Smoking characteristics and years since quitting smoking of US adults diagnosed with lung and bladder cancer: A national health and nutrition examination survey analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose: Smoking is a recognized risk factor for bladder BC and lung cancer LC. We investigated the enduring risk of BC after smoking cessation using U.S. national survey data. Our analysis focused on comparing characteristics of LC and BC patients, emphasizing smoking status and the latency period from smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis in former smokers. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the National Health and Examination Survey (2003-2016), identifying adults with LC or BC history. Smoking status (never, active, former) and the interval between quitting smoking and cancer diagnosis for former smokers were assessed. We reported descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and median with interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables. Results: Among LC patients, 8.9% never smoked, 18.9% active smokers, and 72.2% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 8 years (IQR 2-12) between quitting and LC diagnosis, with 88.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. For BC patients, 26.8% never smoked, 22.4% were active smokers, and 50.8% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 21 years (IQR 14-33) between quitting and BC diagnosis, with 49.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. Conclusions: BC patients exhibit a prolonged latency period between smoking cessation and cancer diagnosis compared to LC patients. Despite smoking status evaluation in microhematuria, current risk stratification models for urothelial cancer do not incorporate it. Our findings emphasize the significance of long-term post-smoking cessation surveillance and advocate for integrating smoking history into future risk stratification guidelines.

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: 24 years' experience of a pediatric nephrology unit / Síndrome hemolítico-urêmica: 24 anos de experiência de uma unidade de nefrologia pediátrica

Abstract Introduction: A better understanding of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) pathophysiology significantly changed its treatment and prognosis. The aim of this study is to characterize the clinical features, severity, management, and outcomes of HUS patients. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of HUS patients admitted to a Pediatric Nephrology Unit between 1996 and 2020. Demographic and clinical data regarding etiology, severity, treatment strategies, and patient outcome were collected. Results: Twenty-nine patients with HUS were admitted to our unit, but four were excluded. Median age at diagnosis was two years (2 months - 17 years). Clinical manifestations included diarrhea, vomiting, oliguria, hypertension, and fever. During the acute phase, 14 patients (56%) required renal replacement therapy. Infectious etiology was identified in seven patients (five Escherichia coli and two Streptococcus pneumoniae). Since 2015, 2/7 patients were diagnosed with complement pathway dysregulation HUS and there were no cases of infectious etiology detected. Six of these patients received eculizumab. The global median follow-up was 6.5 years [3 months-19.8 years]. One patient died, seven had chronic kidney disease, four of whom underwent kidney transplantation, one relapsed, and seven had no sequelae. Conclusion: These results reflect the lack of infectious outbreaks in Portugal and the improvement on etiological identification since genetic testing was introduced. The majority of patients developed sequels and mortality was similar to that of other countries. HUS patients should be managed in centers with intensive care and pediatric nephrology with capacity for diagnosis, etiological investigation, and adequate treatment. Long-term follow-up is essential.

Resumo Introdução: Um melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da síndrome hemolítico-urêmica (SHU) mudou significativamente seu tratamento e prognóstico. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar condições clínicas, gravidade, manejo e desfechos de pacientes com SHU. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com SHU admitidos numa Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica entre 1996-2020. Foram coletados dados demográficos e clínicos sobre etiologia, gravidade, estratégias de tratamento, desfechos de pacientes. Resultados: 29 pacientes com SHU foram admitidos em nossa unidade, mas quatro foram excluídos. A idade mediana ao diagnóstico foi dois anos (2 meses-17 anos). Manifestações clínicas incluíram diarreia, vômitos, oligúria, hipertensão e febre. Durante a fase aguda, 14 pacientes (56%) necessitaram de terapia renal substitutiva. Identificou-se a etiologia infecciosa em sete pacientes (cinco Escherichia coli; dois Streptococcus pneumoniae). Desde 2015, 2/7 pacientes foram diagnosticados com SHU por desregulação da via do complemento e não foram detectados casos de etiologia infecciosa. Seis desses pacientes receberam eculizumab. A mediana global de acompanhamento foi 6,5 anos [3 meses-19,8 anos]. Um paciente faleceu, sete apresentaram doença renal crônica, sendo quatro submetidos a transplante renal, uma recidiva e sete sem sequelas. Conclusão: Estes resultados refletem a ausência de surtos infecciosos em Portugal e a melhoria na identificação etiológica desde que os testes genéticos foram introduzidos. A maioria dos pacientes desenvolveu sequelas e a mortalidade foi semelhante à de outros países. Pacientes com SHU devem ser manejados em centros com cuidados intensivos e nefrologia pediátrica com capacidade para diagnóstico, investigação etiológica e tratamento adequado. O acompanhamento alongo prazo é essencial.

Do partial glenohumeral degenerative changes in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair influence clinical outcomes?

