RESUMEN
The protein proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) are a kind of bifunctional compound that can recruit target proteins and degrade the enzyme of target proteins. The mechanism of PROTAC is using the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to degrade target protein specifically. Because of its potential to target non-proprietary proteins and to play roles in drug resistance, PROTAC has attracted wide attention. This review summarizes the application of small molecule PROTAC in previous studies of different targets, such as nuclear proteins, membrane proteins and cytoplasmic proteins.
RESUMEN
The anaphase promoting complex (APC) regulates cell cycle progression by forming two functionally distinct E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, APCCdc20 activated by cell division cycle protein 20 (Cdc20) and APCCdh1 activated by Cdc20 homologue 1 (Cdh1), respectively. Cdc20 and Cdh1 have different functions in the occurrence and development of the tumor. Cdc20 is a cancer promoter while Cdh1 suppresses tumorigenesis. Emerging evidence has begun to reveal that Cdc20 has positive functions in tumorigenesis, the overexpression of Cdc20 has been observed in many cancers. Currently, Cdc20 inhibitors, mostly non-specific inhibitors except apcin, not only block the combination between Cdc20 and APC, also block the combination between Cdh1 and APC, which leads to a poor selectivity. In this paper, the Cdc20 role in the development and process of cancers and its inhibitors are reviewed.
RESUMEN
Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) is a kind of Ser/Thr kinases in the signaling pathway, which regulates the neural development. The recent studies have confirmed that hyperactivation of Cdk5 is closely associated with the evolution, progression and apoptosis of tumors. The Cdk5 inhibitors have been extensively studied in the drug discovery against cancer. The structure features of these inhibitors and molecular mechanisms of their activities have provided clues for the drug development. In the second generation Cdk5 inhibitors, the ATP-binding pocket, a highly conserved site, has been targeted in the drug design in most cases. In addition, a growing number of peptides has been generated by targeting the protein/protein interfaces of Cdk5.
RESUMEN
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are the key enzymes of redox signaling in vivo and also the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. ROS plays a role of double-edged sword. On the one hand, ROS, at the level of physiological amount, has the effect of immune defense and also acts as a second messenger involved in the regulation of cellular signaling pathways. On the other hand, excessive ROS can cause oxidative stress, leading to the disorder of cellular functions. Recently, studies showed that ROS plays an important role in acceleration of some pathological reactions such as inflammation, fibrosis and tumor formation. As a major source of ROS, NOX has become a popular target in treating oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and tumor. Herein, the role of NOX in these pathological processes and the research progress of NOX inhibitors are reviewed.
RESUMEN
p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), an important member of AGC family, is a kind of multifunctional Ser/Thr kinases, which plays an important role in mTOR signaling cascade. The p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase is closely associated with diverse cellular processes such as protein synthesis, mRNA processing, glucose homeostasis, cell growth and apoptosis. Recent studies have highlighted the important role of S6K in cancer, which arose interests of scientific researchers for the design and discovery of anti-cancer agents. Herein, the mechanisms of S6K and available inhibitors are reviewed.