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This study aimed to obtain the first national estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Chinese children. We targeted the population of 6 to 12-year-old children for this prevalence study by multistage convenient cluster sampling. The Modified Chinese Autism Spectrum Rating Scale was used for the screening process. Of the target population of 142,086 children, 88.5% (n = 125,806) participated in the study. A total of 363 children were confirmed as having ASD. The observed ASD prevalence rate was 0.29% (95% CI: 0.26%-0.32%) for the overall population. After adjustment for response rates, the estimated number of ASD cases was 867 in the target population sample, thereby achieving an estimated prevalence of 0.70% (95% CI: 0.64%-0.74%). The prevalence was significantly higher in boys than in girls (0.95%; 95% CI: 0.87%-1.02% versus 0.30%; 95% CI: 0.26%-0.34%; P < 0.001). Of the 363 confirmed ASD cases, 43.3% were newly diagnosed, and most of those (90.4%) were attending regular schools, and 68.8% of the children with ASD had at least one neuropsychiatric comorbidity. Our findings provide reliable data on the estimated ASD prevalence and comorbidities in Chinese children.
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Emotion dysregulation is a common issue experienced by individuals with autism spectrum disorders(ASD). It is a potential common factor for a variety of emotional and behavioral problems, and is associated with a wide range of negative mental and physical health outcomes. It is challenging to objectively measure and reasonably explain the ability of emotion regulation (ER) in individuals with ASD. Children with ASD tended to show stronger negative emotional responses, with poor ER skills, less use of various adaptive ER strategies (such as cognitive reappraisal and acceptance), and more frequent use of maladaptive strategies (such as inhibition and repetitive behaviors). The relationships between the core symptoms of ASD and ER impairments, as well as their relationships with functional outcomes and psychopathology, are complex and need further study. The study of the neural mechanism of emotion regulation in ASD can promote the development of different types of targeted interventions. Preliminary results from pilot studies suggesting that cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based ER interventions are feasible and effective in improving ER skills of individuals with ASD. The studies highlight the role of ER impairments in ASD and the importance of incorporating emotion regulation into routine mental health interventions for children with ASD.
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Objective:To explore the abnormal sensory manifestations of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Methods:A total of 269 ASD children with sensory symptoms (ASD toddler group: under 3 years old( n=110), and ASD preschool children: 3-6 years old( n=159)) were investigated by self-made children's sensory abnormality questionnaire, and 175 typically developing(TD) children were compared.SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics, t test and χ 2 test. Results:The incidence of sensory abnormalities in ASD group was 95.17%, which was higher than that in TD group (78.86%; χ 2=28.224, P<0.001), and the incidence of multiple sensory domain symptoms in ASD group was 84.77%, which was higher than that in TD group (63.77%; χ 2= 22.608, P<0.001). The incidence of sensory symptoms in ASD toddler group was 98.18%, which was not statistically different from that in TD toddler group (92.59%)(χ 2=3.210, P=0.073). The incidence of multiple sensory domain symptoms in ASD toddler group was higher (85.19%), which was statistically different from that in TD toddler group (66.00%)(χ 2=7.613, P=0.006). In the four items of sensory symptoms (auditory hyperresponsiveness, auditory sensory seeking, tactile hyperresponsiveness and tactile sensory seeking), the proportion of moderate to severe of the first three items in ASD group were 66.67%, 72.08% and 61.54%, which were higher than those in TD group (46.81%, 56.36% and 38.46%)(χ 2= 9.652, P=0.002, χ 2= 7.822, P=0.005, χ 2= 4.631, P=0.031), but the proportion of moderate to severe of four items in ASD toddler group were not statistically different from that in TD toddler group at all ( P>0.05). The incidence of functional impairment caused by four items of sensory symptoms in ASD group (68.55%, 65.99%, 63.25% and 48.87%) was higher than those in TD group (45.74%, 28.18%, 26.92% and 27.12%) (χ 2= 12.814, P<0.001; χ 2= 40.456, P<0.001; χ 2= 11.429, P=0.001; χ 2= 7.930, P=0.005). The incidence of functional impairment caused by auditory sensory seeking and tactile hyperresponsiveness in ASD toddler group (57.65% and 55.56%) was higher than that in TD toddler group (31.58% and 0) and the incidence of the other two symptoms in these two groups were not statistically different.There was no statistical difference in the incidence of sensory symptoms between ASD toddler group and ASD preschool group, neither the incidence of multiple sensory domain symptoms ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Sensory abnormalities are common in autistic children, and most of them involve two or more sensory domains. Attention should be paid to the occurrence, quantity, degree and functional impairment of their symptoms.