Background@#The prognostic factors for patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RCTs) include tear size, muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration. However, the influence of early coexisting degenerative changes on RCT outcomes is unappreciated. The purpose of this study was to calculate the impact that pre-existing partial glenohumeral cartilaginous changes have on patients undergoing arthroscopic RCT repair. @*Methods@#A study of 54 patients undergoing arthroscopic RCT repair was undertaken. The presence of co-existing patches of glenohumeral degenerative cartilaginous changes and RCT size was recorded at surgery. Pre- and postoperative outcomes were assessed using traditional (Oxford Shoulder Score [OSS], 5-level EuroQol-5D [EQ-5D-5L] questionnaire and EuroQol visual analog scale [EQ-VAS]) and patient-centric re-formatted prisms. Outcomes were assessed as an entire dataset, and sub-group analysis was performed according to the grade of co-existing arthritis and tear size. @*Results@#Significant improvements (p<0.05) in clinical outcomes were recognized when assessed using either the traditional or reformatted prisms (average % improvements in OSS, EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS were 47%, 33% and 43%, respectively; average improvements in pain, function, and psychological well-being were 48%, 33% and, 29%, respectively). Positive gain was noted in all sub-groups of arthritic grading and tear size. @*Conclusions@#Good clinical outcomes can be achieved following RCT repair even in the presence of local partial degenerative cartilage changes and advancing tear size. These benefits are patient-centered but require RCT repairability.

Trauma unit admissions at the Ugandan National Referral Hospital: a descriptive study

Background: Injuries are a neglected epidemic globally accounting for 9% global deaths; 1.7 times that of HIV, TB and malaria combined. Trauma remains overlooked with key research and data focusing on infectious diseases, yet Uganda has one of the highest rates of traumatic injury. We described demographics of patients admitted to Mulago Hospital's Shock Trauma Unit within the Emergency Department. Methods: This was a retrospective record review Trauma Unit admission from July 2012 to December 2015. Information collected included: age, sex, time of admission, indication for admission and mechanism of trauma. Results: 834 patient records were reviewed. The predominant age group was 18-35 with majority of patients being male. 54% of patients presented during daytime with 46% admitted in the evening hours or overnight. Mechanism of injury was documented in 484 cases. The most common mechanism was Road Traffic Accident (67.4%), followed by assault (12.8%) and mob violence (5.6%). The most common indication for admission was traumatic brain injury (84.5%), followed by hemodynamic instability (20.0%) and blunt chest injury (6.1%). Conclusion: There's a significant burden of high-acuity injury particularly among males with RTAs as the leading cause of admission associated with Traumatic Brain Injury as main admission indication

Body composition and functional performance of older adults

Objectives@#To determine if anthropometric variables, body composition, medication and gender are associated with functional performance and to compare these variables between octogenarians with high and low functional performance. @*Methods@#Observational, cross-sectional study. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were evaluated. Handgrip strength (HGS) was assessed. Participants’ body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and functional performance by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). A binomial logistic regression was performed. @*Results@#One hundred and twenty-two octogenarians were included and separated into high and low function groups. The high function group showed lower values of WHtR (mean difference [MD] = 0.047, P = 0.025) and body fat (BF%) (MD = 3.54, P = 0.032) and higher values of apendicular skeletal muscle mass (ALM) (MD = 3.03, P = 0.001), HGS (MD = 6.11, P = 0.001) and SPPB score (MD = 4.20, P = 0.001).Women were more likely to be classified as low function (OR = 3.66, P = 0.002) and males showed 5.21 odds ratio (P = 0.021) of having high functional performance compared to females. Also, each decrease in age and medication use displayed 1.30 (P = 0.007) and 1.26 odds ratio increases (P = 0.008) in high functional performance. @*Conclusions@#Older males display better functional performance than women, and decrements in age and medications increase the high functional performance odds ratio. Octogenarians with high functional performance displayed lower BF measurements and higher values of muscle mass and strength.

Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology

Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the immune-nervous nexus, it is thought that stroke induces change in both systems. Additionally, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immunosuppression play protective roles against the effects of stroke. The release of danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to the harmful inflammatory effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke; the Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM)/Gas6 system, however, has been shown to suppress inflammation via downstream signaling molecules that inhibit TLR signaling. Anti-inflammatory cytokines have also been found to promote neuroprotection following stroke. Additionally, adaptive immunosuppression merits further consideration as a potential endogenous protective mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent studies regarding the effects and mechanism of immunosuppression on the pathophysiology of stroke, with the hope that a better understanding of the function of both of innate and adaptive immunity in this setting will facilitate the development of effective therapies for post-stroke inflammation.

Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology

Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the immune-nervous nexus, it is thought that stroke induces change in both systems. Additionally, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immunosuppression play protective roles against the effects of stroke. The release of danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to the harmful inflammatory effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke; the Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM)/Gas6 system, however, has been shown to suppress inflammation via downstream signaling molecules that inhibit TLR signaling. Anti-inflammatory cytokines have also been found to promote neuroprotection following stroke. Additionally, adaptive immunosuppression merits further consideration as a potential endogenous protective mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent studies regarding the effects and mechanism of immunosuppression on the pathophysiology of stroke, with the hope that a better understanding of the function of both of innate and adaptive immunity in this setting will facilitate the development of effective therapies for post-stroke inflammation.

