thematic analysis to identify key typologies of marketing across studies RESULTS Out of 521 studies screened by title and abstract, we included 36 in this review; 27 of them analyzed television advertisement. Other marketing channels studied were food packaging, point of sale and outdoor advertisement. Studies found television advertises foods and beverages that are mostly ultraprocessed foods and have low nutritional value, particularly those promoted during children's programming. We also observed children have a literal interpretation of images printed on food packaging, so this can be deceiving. Several studies also found proximity to unhealthy foods may increase their consumption. Finally, the thematic analysis identified the following typologies of food marketing: a) television advertisement, b) food packaging marketing, c) marketing strategies at points of sale and d) other marketing strategies. We found almost no advertisements for unprocessed or minimally processed foods such as fruits and vegetables. We did not find any studies on digital marketing conducted in the region. CONCLUSIONS This review found that the main channel of food marketing was television advertising. This synthesis provides insights to the challenges unhealthy eating represents to the public health of Latin America and identifies knowledge gaps to guide future research.

Conhecimento de profissionais que atuam em Unidades Básicas de Saúde no Brasil sobre a associação entre inatividade física e morbidades / Knowledge of professionals in Basic Health Units in Brazil on the association between physical inactivity and morbidities

Avaliar o conhecimento de profissionais de saúde sobre a existência ou não de associação entre inatividade física e oito morbidades (diabetes, hipertensão arterial, aids, osteoporose, câncer de pulmão, depressão, cirrose hepática e infarto agudo do miocárdio). Foi realizado um estudo transversal em uma amostra representativa de 1.600 unidades básicas de saúde do Brasil; a população elegível incluía 1/3 de médicos, 1/3 de enfermeiros e 1/3 de agentes comunitários de saúde. A média de acertos observada foi de 6,3 questões. A proporção de profissionais que acertaram sete ou oito questões foi de 68% (IC95%: 60-75) entre os médicos, 54% (IC95%: 48-59) entre enfermeiros e 43% (IC95%: 40-55) entre agentes comunitários de saúde. O percentual de acertos dos médicos foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,001) ao dos enfermeiros e agentes comunitários de saúde, mas a proporção de acertos não diferiu entre enfermeiros e agentes comunitários (p=0,16). O percentual de acertos não variou significativamente conforme sexo, idade e nível de atividade física. Políticas públicas voltadas à educação são indispensáveis para instrumentalizar profissionais que trabalham em unidades básicas de saúde no Brasil sobre os efeitos da inatividade física sobre a saúde.

We aimed to evaluate the knowledge of health professional on the existence or not of an association between physical inactivity and eight diseases (diabetes, hypertension, aids, osteoporosis, lung cancer, depression, cirrhosis and myocardial infarction). A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1,600 primary health care units in Brazil; the eligible population included 1/3 physicians, 1/3 nurses and 1/3 community health workers. On avergae, participants anweredcorreclyneraly six questions. The proportion of correct anwers was higher among physicians as compared to nurses and community health workers (p<0.001). On the other hand, nurses and community health workers were not different in terms of the prevalence of correct answers (p=0.16). The proportion of health professionals who answered correctly to seven or eight questions was 68% (95%CI: 60-75) among physicians, 54% (95%CI: 48-59) among nurses and 43% (95%CI: 40-55) among community health workers. The proportion of correct answers did not vary significantly according to sex, age or physical activity level of health professionals. Educational policies are essential for empowering health professionals who work in primary health care units on the effects of physical inactivity on health.

Los alimentos y bebidas ultra-procesados que ingresan a Colombia por el tratado de libre comercio: ¿influirán en el peso de los colombianos? / Ultra-processed foods and beverages products entering Colombia through international trade agreements: Will they have an impact on the weight of colombians?

Ultra-processed products are characterized by high contents of sugar, saturated fat and sodium. These products are entering the Colombian market through free trade agreements. One concern related to their consumption is the impact on weight gain and comorbidities associated with overweight and obesity, as well as changes in cultural habits and food sovereignty Scientific evidence has documented that consumption of ultra processed products contributes to chronic disease, thus increasing health care costs of treatment and rehabilitation. We must implement public policies that protect and inform the consumer, increasing the access and the right to a healthy diet, while reducing consumption of ultra-processed products such as sugar sweetened beverages and snacks. Inter-sectorial strategies are needed to face the potential purchasing and consumption patterns changes, promoting the development of food systems that recognize local dynamics of production. Increase control over the type and quality of ultra-processed products that are entering the country, and promote actions, along with food and nutrition education are also needed.