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This study aimed to obtain the first national estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Chinese children. We targeted the population of 6 to 12-year-old children for this prevalence study by multistage convenient cluster sampling. The Modified Chinese Autism Spectrum Rating Scale was used for the screening process. Of the target population of 142,086 children, 88.5% (n = 125,806) participated in the study. A total of 363 children were confirmed as having ASD. The observed ASD prevalence rate was 0.29% (95% CI: 0.26%-0.32%) for the overall population. After adjustment for response rates, the estimated number of ASD cases was 867 in the target population sample, thereby achieving an estimated prevalence of 0.70% (95% CI: 0.64%-0.74%). The prevalence was significantly higher in boys than in girls (0.95%; 95% CI: 0.87%-1.02% versus 0.30%; 95% CI: 0.26%-0.34%; P < 0.001). Of the 363 confirmed ASD cases, 43.3% were newly diagnosed, and most of those (90.4%) were attending regular schools, and 68.8% of the children with ASD had at least one neuropsychiatric comorbidity. Our findings provide reliable data on the estimated ASD prevalence and comorbidities in Chinese children.
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Objective To explore the behavioral characteristics of response to name in 16-30 months old infants with autism spectrum disorders (ASD),in order to provide a theoretical basis for the early identification and early diagnosis.Methods Two professionals,according to the scoring criteria and using video analysis methods,evaluated the response score (RS),reaction time (RT),duration time (DT) and the rate (RR) of response to their names among ASD infants (ASD group,61 cases),who were diagnosed at Child Developmental and Behavioral Center,the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from April to December 2017.Then they were compared with infants with developmental delays (DD group,32 cases) and neuro-typical (NT group,33 cases) infants.Finally,researchers predicted the diagnosis for ASD infants according to the behavioral indicators,which had significant differences compared with other groups.Results Compared with DD group [RS 2 (1) score,RT 1.32 (4.65) s,DT 2.69(1.84) s] and NT group [RS 2 (1) score,RT 1.37 (4.37) s,DT 2.90 (2.23) s],RS was significantly lower [1 (1)score],RT was significantly longer [5.87 (4.64) s],and DT was significantly shorter [0.77 (1.88) s] in ASD group,and the differences were statistically significant (H =-4.91,-5.94;5.36,5.41;-4.47,-5.78;all P ＜0.05);while the differences between DD group and NT group were not significant(all P ＞0.05).The RR was significantly lower in ASD group [0.25 (0.50)] and DD group [0.50 (0.25)],compared with NT group [0.75 (0.50)],and the differences were statistically significant (H =-6.39,-4.45,all P ＜ 0.01);while the differences between DDgroup and ASD group were not significant(P ＞0.05).When detecting ASD from ASD and NT infants,the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.889 (P ＜0.01);when detecting ASD from ASD and DD infants,AUC was 0.924 (P ＜ 0.01);when detecting ASD from all infants,AUC was 0.868 (P ＜ 0.01),according to all indicators of response to name.Conclusions There are significant differences between ASD infants and DD and NT infants in response to name domain.Behavioral characteristics in the procedure of response to name can predict ASDwell.Response to name as an early social behavioral indicator,being tested at 2 years old,is still of importance for the early identification and early diagnosis of ASD.