Magnitude of Prior Teenage Pregnancy among Women Aged 18–67 Years in Rural Southwestern Uganda

Objective: Teenage pregnancy is a growing health challenge among adolescents in Uganda with its magnitude varying across thedifferent regions of Uganda. This study evaluated the magnitude and factors associated with prior teenage pregnancy among women aged 18-67 years in a rural community of Kasese district, Uganda.Short ResearchArticleResults: Fifty-two percent (52%) of the 138 women interviewed, had a prior teenage pregnancy. Having experienced a teenage pregnancy was independently associated with; occupation of current household heads (adjusted odds ratio, aOR= 0.2, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.1 –0.9), whether or not the current household could adequately meet their food needs (aOR= 0.1, 95% CI: 0.01 –0.8), and whether the current household shared toilet facilities (aOR= 4.7, 95% CI: 1.0 –21.8). Conclusion: The findings suggest that magnitude of prior teenage pregnancy among women in this rural community is much higher than the national average. Socio economic factors at household level are contributory to prior teenage pregnancy. A multi sectoral approach integrating household livelihood improvement with health interventions targeting the girl child is proposed to curb teenage pregnancy in this context.

Baseline Framingham risk score does not predict future ECG‑derived QRS duration over an average of 3.3 years

Background@#Prolonged electrocardiogram (ECG) QRS duration has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is unclear whether the main predictor of cardiovascular risk, the Framingham risk score also predicts short-term changes in ECG QRS duration. Our aim is to determine whether baseline Framingham risk score is associated with baseline or changes in QRS duration. @*Methods@#A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed using observational data obtained from two hundred two participants. Framingham risk score was calculated using an online risk calculator. QRS duration was obtained using a 10 s trace from a Welch Allyn PC-based 12-lead ECG system. @*Results@#Average follow-up duration was 3.3 ± 1.1 years. Mean QRS change was 1.8 ± 11.4 ms. Specifically, among two hundred two participants, there are 104 subjects with a greater QRS duration at follow-up, while 98 subjects had the same or a shorter follow-up QRS duration. Baseline Framingham risk score did not significantly predict an increase in QRSd with an odds ratio of 1.04 (P = 0.230). Regression analysis of QRS duration at baseline and Framingham risk at baseline had a weak association (R2= 0.020;P = 0.043). The Framingham risk score at follow-up was likewise has a weak association with follow-up QRS duration (R2= 0.045; P = 0.002). @*Conclusions@#Our results do not demonstrate a statistically significant association between Framingham risk parameters and future QRS duration changes over longitudinal time. QRS duration had variable changes between baseline and follow-up. This might suggest that a longer period of follow-up is required to document more stable increases in QRS duration associated with ventricular pathology. A larger population study is needed to confirm our observations.

Baseline Framingham risk score does not predict future ECG‑derived QRS duration over an average of 3.3 years

Background@#Prolonged electrocardiogram (ECG) QRS duration has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is unclear whether the main predictor of cardiovascular risk, the Framingham risk score also predicts short-term changes in ECG QRS duration. Our aim is to determine whether baseline Framingham risk score is associated with baseline or changes in QRS duration. @*Methods@#A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed using observational data obtained from two hundred two participants. Framingham risk score was calculated using an online risk calculator. QRS duration was obtained using a 10 s trace from a Welch Allyn PC-based 12-lead ECG system. @*Results@#Average follow-up duration was 3.3 ± 1.1 years. Mean QRS change was 1.8 ± 11.4 ms. Specifically, among two hundred two participants, there are 104 subjects with a greater QRS duration at follow-up, while 98 subjects had the same or a shorter follow-up QRS duration. Baseline Framingham risk score did not significantly predict an increase in QRSd with an odds ratio of 1.04 (P = 0.230). Regression analysis of QRS duration at baseline and Framingham risk at baseline had a weak association (R2= 0.020;P = 0.043). The Framingham risk score at follow-up was likewise has a weak association with follow-up QRS duration (R2= 0.045; P = 0.002). @*Conclusions@#Our results do not demonstrate a statistically significant association between Framingham risk parameters and future QRS duration changes over longitudinal time. QRS duration had variable changes between baseline and follow-up. This might suggest that a longer period of follow-up is required to document more stable increases in QRS duration associated with ventricular pathology. A larger population study is needed to confirm our observations.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in children: report of three cases / Nefrite tubulointersticial e uveíte em idade pediátrica: descrição de três doentes

ABSTRACT Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome is a rare and probably underdiagnosed condition. Renal and ocular manifestations may not occur simultaneously, making the diagnosis more difficult. Nephritis may be asymptomatic; therefore, renal function evaluation is essential for diagnosis. Urinary β2-microglobulin levels may be particularly useful. Uveitis, mostly anterior, nongranulomatous and bilateral, occurs usually after the onset of nephritis. Treatment includes corticosteroids and, eventually, other immunosuppressant agents. Renal disease is usually benign and resolves spontaneously or after treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Uveitis, however, may be chronic or recurrent. The authors described the cases of three pediatric patients diagnosed with tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome. The goal of this paper was to warn the medical community over the need to screen patients with uveitis for renal disease.

RESUMO A síndrome nefrite tubulointersticial e uveíte é uma doença rara, provavelmente subdiagnosticada. As manifestações renais e oculares podem não ocorrer simultaneamente, tornando o diagnóstico mais difícil. A nefrite é geralmente assintomática, tornando fundamental a avaliação da função renal em doentes com uveíte. O doseamento da excreção urinária de β2-microglobulina é particularmente útil para o diagnóstico. A uveíte, tipicamente anterior, não granulomatosa e bilateral, manifesta-se após a nefrite na maioria dos casos. O tratamento inclui corticoides e, por vezes, outros imunossupressores. A doença renal tem evolução benigna, resolvendo-se espontaneamente ou com terapêutica com corticoides sistêmicos na maioria dos casos, no entanto, a uveíte pode ser crônica ou recorrente. Os autores descrevem três casos de síndrome nefrite tubulointersticial e uveíte, diagnosticados em idade pediátrica, e pretendem alertar para a necessidade de pesquisar sempre alterações renais nos doentes com uveíte.