Los alimentos ultra-procesados se caracterizan por su alto contenido de azúcares, grasas saturadas y sodio. Estos alimentos están ingresando a Colombia por los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC). Una preocupación de su consumo es el impacto en la ganancia de peso progresiva y las comorbilidades asociadas al sobrepeso y la obesidad, así como el cambio de hábitos culturales y la soberanía alimentaria. La evidencia científica destaca que estos alimentos pueden generar enfermedades crónicas lo que incrementa los costos sanitarios debido al tratamiento y rehabilitación. Es necesario formular políticas públicas que protejan y orienten al consumidor, facilitando el acceso y el derecho a una alimentación saludable y mitigando el consumo de productos ultra-procesados como las bebidas azucaradas y los empaquetados. Se requieren estrategias y actores intersectoriales para hacer frente a los posibles cambios de compra y consumo, promover el desarrollo de sistemas alimentarios que reconozcan las dinámicas locales de producción. Realizar vigilancia y control sobre los productos ultra-procesados que ingresan al país y promover acciones de educación alimentaria y nutricional.

Associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity in Colombian adults from urban areas / Asociaciones entre el tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y la actividad física en adultos colombianos de zonas urbanas / Associações entre o tempo gasto em viagens em veículos motorizados e atividade física em adultos colombianos de áreas urbanas

Sedentary behaviors are associated with less physical activity. Little evidence exists about this association and its relation with commuting time in Latin America. This study examined the association between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity levels in the domains of leisure time physical activity and transportation, among Colombian adults in urban areas. A secondary data analysis of the 2010 National Nutrition Survey was conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Binary logistic regressions were conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles for 120 minutes or more was reported among 27.6% of the sample. The prevalence of walking and bicycling as a means of transportation for at least 150 minutes per week was 34% and 4.4%, respectively. Achieving at least 150 minutes of leisure time physical activity a week was reported by 18.4% of the sample. This study suggests negative associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and active transport, with significant trend associations in stratified analyses. No significant associations were found between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and leisure time physical activity.

Comportamientos sedentarios se asocian con una menor actividad física. Existen pocas evidencias sobre esta asociación en relación con el tiempo de viaje en América latina. Se examinó la asociación entre el tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y los niveles de actividad física en los dominios de actividad física en el tiempo libre y transporte, en adultos colombianos de zonas urbanas. Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de 2010. El tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física se evaluó a través del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Se llevaron a cabo regresiones logísticas binarias. Tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados durante 120 minutos o más, fue reportado por el 27,6% de la muestra. La prevalencia de caminar y montar en bicicleta como medio de transporte fue de 34% y 4,4%, respectivamente. Realizar por lo menos 150 minutos a la semana de actividad física en el tiempo libre fue reportado por el 18,4% de la muestra. Este estudio sugiere asociaciones negativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y transporte activo, con tendencias significativas en análisis estratificados. No hubo diferencias significativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física en el tiempo libre.

Comportamentos sedentários estão associados com menos atividade física. Pouca evidência existe sobre esta associação relacionada ao tempo de viagem na América Latina. Este estudo analisou a associação entre o tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e os níveis de atividade física, nos domínios e atividade física de lazer e transporte entre adultos Colombianos em áreas urbanas. Uma análise secundária da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição de 2010 foi realizada. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física foram avaliados utilizando Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Regressões logísticas binárias foram realizados. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor por 120 minutos ou mais foi relatado em 27,6% da amostra. A prevalência de caminhar ou andar de bicicleta para o transporte de pelo menos 150 minutos por semana foi de 34,0% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Alcançar pelo menos 150 minutos de atividade física de lazer em uma semana foi relatado em 18,4% da amostra. Este estudo sugere associações negativas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e transporte ativo, com associações significativas de tendências na análise estratificada. Não houve diferenças significativas encontradas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física de lazer.

Prevalence of health promotion programs in primary health care units in Brazil / Prevalência de programas de promoção da saúde em unidades básicas de saúde no Brasil

OBJECTIVE Assessment of prevalence of health promotion programs in primary health care units within Brazil’s health system. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study based on telephone interviews with managers of primary care units. Of a total 42,486 primary health care units listed in the Brazilian Unified Health System directory, 1,600 were randomly selected. Care units from all five Brazilian macroregions were selected proportionally to the number of units in each region. We examined whether any of the following five different types of health promotion programs was available: physical activity; smoking cessation; cessation of alcohol and illicit drug use; healthy eating; and healthy environment. Information was collected on the kinds of activities offered and the status of implementation of the Family Health Strategy at the units. RESULTS Most units (62.0%) reported having in place three health promotion programs or more and only 3.0% reported having none. Healthy environment (77.0%) and healthy eating (72.0%) programs were the most widely available; smoking and alcohol use cessation were reported in 54.0% and 42.0% of the units. Physical activity programs were offered in less than 40.0% of the units and their availability varied greatly nationwide, from 51.0% in the Southeast to as low as 21.0% in the North. The Family Health Strategy was implemented in most units (61.0%); however, they did not offer more health promotion programs than others did. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that most primary care units have in place health promotion programs. Public policies are needed to strengthen primary care services and improve training of health providers to meet the goals of the agenda for health promotion in Brazil. .