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Objective@#To evaluate the reliability and validity of warning signs checklist developed by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People′s Republic of China (NHFPC), so as to determine the screening effectiveness of warning signs on developmental problems of early childhood.@*Method@#Stratified random sampling method was used to assess the reliability and validity of checklist of warning sign and 2 110 children 0 to 6 years of age(1 513 low-risk subjects and 597 high-risk subjects) were recruited from 11 provinces of China. The reliability evaluation for the warning signs included the test-retest reliability and interrater reliability. With the use of Age and Stage Questionnaire (ASQ) and Gesell Development Diagnosis Scale (GESELL) as the criterion scales, criterion validity was assessed by determining the correlation and consistency between the screening results of warning signs and the criterion scales.@*Result@#In terms of the warning signs, the screening positive rates at different ages ranged from 10.8%(21/141) to 26.2%(51/137). The median (interquartile) testing time for each subject was 1(0.6) minute. Both the test-retest reliability and interrater reliability of warning signs reached 0.7 or above, indicating that the stability was good. In terms of validity assessment, there was remarkable consistency between ASQ and warning signs, with the Kappa value of 0.63. With the use of GESELL as criterion, it was determined that the sensitivity of warning signs in children with suspected developmental delay was 82.2%, and the specificity was 77.7%. The overall Youden index was 0.6.@*Conclusion@#The reliability and validity of warning signs checklist for screening early childhood developmental problems have met the basic requirements of psychological screening scales, with the characteristics of short testing time and easy operation. Thus, this warning signs checklist can be used for screening psychological and behavioral problems of early childhood, especially in community settings.
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Objective To explore the difference in early symptoms between 2-3 years old autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children and healthy children through video analysis,in order to provide evidence for the identification and screening of ASD children.Methods The study involved 25 cases of ASD children who were admitted to Children Development and Behavior Center,the Third Affiliated Hospital,Sun Y at-Sen University,and confirmed with diagnosis standards of Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorder 5th edition (DSM-5) and 21 healthy children recruited in community.Three-minute videos of children in standard procedure were collected.Mter that,all the videos were scored on 5 items by 2 professional evaluators,unaware of diagnostic status.Comparison analysis of video scores between ASD and the healthy controls was made,and the sensitivity and specificity of video analysis were evaluated.Results Response to roll-call score was higher in ASD children [2 (2) scores] than that of the healthy children [0 (0) scores],response to audible object score was higher in ASD children [0(1) scores] than that of the healthy children [0(0) scores],social smiling score was higher in ASD children [1 (1) scores] than that of the healthy children [0 (1) scores],and total score was higher in ASD children [4 (2) scores] than that of the healthy children [2 (0) scores],and the differences were statistically significant (Z =2.272,P =0.000;Z =0.976,P =0.010;Z =1.763,P =0.001;Z =2.355,P =0.000).But,no difference was found in speech and finger pointing (all P ＞ 0.05).The consistency between three-minute video analysis and standard diagnosis was 0.652 (P =0.000),with 80.0％ of sensitivity and 85.7％ of specificity.Conclusions The ASD children perform worse than the healthy children in response to roll-call,response to audible object and social smiling.Three-minute standard video analysis can help to detect the early symptoms of ASD children.This result also demonstrates the potential of video-based analysis used as a ASD screening instrument in 2-3 years old children.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)are severe neurodevelopmental disorders affecting children′s mental health.ASD have become a global public health concern because of the rising prevalence over the past 30 years. Worldwide there are more and more studies recently,especially in United States of America.Many progresses have been achieved in the areas of diagnostic criteria,epidemiology,etiology and early intervention for ASD.This review discusses these issues.
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Objective To explore sex differences in cognitive and behavioral characteristics in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in different age.Methods The study involved 621 children(503 boys,118 girls) diagnosed with ASD from June 2013 to June 2015.Using raw scores to examine cognitive and behavioral characteristics in children with ASD based on the Psycho-Educational Profile-3rd Edition (PEP-3).The subjects were divided into two groups according age:＜4Y group and ≥ 4Y group.The sex differences of cognitive and behavioral characteristics were analyzed in different age groups.Results No sex differences were found in characteristic motor behaviors (CMB) and characteristic verbal behaviors (CVB) raw scores in ＜4Y group(P＞0.05),while girls with ASD had lower raw scores on CMB and CVB raw scores in ＞4Y group((21.56±7.33) vs (24.09±4.80),(9.79±7.05) vs (13.27±5.75) ; P＜0.05)).Girls with ASD had lower raw scores on cognitive verbal/preverbal (CVP),CMB and CVB in ～ 4Y,～5Y,and ～6Y group (P＜0.05).However,there was no sex difference on CVP,CMB and CVB in ～ 3Y and ～ 7Y group (P＞0.05).Conclusions Characteristic verbal and motor behaviors may not be obvious in girls with ASD in early childhood,which may increase the difficulties of early clinical identification.The development of cognitive ability in girls with ASD is far behind that in boys in the crucial 3-5 years old,as well as social reciprocity and characteristic behaviors.It suggests that the behavior characteristics are closely related to cognitive development.