Evaluation of the chemical composition and variability of the volatile oils from Trembleya parviflora leaves

Abstract Trembleya parviflora (D. Don) Cogn., Melastomataceae, also known as "quaresmeira-branca", is a subshrub that is commonly used to treat verminosis, scabies, dermatoses, rheumatism, vaginal infections, ulcerations and wounds. The aim of this work was to perform a morphological study of T. parviflora, evaluate the composition and chemical variability of the volatile oils from the leaves, perform phytochemical screening of the powder from the leaves and to define parameters for quality control of the plant material. Macroscopic characterization of T. parviflora was carried out by naked eye in Serra dos Pireneus, Pirenópolis, Goiás for 12 months. Volatile oils were subjected to hydrodistillation with Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical screening and ash and volatile compound content determination were performed by conventional techniques. T. parviflora has simple, oppositely crossed and petiolate leaves. The inflorescence of this plant is a cyme. The presence of coumarins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids and tannins was observed. The total ash content was 4.05 ± 0.02%; the insoluble ash content was 0.10 ± 0.03%; and the volatile compound content was 9.53 ± 0.02%. The major compounds present in the volatile oils were α-terpineol (2.7-16.5%), α-pinene (0.6-25.4%), β-pinene (2.7-23.1%), sabinene (1.2-14.1%), acetoxyeudesman-4-α-ol (0.6-6.3%) and 2,4a-8,8-tetramethyldecahydrocyclopropanaphtalene (2.4-24.4). Two clusters were identified: Cluster I represented the period with low levels of rainfall, and Cluster II represented the period with high levels of rainfall. This study provides data that can be applied for the quality control of powdered leaves and is the first description of the chemical composition and variability of the volatile oils from the leaves of T. parviflora.

Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium

ABSTRACT Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg., Myrtaceae, is a plant popularly used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal and urinary antiseptic activities. The aims of this study were to obtain the crude ethanolic extract and the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, aqueous and concentrated aqueous tannin fractions from C. adamantium leaves, perform biomonitored fractionation to isolate and identify chemical compounds, study the chemical composition of the volatile oils of the leaves and flowers and test the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract, fractions, isolated substances and volatile oils. Phytochemical screening and chromatographic and spectrometric techniques were used. Volatile oils were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was tested by a broth microdilution test. The component stictane-3,22-diol was isolated and identified from the hexane fraction, while valoneic and gallic acid were isolated and identified from the concentrated aqueous tannin fraction. The major constituents of the volatile oils of the leaves were verbenene (13.91%), β-funebrene (12.05%) and limonene (10.32%), while those of the volatile oils of the flowers were sabinene (20.45%), limonene (19.33%), α-thujene (8.86%) and methyl salicylate (8.66%). Antibacterial activity was verified for the hexane fraction, while antifungal activity was observed for the aqueous fraction and concentrated aqueous tannin fraction and for vanoleic acid. These results may justify the popular use of C. adamantium.

Factors associated with persistence of pain in lumbar stenosis surgery / Fatores associados á persistência da dor na cirurgia de estenose lombar / Factores asociados a la persistencia del dolor en la cirugía de estenosis lumbar

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with the persistence of pain in patients operated on for lumbar stenosis. Method: One hundred and fifty-three patients were studied, divided into two groups: 1) Patients with persistent pain in varying degrees, 2) Patients without pain. Age, sex, affected levels, comorbidities, surgical risk, and type of surgical procedure were evaluated. Results: There were 108 patients in the group with pain and 45 in the group without pain. In the group with pain, there were 28 patients with diabetes mellitus, 31 smokers, and 28 alcohol-dependent patients, with a significant difference of p = 0.001 and an RR = 1.1. A simple widening procedure was performed in 48 patients in the group with pain and 12 patients in the group without pain, with RR = 0.8, and widening plus instrumentation was performed in 7 patients in both the with and without pain groups. Conclusion: The indication of a surgical procedure in patients with spinal stenosis must take many factors into account in addition to clinical factors and the segments affected, since these factors impact patient prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, the variable most closely associated with persistent pain was the procedure performed. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.g

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar os fatores associados à persistência da dor em pacientes operados por estenose lombar. Método: 153 pacientes foram estudados em dois grupos: 1) Pacientes com dor persistente em graus variados; 2) Pacientes sem dor. Idade, sexo, níveis afetados, comorbidades, risco cirúrgico e tipo de procedimento cirúrgico foram avaliados. Resultados: 108 pacientes no grupo com dor e 45 no grupo sem dor. Diabetes Mellitus em 28 pacientes no grupo da dor. Grupo com dor positivo em relação ao tabagismo em 31 pacientes, 28 pacientes com alcoolismo, com diferença significativa de p=0,001 e um RR=1,1. Os procedimentos realizados foram: Aumento Simples em 48 pacientes dentro do grupo com dor e em 12 pacientes no grupo sem dor, com RR=0,8, Extensão mais instrumentação em sete pacientes no grupo com dor e em sete pacientes no grupo sem dor. Conclusão: A indicação do procedimento cirúrgico em pacientes com estenose espinhal deve levar em consideração muitos fatores, não apenas os segmentos clínicos ou afetados, uma vez que esses fatores têm um efeito prognóstico no paciente. Na análise multivariada, a condição mais associada à dor persistente foi o procedimento realizado. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.g

