How Blood Groups Correlate with Capacity of Drinking Water?

The objective of the present study was to correlate the blood grouping with the capacity of drinking water. Total of 172 subjects participated in the present study. The subjects were students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. For determining the blood type a slide with 3 drops of antiserum A, B and D was taken. The 3 blood drops were mixed with drops of antiserum A, B, and D respectively on the slide. Blood clusters together with antisera D shows the +ve Rh factor. Our variable was capable of drinking water per day and our work was to correlate the variable with blood group. All the subjects were questioned about how many glasses of water they drink per day according to blood group. It was concluded from the present study that female who had blood group AB- have greatest mean value and had a maximum capacity of intake of water and in males who had blood group O+ have a maximum value of mean that showed that O+ male had the greatest capacity of drinking water.

Phage therapy: progress in pharmacokinetics

ABSTRACT The concept of phage therapy exists in the history and it has been ignored for a long time, but the consequence of drug resistance in pathogen bacteria has forced the forgotten kingdom of phage therapy to be re-explored. However, for the successful implementation and acceptance of phage therapy worldwide, the number of factors need to be addressed. In pharmacology of phage therapy, pharmacodynamics is a straightforward concept, on the other hand, owing to the unique feature of phages to replicate and their high sensitivity, pharmacokinetics is rather complex. In this review, we have discussed pharmacokinetics and some recent advances in delivery systems as to achieve the therapeutically effective concentrations of phage in their activated form.

Determination of phytoconstituents of n-hexane extract of leaves of Morus nigra and evaluation of their effects on biochemical and histopathological parameters in paracetamol intoxicated mice liver

In-vitro investigation of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) has demonstrated the evidence of several antioxidant compounds. Current study was aimed to determine the phytoconstituents and hepatoprotective potential of n-hexane extract of Morus nigra. Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups: normal control, paracetamol control, silymarin control, 250 mg/kg p.o. extract for 7 days plus paracetamol 3 h later, 500 mg/kg p.o. extract for 7 days plus paracetamol 3 h later. Serum levels of liver enzymes and total bilirubin were assessed and compared between the groups by using one-way ANOVA to confirm hepatoprotective activity. HPLC analysis revealed the presence quercetin, oleanolic acid, luteolin, apigenin, vitamin C and kuwanon C. n-hexane extract of Morus nigra at dose of 250 mg/kg reduced elevated ALT by 54.3% (p<0.001), AST by 55.1% (p<0.01), ALP by 28.5% (p<0.01) and TBR by 56.4% (p<0.01) as compared to paracetamol control. The dose of 500 mg/kg of the extract reduced the ALT levels by 62.9% (p<0.001), AST by 56.7% (p<0.01), ALP by 33.6% (p<0.01) and TBR by 54.5% (p<0.01), as compared to paracetamol group. However, the reduction of liver enzymes and total bilirubin after administration of extract was comparable to the silymarin. Current study demonstrated potential hepatoprotective activity of n-hexane extract of Morus nigra