RESUMEN
The genus Ebola virus first was recognized in 1976, when two outbreaks occurred in Zaire and Sudan. Ebola virus disease [EVD] is a highly contagious disease that can affect both human and nonhuman primates: Zaire ebolavirus [ZEBOV], Sudan ebolavirus [SEBOV], Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus [CEBOV], Bundibugyo ebolavirus [BEBOV] and Reston ebolavirus [REBOV] are five members of the Filoviridae family that can cause haemorrhagic fever. EVD is transmitted by direct contact with contaminated blood or other biological fluids of the infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola is responsible for different clinical futures that can be ranged from fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, abdominal pain, anorexia and vomiting to severe respiratory disorders, viral hemorrhagic fever, cardio-vascular disorders and hypovolaemic shock. Although there is no specific treatment for EVD, considerable advances like use of monoclonal antibody, intefron and Favipiravir/T-705 as effective chemotherapeutic agent in treatment of EBV have been made. To date, 25 outbreaks of EVD have been reported. Hence, EVD as a zoonotic disease should be more focused not only in endemic area but also in throughout the world. Awareness of the disease and routes of transmission and also continuous surveillance to combat disease and outbreaks is necessary
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Coagulase-negative staphylococci [CNS] are a main cause of nosocomial infection. The main purpose of this study was to determination of frequency of CNS isolates in in hospitalized patients and their susceptibility pattern to antimicrobial agents. During 11 month study, 65 CNS clinical isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients in different wards of hospital. In vitro susceptibility of isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents Penicillin; Ampicilin; Cephalothin; Cefoxitin; linezolid; Nitofurantoin; Erythromycin; Norfloxacin; Gentamicin; Vancomycin; Chloramphenicol and Oxacillin was performed by Kirby-Bauer's Disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] criteria. Out of 1875 samples of hospitalized patients 65[3.47%] patients were infected with CNS. Twenty one [32.3 %] were isolated from the urine samples, 17[26.1%] from sputum, 15[23.1%] from pus samples, 8[12.3 %] from ear swabs, 3[4.7%] from fluid and 1[1.5%] from blood sample. All of CNS isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin. The rates of resistance to the majority of antibiotics tested varied between 4.5% and 100 %. The rate of resistance to beta lactam antibiotics, Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin was high [more than 70%]. The most of isolates remained susceptible to linezolid, and nitofurantoin. All of isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Multi-drug resistant CNS with reduced susceptibility to linezolid and nitrofurantoin are emerging pathogens of clinical concern. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance with attention to multi-resistant profile and aware to practitioners in the field is necessary
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Nosocomial infections of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa [MDRPA] are a growing concern in hospitalized patients in burn centers. The aim of this study was to investigate the flagellin profiling and antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolated from burn wound infections. During 8 month study, 73 clinically P. aeruginosa isolates collected from patients hospitalized in burn ward. P. aeruginosa isolates were identified using standard laboratory procedures. In vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa to 6 antimicrobial agents were investigated by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI 2012] Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. The frequency of different type of flagellin was investigated by using specific primers and by PCR method. The resistance rates of our isolates to 6 tested antimicrobial agents were relatively high. Imipenem has good activity while tobramycin and ciprofloxacin do not have any effect on P. aeruginosa isolates. Of 73 isolates 59 [80.8%] were multidrug resistant. Twenty eight of 73 isolates were resistant to all antibiotics. Agarose gel electrophoresis of chromosomal DNA exhibited that 59 isolates [80.8%] of P. aeruginosa had type A flagellin while only 14 isolates [19.2%] had type b flagellin. Given the antibiotic failure treatment, it appears that alternative ways such as immunity to prevent of these infections could be informative. Our survey of flagellin profiling of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited high frequency of type a flagellin as a major virulence factor has important role of immunity against infections caused by MDRPA. Functional surveillance of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa in order to prevention of resistance dissemination is necessary
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The emergence and increase in the incidence of Extended-spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL] producing Escherichia coli [E. coli] has become an emerging challenge especially in hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection [UTI]. The aim of the present study was to survey the frequency of bla CTX-M genotype in ESBL producing E. coli isolated from hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection and determination of their antibiotic resistance pattern. A total of 135 E. coli isolates were collected and isolated from patients with UTI. The isolates were subjected to confirmatory phenotype tests for the presence of ESBL. 75 E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL-positive by double disc synergy test. In vitro susceptibility of ESBL isolates to 15 antimicrobial agents amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and imipenem was performed by Kirby-Bauer's Disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI, 2012] guideline. PCR method was used to identify bla CTX-M gene in 75 ESBL positive strains. PCR and sequence analysis showed that 75 [55.5%] isolates produced bla CTX-M genes. In vitro susceptibility of ESBL producing E. coli showed that all of them were resistant to amoxicillin and penicillin. The rates of resistance to the majority of tested antibiotics varied among 61% to 100%, with the exception of amikacin [14.7%] and imipenem [2.7%]. Our results showed that the frequency of bla CTX-M was strikingly high [93.3%] in patients with UTI. These data confirmed that the frequency of bla CTX-M genes was high among E. coli isolated from patients with UTI. The trend of multidrug-resistant profile has been associated with bla CTX-M gene is alarming. Therefore, it is very important to establish a routine screening of ESBL in clinical isolates to prevent dissemination of resistant isolates in health care settings
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma [PPARgamma] is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in various disease processes including inflammation and carcinogenesis .This study aimed to determine polymorphism of PPARgamma gene and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrointestinal diseases in patients. Two hundred patients with helicobacter pylori infection were examined. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by histology, rapid urease test [RUT], culture, ELISA and PCR. PPARgamma polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. In total 200 patients [4 gastric cancer, 141gastritis, 35 peptic ulcer, 18 duodenal ulcer, 2 peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer] with Helicobacter pylori infection were enrolled .The frequency of PPARgamma G [Ala12] allele [5%] showed a significant association with gastric cancer [P=0.004] or gastritis [P=0.007]. PPARgamma GC [Pro12Ala] allele [35%] showed a significant association with duodenal ulcer [P=0.03] or gastritis [P=0.002]. Pro12Ala PPARgamma polymorphism is associated with gastric cancer and gastritis and is a potential marker for genetic susceptibility to these two diseases in the presence of H. pylori infection. Finally, our study suggests the potential association between PPARgamma polymorphism and H. pylori infection in the development of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer and gastritis
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The aim of this study was to identify multidrug resistant isolates of Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae causing urinary tract infections [UTI] in children and the occurrence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in the antibiotic resistant isolates. A total of 200 urine samples were processed. Urine culture was done using conventional microbiological techniques. Biochemical testing was used to identify the organisms. Susceptibility of 200 isolates to 13 antibiotics was determined and the frequency of multi-drug resistance and their association with intergron was assessed by PCR -RFLP. 171 isolates out of 200 were multi-drug resistant. Existence of intergrons was confirmed in 20.5% of these isolates. Association of multi-drug resistance to Gentamicin, Norfloxacin, Cephalotin and Nalidixic Acid with the presence of integrons was statistically significant, [p <0.002, <0.001, <0.005, and <0.004, respectively]. Imipenem and Amikacin were the most effective antibiotics against resistant isolates. Multi-drug resistance suggests that strategy for treatment of patients with Escherichia coli and K. pneumonia infections needs to be revised. The possibility of transmission of resistance genes by integrons would be decreased by treatment of patients with the appropriate antibiotics