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la persistencia del dolor en pacientes operados por estenosis lumbar. Métodos: Se estudiaron 153 pacientes, en dos grupos: 1) Pacientes con persistencia del dolor en grados variables, 2) Pacientes sin dolor. Se evaluó edad, sexo, niveles afectados, comorbilidades, riesgo quirúrgico y tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico. Resultados: Ciento ocho pacientes en el grupo con dolor y 45 en el grupo sin dolor. Diabetes Mellitus en 28 pacientes del grupo con dolor. Grupo positivo tabaquismo con dolor en 31 pacientes, 28 pacientes con alcoholismo, con diferencia significativa de p=0,001 y un RR=1,1. Los procedimientos realizados fueron: aumento simple en 48 pacientes dentro del grupo con dolor y en 12 pacientes en el grupo sin dolor con RR=0,8, extensión más instrumentación en siete pacientes en el grupo con dolor y en siete pacientes en el grupo sin dolor. Conclusiones: La indicación del procedimiento quirúrgico en pacientes con estenosis espinal debe tomar en cuenta numerosos factores, no únicamente los clínicos o los segmentos afectados, ya que esos factores tienen un efecto pronóstico en el paciente. En el análisis multivariado la condición mayormente asociada a la persistencia del dolor fue el procedimiento realizado. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-controlg.

Tlif-mis vs tlif-open: cost evaluation / Tlif-mis vs tlif-open: evaluação de custos / Tlif mis vs tlif-open: evaluación de costos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the direct costs of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) or open technique (OPEN). Methods: The present study is descriptive and retrospective. Sixteen patients with degenerative spinal pathology operated on with the TLIF MIS technique and TLIF OPEN were included over a 13-month period. Days of hospital stay, blood loss, surgical time, medical care and costs were compared. Results: The mean number of days of hospital stay was 6.7 ± 4.3 days with TLIF MIS and 11.1 ± 6.5 days with TLIF OPEN. The blood loss was 307 ± 81.6 ml (range 200400 ml) with TLIF MIS and 803 ± 701.3 ml (range 200-1800 ml) with TLIF OPEN. The surgical time was 320 ± 92.6 minutes (range 210-500 minutes) in TLIF MIS and 372 ± 95.2 minutes (280-540 minutes) in TLIF OPEN. Conclusions: The difference in surgical costs and time between the two procedures was not statistically significant. There was less bleeding during the TLIF-MIS surgery, as well as a correlation between shorter days of hospital stay proportional to bleeding and surgical time, which translates into a reduction in the cost of these items. Level of Evidence III; Analysis based on alternatives and limited costs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Garantir benefícios económicos diretos de cada procedimento cirúrgico. Metodologia: apresentar um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo. Dezesseis pacientes com patologia degenerativa de colônias operados com a técnica TLIF MIS e TLIF OPEN foram incluídos durante um período de 13 meses. Foram comparados os dias de internação, perda de sangue, tempo cirúrgico, assistência médica e custo. Resultados: O número de dias hospitalares para 6,7 ± 4,3 dias no TLIF MIS e 11,1 ± 6,5 dias no TLIF OPEN. Quanto à diferença entre a exigência de resultados da imagem e o número de cirurgias. A perda de sangue foi de 307 ± 81,6 ml (intervalo de 200-400 ml) com TLIF MIS e 803 ± 701,3 ml (intervalo de 200 - 1800 ml) com TLIF OPEN. O tempo cirúrgico de 320 ± 92,6 minutos (intervalo 210-500 minutos) em TLIF MIS e 372 ± 95,2 minutos (280-540 minutos) em TLIF OPEN. Conclusões: A diferença entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos e o tempo entre os procedimentos não é estatisticamente significativa. Houve menos sangria durante a cirurgia do TLIF-MIS, assim como uma correlação entre menos dias de internação proporcional ao sangramento e ao tempo cirúrgico, que se traduziu em uma redução dos custos dos itens. Nível de Evidência III; Análise baseada em alternativas e custos limitados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los costos directos de la fusión intersomática lumbar transforaminal (TLIF) de mínima invasión (MIS) o técnica abierta (OPEN). Métodos: El presente estudio es descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 16 pacientes con patología degenerativa de columna intervenidos con la técnica TLIF MIS y TLIF OPEN en un período de 13 meses. Se compararon días de estancia hospitalaria, pérdida sanguínea, tiempo quirúrgico, atención médica y costos. Resultados: La media de días de estancia hospitalaria fue de 6,7 ± 4,3 días con TLIF MIS y de 11,1 ± 6,5 días con TLIF OPEN. La pérdida sanguínea fue de 307 ± 81,6 ml (rango 200-400 ml) con TLIF MIS y de 803 ± 701,3 ml (rango 200-1800 ml) con TLIF OPEN. El tiempo quirúrgico fue de 320 ± 92,6 minutos (rango 210-500 minutos) en TLIF MIS y de 372 ± 95,2 minutos (280-540 minutos) en TLIF OpEN. Conclusiones: La diferencia de costos y tiempo quirúrgico entre ambos procedimientos no fue estadísticamente significativa. Se mostró un menor sangrado durante la cirugía TLIF-MIS, así como una correlación entre menores días de estancia hospitalaria proporcional con el sangrado y tiempo quirúrgico, lo cual traduce una reducción del costo en esos rubros. Nivel de Evidencia III; Análisis basados en alternativas y costos limitados.