OBJETIVO Estimar a prevalência de programas de promoção da saúde nas unidades básicas de saúde no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal descritivo realizado por meio de entrevistas telefônicas com coordenadores de unidades básicas de saúde. Do total de 42.486 unidades básicas de saúde cadastradas pelo Ministério da Saúde, 1.600 foram aleatoriamente selecionadas. As unidades foram amostradas nas cinco regiões do País de acordo com a proporção de unidades em cada região. Foi analisada a presença ou não de cinco programas de promoção da saúde: promoção de atividade física, cessação de tabagismo, cessação de uso de álcool e drogas ilícitas, alimentação saudável e ambiente saudável. Foram coletados dados sobre o tipo de ações desenvolvidas nos programas e a presença ou não da Estratégia de Saúde da Família na unidade. RESULTADOS A maioria das unidades básicas de saúde (62,0%) referiu ter pelo menos três programas de promoção da saúde e apenas 3,0% não tinha nenhum. A promoção do ambiente saudável e da alimentação saudável foram os programas mais prevalentes (77,0% e 72,0%, respectivamente), enquanto o controle do tabaco e do álcool foram referidos em 54,0% e 42,0% das unidades de saúde, respectivamente. A promoção de atividade física foi referida em menos de 40,0% das unidades e teve grande variação regional, com prevalência de 51,0% nas unidades do Sudeste e apenas 21,0% nas do Norte. A maioria das unidades de saúde (61,0%) oferecia Estratégia de Saúde da Família, porém não foi verificada maior prevalência de programas de promoção da saúde nessas unidades em relação ...

Characteristics of physical activity programs in the Brazilian primary health care system / Características de programas de atividade física na atenção básica de saúde do Brasil / Características de los programas de actividad física en la atención primaria de salud en Brasil

The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of programs that promote physical activity in the public primary care system by region of Brazil, subject to the presence or absence of multidisciplinary primary care teams (NASF). We conducted a cross sectional and population-based telephone survey of the health unit coordinators from 1,251 health care units. Coordinators were asked about the presence and characteristics of physical activity programs. Four out of ten health units reported having a physical activity intervention program, the most common involving walking groups. Most of the activities were performed in the morning, once or twice a week, and in sessions of 30 minutes or more. Physical education professionals were primarily responsible for directing the activities. Interventions occurred in the health unit itself or in adjacent community spaces. In general, these characteristics were similar between units with or without NASF, but varied substantially across regions. These findings will guide future physical activity policies and programs within primary care in Brazil.

O objetivo foi descrever as características dos programas de atividade física na atenção básica de saúde de acordo com a presença de Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) no município e por regiões do Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo transversal por inquérito telefônico com 1.251 coordenadores de unidades de saúde. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre presença de intervenções com atividade física e suas características de funcionamento. Quatro em cada dez unidades de saúde relataram ter uma intervenção com atividade física, especialmente grupos de caminhada. A maior parte da atividade é realizada na manhã uma vez ou duas vezes por semana, com sessões de 30 minutos ou mais. Profissionais de educação física são os principais responsáveis por supervisionar as atividades. Os programas ocorrem na unidade de saúde ou outros espaços comunitários. Estas características, de modo geral, foram semelhantes entre unidades com ou sem NASF no município e apresentaram variação entre as regiões. Os resultados desse estudo irão permitir melhor direcionamento das próximas ações de promoção de atividade física na atenção básica de saúde.

El objetivo fue describir las características de los programas de actividad física en atención primaria, de acuerdo con el Centro de Apoyo a la Salud de la Familia (NASF) y las regiones de Brasil. Se realizó una encuesta transversal telefónica con 1.251 coordinadores de las unidades de salud. Se preguntó a los coordinadores acerca de la presencia y características de intervenciones de actividad física en funcionamiento. Cuatro de cada diez centros de salud reportaron tener una intervención de actividad física, especialmente, grupos de paseo. La mayor parte de las actividades se llevan a cabo por la mañana una vez o dos veces por semana con sesiones de 30 minutos o más. Los profesores de educación física son los principales responsables de la supervisión de las actividades. Los programas se llevan a cabo en la clínica o en otros espacios públicos. Estas características fueron similares en unidades con o sin NASF y mostraron una variación regional en su prevalencia. Estas características permitirán enfocar próximas acciones para promover la actividad física dentro de la atención primaria de salud.