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Objective To compare the intelligence quotient (IQ) between children with Asperger syndrome (AS) and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in order to provide reliable evidence for differential diagnosis.Methods The intelligence of 141 children with AS,154 children with ADHD and 102 normal control (NC) children aged 6-13 years old examined by the China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was analyzed,and the diagnoses of AS and ADHD was made according to the Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder.Results The proportions of children at low level of IQ (borderline and mental retardation range) in children with AS and with ADHD group were both significantly higher than those of NC group.The proportions of children at top level of IQ (superior and very superior range) in ADHD group were significantly lower than those of AS and NC groups.In the AS group,higher proportions of verbal IQ (VIQ) at top level and performance IQ (PIQ) at low level were found.The average VIQ,PIQ and full IQ (FIQ) of the AS,ADHD and NC groups were (102.55 ± 17.27,91.31 ± 16.01,97.10 ± 15.88),(95.39 ±13.49,94.16 ± 12.92,94.40 ± 12.78) and (104.06 ± 13.66,103.05 ±11.80,103.91 ± 12.92),respectively.The VIQ,PIQ and FIQ in ADHD group were lower than those in NC group significantly(P ＜ 0.01);compared with NC group,the PIQ and FIQ in AS group were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.01),while the VIQ was not significantly different(P ＞0.05).The AS and ADHD group scored both lower than the NC groupin the subtests ofcomprehension, coding, picture completion andpicture arrangement (P ＜ 0.01).The difference values between VIQ and PIQ in the AS,ADHD and TD group were(11.23 ± 17.29),(1.23 ± 13.10) and (1.00 ± 10.91),respectively,among which only the value in AS group was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01) but not in ADHD and NC group(P ＞0.05).The proportion of children having a VIQ-PIQ difference value more than 15 in AS group was 54.60％ (77/141 cases),which was significantly higher than that in ADHD [22.07％ (34/154 cases)] and NC groups [13.72％ (14/102 cases)] (P ＜ 0.01),while the latter 2 value had no statistical difference (P ＞ 0.05).The differences among scores on the three Kaufman factors were significant in AS group (P ＜ 0.01) but not in ADHD and NC groups(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Compared with ADHD and normal control children,there are some unique intelligence profiles in children with AS,which show VIQ and PIQ separation,imbalance intelligence structure as well as strengths and weaknesses coexisting.Furthermore,children with ADHD and AS children share common features in some subtests scores.
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Objective To investigate the changes of the serum sex steroids levels in prepuberal children with autism,and analyze the possible clinical implications.Methods The serum sex steroids,including folliclestimulating hormone(FSH),luteotropic hormone(LH),testosterone(T),estradiol(E2),progesterone(P),dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate(DHEA-S) and androstenedione were measured in 44 autistic children(35 boys and 9girls,47.5 ± 18.9 months) and 44 normal children(35 boys and 9 girls,45.0 ± 18.7 months),using chemiluminescence immunoassay.Results ①The progesterone levels in autism group were significantly lower than control group((＜ 0.48,2.08) nmoL/L vs (＜ 0.48,6.95) nmol/L,Z =-3.564,P ＜ 0.01),but no statistical differences were observed in other sex steroids levels(P＞ 0.05).②The progesterone levels in ＜ 48 months autism group showed no significant differences from ≥48 months autism group (Z =0.150,P ＞ 0.05).There were no statistical differences in progesterone level between the boys and girls of the autism group(Z=1.972,P＞0.05).Conclusion The progesterone levels are lower in autistic children,and they are not associated with the children's age or gender.This study indicates that the progesterone levels are closely associated with autism.
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Tumor cells exhibit two main different migration strategies when invading in 3D environment, i. e. mesenchymal migration and amoeboid migration. This review summarizes the internal reasons and characteristics on various modes of migration adaptation to the microenvironment, and the molecular mechanisms in particular environment where they are mutually interchangeable. A study of the mechanisms that may possibly trigger mesenchymal-amoeboid transition/amoeboid-mesenchymal transition help us to understand the change and the plasticity in the migration strategies of tumor cells. These are important for the development of a cancer treatment, which would efficiently suppress tumor cell invasiveness.