Impacto na Sobrevida Livre de Progressão pela Falta de Acesso a Inibidores de EGFR em Carcinoma de Pulmão de Células não Pequenas no Sistema de Saúde Público Brasileiro / Impact that Lack of Access to EGFR Inhibitors has on Progression-Free Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer treated via the Public Health Care System in Brazil / Impacto en la Sobrevida Libre de Progresión por la Falta de Acceso a los Inhibidores de EGFR en el Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas en el Sistema de Salud Pública Brasileña

Introdução: O advento de terapias-alvo antirreceptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico (anti-EGFR) impactou na sobrevida dos pacientes com câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas avançado e portadores de mutação no EGFR, que são tratados no Sistema Único de Saúde Brasileiro (SUS). Objetivo: Estimar o impacto da falta de acesso a terapias anti-EGFR na sobrevida livre de progressão (SLP) desses pacientes. Método: Por meio da base de dados do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva e de estudos que descrevem a prevalência de mutação em EGFR na população brasileira, foi estimado o número de pacientes com adenocarcinoma de pulmão avançado, portadores de mutação EGFR, candidatos à terapia-alvo no ano de 2017. Para a estimativa de efetividade, quatro diferentes esquemas de tratamentos foram considerados: quimioterapia, erlotinib, afatinib e gefitinib. O número de pacientes livres de progressão de doença, após dois anos, foi estimado com base nos resultados para SLP em ensaios clínicos randomizados. Resultados: Foram estimados 1.735 pacientes com adenocarcinoma de pulmão metastático portadores de mutações ativadoras de EGFR no Brasil para o ano de 2017. Projetou-se que, caso fossem tratados com quimioterapia, apenas 71 estariam livres de progressão após 24 meses do início do tratamento. Em contrapartida, com o uso de inibidores de tirosina-quinase anti-EGFR, a expectativa seria de 312 pacientes livres de doença para erlotinib, 377 para gefitinib e 388 para afatinib. Conclusão: Apesar de recomendadas internacionalmente, as terapias anti-EGFR não são disponibilizadas no SUS, sendo oferecida aos pacientes apenas a quimioterapia. Isso problematiza a situação de falta de acesso no âmbito do SUS e embasa, localmente, a discussão acerca da incorporação dessas terapias no âmbito público.

Introduction: The advent of targeted anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) therapies have improved survival in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that carry the EGFR mutation, including those treated via the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, Unified Health Care System). Objective: To estimate the impact that lack of access to anti-EGFR therapies has on progression-free survival (PFS) among such patients. Method: On the basis of epidemiologic data obtained from the José Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute and from studies reporting the prevalence of the EGFR mutation in the Brazilian population, we estimated the number of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and the EGFR mutation who were candidates for targeted therapy in 2017. To estimate effectiveness, we evaluated four different treatments: chemotherapy, erlotinib, afatinib, and gefitinib. The number of patients with PFS after 2 years of follow-up was estimated on the basis of the results of randomized clinical trials. Results: We evaluated 1,735 patients with EGFR mutation-positive metastatic lung adenocarcinoma in Brazil in 2017. We estimated that, if treated with chemotherapy, only 71 of those patients would be free of progression after 24 months. In contrast, if all of the patients were treated with anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the expectation was that PFS would be achieved in 312 patients for erlotinib, 377 for gefitinib, and 388 for afatinib. Conclusion: Although recommended by international guidelines, anti-EGFR therapies are not available via the SUS, which offers only chemotherapy. This complicates the problem of lack of access in the SUS and promotes local discussion in the public sphere about the incorporation of these therapies.

Introducción: El advenimiento de terapias objetivo anti receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR) impactó en la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas avanzado y portadores de mutación en el EGFR, que son tratados en el sistema único de salud brasileño (SUS). Objetivo: Estimar el impacto de la falta de acceso a terapias anti-EGFR en la sobrevida libre de progresión (SLP) de esos pacientes. Método:A través de la base de datos del Instituto Nacional de Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva y de estudios que describen la prevalencia de mutación de EGFR en la población brasileña, se estima el número de pacientes con adenocarcinoma de pulmón avanzado portadores de mutación EGFR candidatos a la terapia objetivo en el año de Para la estimación de efectividad, cuatro diferentes esquemas de tratamientos fueron considerados: quimioterapia, erlotinib, afatinib y gefitinib. El número de pacientes libres de progresión de la enfermedad después de dos años se calculó sobre la base de los resultados para SLP en los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Resultados: Se estimó 1.735 pacientes con adenocarcinoma de pulmón metastático, portadores de mutaciones activadoras de EGFR en Brasil para el año 2017. Se proyectó que si se tratar con quimioterapia sólo 81 estarían libres de progresión después de 24 meses. En contrapartida, con el uso de inhibidores de tirosina quinasa anti-EGFR, la expectativa sería de 312 pacientes libres de enfermedad para erlotinib, 377 para gefitinib y 388 para afatinib. Conclusión: A pesar de ser recomendadas internacionalmente, las terapias anti-EGFR no están disponibles en el SUS, siendo ofrecido a los pacientes sólo quimioterapia. Esto problematiza claramente la situación de falta de acceso en el ámbito del SUS y basan, localmente, la discusión sobre la incorporación de estas terapias en el ámbito público.