Ambientes urbanos y actividad física en adultos mayores: Relevancia del tema para América Latina / The relevance of urban environments and physical activity in older adults for Latin-America

En América Latina el proceso de envejecimiento se ha caracterizado por su acelerado ritmo y ha estado acompañado, además, de crecientes procesos de urbanización y globalización, que han sido asociados con un incremento significativo de la inactividad física, la cual contribuye al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que representan la principal causa de muerte en la región. Recientemente, se ha enfatizado la influencia que tienen en la actividad física las políticas públicas dirigidas a generar intervenciones en diversos atributos de los ambientes urbanos; evidencia que esta soportada principalmente, por estudios llevados a cabo en Estados Unidos y Australia. Sin embargo este tópico ha sido muy poco estudiado en ciudades Latinoaméricanas, las cuales presentan particularidades en sus procesos de envejecimiento y desarrollo urbano. Ciudades como Curitiba y Bogotá han llevado a cabo cambios urbanos significativos que pueden estar vinculados con la actividad física y calidad de vida de las personas, especialmente de los adultos mayores. Dadas las particularidades del desarrollo urbano en América Latina, se concluye acerca de la necesidad de llevar a cabo estudios multidisciplinarios que permitan entender de mejor manera los vínculos entre ambientes urbanos y actividad física en adultos mayores.

Aging in Latin-America has been characterised by its rapid pace which, in turn, has been accompanied by growing urbanisation and globalisation. These processes have been linked to the prevalence of physical inactivity thereby contributing to the appearance of chronic diseases, these being the primary cause of mortality in the region. The influence of public urban environment intervention policy on physical activity has been emphasised recently. This evidence comes mainly from studies conducted in the USA and Australia. However, this topic has scarcely been studied in Latin-America which has particular characteristics regarding aging and urban development. Cities, such as Curitiba and Bogota, have undergone significant urban changes which may be linked to physical activity and the quality of life, especially in older adults. Considering the particularities of urban development in Latin-America, it is thus concluded that multidisciplinary studies should be carried out thereby leading to better understanding of the links between urban environments and physical activity in older adults.

Niveles de urbanización, uso de televisión y video-juegos en niños colombianos: posibles implicaciones en salud pública / Possible public health implications regarding associations between the degree of urbanisation and electronic media exposure amongst Colombian children

Objetivo Examinar la asociación entre los niveles de urbanización y el uso excesivo de televisión y videojuegos (2 horas o más) en niños colombianos de 5 a 12 años. Métodos Un análisis secundario fue realizado a partir de los datos provenientes de 13.090 niños entre 5 a 12 años de edad que fueron seleccionados en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia 2005, a los cuales se les determinó el tiempo dedicado a ver televisión y jugar con video juegos, a través de la información proveniente de uno de los padres o acudientes. Cinco niveles de urbanización fueron determinados mediante una adaptación de las categorías definidas por el Departamento Nacional de Planeación. Un modelo de regresión logística fue llevado a cabo, el cual considero potenciales variables de confusión. Resultados Se observó un incremento gradual de la probabilidad de ver dos o más horas televisión o video juegos a medida que el nivel de urbanización era mayor, la cual fue estadísticamente significativa a partir del nivel de urbanización 3 (nivel 2 OR de prevalencia: 1,33 IC 95 por ciento: 0,89-1,99; nivel 3: 1,35: 1,00-1,80; nivel 4: 1,61: 1,16-2,23 y nivel 5: 1,70: 1,17-2,46). Conclusión Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran como el uso excesivo de televisión y video juegos en niños esta asociado a mayores niveles de urbanización. Debido a las implicaciones que tiene para la salud de los niños la exposición excesiva a la televisión y otras formas de entretenimiento electrónico, es importante monitorear este comportamiento y entender sus determinantes.

Objective Determining the association between the degree of urbanisation and excessive television-viewing and video-game use amongst children aged 5 to 12 years old. Methods Data from the Colombian National Nutritional Survey 2005 was used in the analysis. Television viewing and video-game use was determined through parental reports for 13,090 children and classified as being excessive (e" 2 hours/day) or suitable (<2 hours/day). Five levels of urbanisation were determined using criteria from the National Planning Department and the population size of the rural or urban settings included in the survey. Multiple logistical regression analysis was conducted while taking potential confounders into account. Results There was a gradual increase in the probability of TV or videogames being used for 2 hours or more as the degree of urbanisation increased. This association was statistically significant for urbanisation level 3 and higher (urbanisation level 2, OR=1,33: 0,89-1,99 95 percentCI; urbanisation level 3, 1,35=OR: 1,00-1,80 95 percentCI; urbanisation level 4, 1,61=OR: 1,16-2,23 95 percentCI and urbanisation level 5, 1,7=OR: 1,17-2,46 95 percentCI). Conclusion Colombian children living in areas of high-to-moderate urbanisation and population density are at a higher risk of excessive exposure to electronic media entertainment. Due to its multiple health implications (in particular obesity and cardio-metabolic health), such sedentary behaviour should be monitored and its determinants in the Colombian paediatric population must be understand for making effective public health interventions.