Modelo de simulación inanimado para experiencia física de entrenamiento (S. I. M. P. L. E.) En nefrectomia parcial asistida por robot usando tecnología de impresión 3d / Inanimate simulation model for physical training experience (S. I. M. P. L. E.) in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy using 3D printing technology

INTRODUCCIÓN: Pese a que la exposición a pacientes reales sigue estando a la vanguardia de la educación médica, la implementación de simuladores en el entrenamiento y docencia está en uso creciente a nivel global. Muchos de ellos, sin embargo, no entregan una experiencia quirúrgica completa. En este video presentamos un modelo de simulación inanimado de alta fidelidad y bajo costo para el entrenamiento en Nefrectomía parcial asistida por Robot (RAPN). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Utilizando tecnología de impresión 3D se crearon modelos anatómicamente correctos del riñón humano y estructuras relevantes. Estos se consiguieron a través de polimerización gradual de un hidrogel, mediante ciclos de congelación/descongelación, dando distintas características de consistencia y apariencia a los órganos y estructuras, similares a las esperadas durante la cirugía en vivo. Se simularon todas las etapas de RAPN. 3 expertos con >250 casos robóticos fueron asignados al grupo 1; 3 novatos con <50 casos fueron asignados al grupo 2; y 3 estudiantes de medicina que completaron un programa básico de simulación robótica fueron asignados al grupo 3. Se midió validez por expertos, de contenido y de constructo, mediante encuestas y la comparación de las métricas de procedimiento (tiempo de isquemia, la pérdida de sangre, márgenes positivos y la pérdida de sangre estimada) entre los tres grupos. RESULTADOS: El modelo mostró una excelente validación de expertos y de contenido con una puntuación media de 3/5 y 4/5, respectivamente. El tiempo de isquemia medio fue de <15 minutos, entre 20 a 30 minutos y >40 minutos en los grupos 1, 2 y 3, respectivamente. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el tiempo operatorio, tiempo de isquemia, márgenes quirúrgicos positivos y la pérdida de sangre estimada (p <0,01), obteniendo una buena validez de constructo. CONCLUSIONES: Este modelo proporciona un modelo realista, de bajo costo y alta fidelidad que ofrece un entrenamiento exhaustivo para RAPN. Esta forma de simulación puede ser una herramienta de enseñanza quirúrgica útil, permitiendo la evaluación objetiva del aprendiz, y entregando a los alumnos una exposición adecuada a un entorno real simulado, para así dominar las habilidades necesarias antes de una experiencia quirúrgica en vivo.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Although exposure to real patients continues to be at the forefront of medical education, the implementation of simulators in training and teaching is in increasing use, globally. Many of them, however, do not deliver a complete surgical experience. In this video, we present an inanimate simulation model of high fidelity and low cost for training in Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using 3D printing technology, anatomically correct models of the human kidney and relevant structures were created. These were achieved through the gradual polymerization of a hydrogel, by means of freezing / thawing cycles, giving different characteristics of consistency and appearance to organs and structures, similar to those expected during real surgery. All RAPN stages were simulated. Three experts with> 250 robotic cases were assigned to group 1; three beginners with <50 cases were assigned to group 2; and three medical students who had completed a basic robotic simulation program were assigned to group 3. Validity was measured by experts, content and construct, by means of surveys and comparison of the procedure metrics (ischemia time, blood loss, positive margins and estimated blood loss) among the three groups. RESULTS: The model showed excellent expert and content validation with an average score of 3/5 and 4/5 respectively. The mean ischemia time was <15 minutes, between 20 to 30 minutes and > 40 minutes in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in surgery time, ischemia time, positive surgical margins and estimated blood loss (p <0.01), obtaining good construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: This model provides a realistic, low cost and high fidelity model that offers comprehensive training for RAPN. This type of simulation can be a useful surgical teaching tool, allowing objective evaluation of the apprentice, and giving the students an adequate exposure to a simulated real environment, in order to master the necessary skills before a live surgical experience.(AU)

Creación de un modelo de simulación inanimado para nefrolitotomía percutánea utilizando tecnología de impresión 3D / Creation of an inanimate simulation model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy using 3D printing technology

Las restricciones en el tiempo de instrucción y limitado acceso a procedimientos durante la residencia urológica, originado entre otros factores, por la heterogeneidad de los centros formadores y búsqueda de mejores capacidades asistenciales, calidad y acreditación hospitalarias, han derivado en un entrenamiento a veces insuficiente, sobre todo en técnicas complejas y de prolongada curva de aprendizaje, como la Nefrolitotomía percutánea (PCNL). Esto puede derivar en una formación dispar entre residentes, y en un ambiente de inseguridad para el paciente. En este video demostramos un modelo físico inanimado, de alta fidelidad y bajo costo para el entrenamiento en PCNL, que permite una experiencia realista y reproducible de todos los aspectos del procedimiento. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se construyeron modelos renales anatómicamente correctos incluyendo parénquima, vasos hiliares, sistema pielocaliciliar, litiasis coraliforme y estructuras pararrenales relevantes. Los tejidos fueron creados usando hidrogel de poli-vinyl alcohol en distintas concentraciones, ciclos de congelación/descongelación y coloración, a partir de moldes rígidos creados con impresora 3D. Estos fueron diseñados previamente por computador, utilizando reconstrucciones de tomografías axiales de pacientes reales. El diseño incluye la instilación de "orina" y "sangre" artificialmente fabricadas, para obtener dichos fluidos al interactuar con los modelos, los que fueron ensamblados para ser sometidos a simulación en pabellón. RESULTADOS: Utilizando el modelo, residentes y expertos realizaron simulaciones quirúrgicas de todos los pasos de la PCNL en posición prono, incluyendo acceso bajo fluoroscopía y ecografía, dilatación, nefroscopía y litotripsia intrarrenal, logrando extracción de fragmentos, salida de "orina" durante la punción y "sangramiento" parenquimatoso. Se utilizó instrumental quirúrgico acorde con lo empleado en un procedimiento real. CONCLUSIONES: Demostramos la metodología y factibilidad para crear un modelo de entrenamiento realista y de bajo costo para PCNL. Este permite la realización de todos los pasos críticos de la cirugía, con excelente realismo y precisión, sin necesidad de instalaciones especiales ni modelos animales. A pesar de que la cirugía en pacientes reales bajo supervisión sigue siendo vital en la formación urológica, esta experiencia física podría se una excelente herramienta para la preparación integral de residentes y especialistas, previa a la exposición a pacientes durante una técnica de alta complejidad.(AU)

he restrictions on instructional time and limited access to procedures during urological residency -originated among other factors by the heterogeneity of the training centers and the search for better care capacities, hospital quality and accreditation- have sometimes resulted in insufficient training, especially in complex techniques and long learning curve, as is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This can lead to a dissimilar formation among residents, and in an environment of insecurity for the patient. In this video, we demonstrate a high fidelity, low-cost, inanimate physical model for PCNL training, which enables a realistic and reproducible experience in all aspects of the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anatomically correct renal models were constructed, including parenchyma, hilar vessels, pyelocaliceal system, staghorn lithiasis and relevant pararenal structures. The tissues were created using polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel in different concentrations, freezing / thawing cycles and coloring, from rigid molds created with 3D printer. These were previously designed by a computer, using reconstructions of axial tomographies of real patients. The design includes the instillation of "urine" and "blood" artificially manufactured, to obtain the mentioned fluids when interacting with the models. They were assembled to be submitted to a simulation in the operating room. RESULTS: Using the model, residents and experts performed surgical simulations of all the steps of the PCNL in prone position, including access under fluoroscopy and ultrasound, dilatation, nephroscopy and intrarenal lithotripsy, achieving fragment extraction, exiting of "urine" during the puncture and parenchymal " bleeding " . Surgical instruments were used according to what was used in a real procedure. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the methodology and feasibility to create a realistic and low cost training model for PCNL. This allows the participants to carry out all the critical steps of surgery, with excellent realism and precision, without the need for special facilities or animal models. Although surgery -in real patients and under supervision- is still vital in urological training, this physical experience could be an excellent tool for the comprehensive preparation of residents and specialists, prior to exposure to patients when approaching a highly complex technique.(AU)

Fibrosis angiocéntrica eosinofílica intranasal asociada a enfermedad relacionada con IgG4 / Intranasal eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis associated with an IgG4-related disease

Resumen La fibrosis angiocéntrica eosinofílica es una lesión tumoral infrecuente de la órbita ocular y del tracto respiratorio superior. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 44 arios, con antecedentes de severa congestión y obstrucción nasal, y síntomas de sinusitis. Una TAC de senos paranasales mostró una masa focal de tejidos blandos de alta densidad que crecía desde la cara anterior del septum nasal. Se resecó parte del tabique. Los cortes histológicos mostraron una fibrosis concéntrica densa con patrón angiocéntrico y células inflamatorias mixtas. Se demuestra la presencia de fibrosis angiocéntrica eosinofílica. El dosaje sérico de IgG: 1.421 mg/dl (valor normal: 540-1.822) y el de IgG4: 168,70 mg/dl (valor normal: 6,1-121). Los preparados histológicos fueron inmunomarcados para IgG4 mostrando 50 plasmocitos IgG4(+)/HPF.

Abstract Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis is an uncommon tumefactive lesion of the ocular orbit and upper respiratory tract. We present a 44-year old man with a history of severe nasal congestion and nasal obstruction. The patient also reported symptoms of sinusitis. Submucous thickening tissue had been locally resected and the involved anterior nasal septum cartilage partially removed. Histopathological examination of the biopsy indicated eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis. A CT scan of the sinuses showed a high-density focal mass of soft tissue arising from the anterior aspect of the nasal septum. Examination under low power view showed dense concentric fibrosis and mixed inflammatory cells. The fibrosis was in an angiocentric pattern, resembling an onionskin. High power view showed a mixture of lymphocytes, plasma cells, numerous eosinophils, and proliferating fibroblasts. A test for serum IgG performed ten years after the patient's initial presentation was 1421 mg/dl (normal range 540-1822 mg/dl), and the serum concentration of IgG4 was 168.70 mg/dl (normal range 6.1121 mg/dl). A review of the original haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides revealed that this case was stained immunohistochemically with an IgG4 stain showing 50 IgG4-positive plasma cells/HPF.