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Humanos , Movimiento Celular , Fisiología , Matriz Extracelular , Patología , Integrinas , Fisiología , Invasividad Neoplásica , Metástasis de la NeoplasiaRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>A novel green extraction technique of check valve & non-oxygen microwave assisted extraction (CVNO-MAE) for essential oils extraction was established. CVNO-MAE is a combination of microwave heating, vacuum pump and check valve, performed at anaerobic environment without added any solvent or water.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>CVNO-MAE has been compared with a conventional technique, solvent free microwave extraction (SFME), for the extraction of essential oils from two Chinese herbs: Curcuma phaeocaulis and Mentha haplocalyx.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>GC-MS analyses of the oils revealed the presence of 36 and 37 compounds in the essential oils of C. phaeocaulis and M. haplocalyx, respectively. There was an obvious difference in the quality of essential oils obtained by the two kinds of extraction methods. The CVNO-MAE method yielded an essential oil of C. phaeocaulis with lower amounts of oxygenated compounds (45.53%) than SFME (62.38%). Higher amounts of oxygenated compounds (89.57%) were present in the M. haplocalyx essential oil of SFME in comparison with CVNO-MAE (82.74%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CVNO-MAE is a fast low temperature extraction method carried in under pressure, appears as a good alternative for the extraction of essential oils from Chinese herbs and a green technology.</p>
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Curcuma , Química , Tecnología Química Verde , Métodos , Mentha , Química , Microondas , Aceites Volátiles , Extractos Vegetales , Aceites de PlantasRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the copy number variation (CNV) in a Chinese Han autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) pedigree.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The pedigree involved six siblings, and three of them were autistic. B lymphocytes of the pedigree were immortalized with EBV and used as studying materials. Karyotyping and Affymatrix 500k SNP chip assay were performed to assess the genetic defects among the members of the pedigree.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Karyotyping indicated that the chromosomes were normal. However, the 15q11 locus was located as de novo CNV region in all autistic siblings of the pedigree. In this locus, the fragment in 19827281-19998230 illustrated "loss" of CNV, while other three fragments with 37 kb, 1316 kb and 37 kb indicated "gain" of CNV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In this study, olfactory genes OR11K1P, OR4Q1P, OR4H6P, OR4M2, etc. in the sites with loss and gain of CNV may provide a new clue for genetic research of autism spectrum disorder.</p>
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Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil , Genética , China , Etnología , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Genética , Etnicidad , Genética , Linaje , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
This research project was designed to explore the molecular basis of the loss of contact inhibition in hepatoma cells by regulating the cell growth density of hepatic cells (L02) and hepatoma cells (HepG2) respectively. Analyzing the character of morphology, the change of cytoskeleton, the ability of deformation, the expression and distribution of E-cadherins of hepatic cells and hepatoma cells with different density, we found: Hepatoma cells' E-cadherins increased when compared to the hepatic cells'; Hepatic cells' up-regulated E-cadherins, and with their increased growth density, hepatic cells gathered in the contacted areas; Hepatoma cells, however, tended to down-regulate the expression of E-cadherins, and they kept the fusion distribution. The migration rate and net migration distance of these two kinds of cells were inhibited by growth density. Hepatoma cells kept the strong ability of migration, but the migration trace discretization of hepatic cell decreased with the increase of growth density. Hepatoma cells kept the high discretization of migration trace in different growth density. These different results show that hepatic cells are in positive correlation with E-cadherins distribution, and are in negative correlation with its migration. There is no aggregation tendency seen with respect to hepatoma cells' E-cadherins. The effect of hepatoma cells' growth density on migration is not obvious.
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Humanos , Cadherinas , Metabolismo , Recuento de Células , Línea Celular , Movimiento Celular , Células Hep G2 , Hígado , Biología Celular , MetabolismoRESUMEN
Objective To explore the profile of cognitive response to five facial expressions in 6-to 12-month-old infants. Method One hundred and fifty-five 6-to 12-month-old healthy infants were recruited to view five kinds of normative facial emotional expression pictures which presented on computer screen. The visual attention, self emotional and behavioral responses of each infant toward the facial expressions were recorded by a web camera and then were coded and analyzed from the videotaped observations. Results The visual preference to expressions was different in different groups. 6-to 8-month-old infants looked back ( such as 1.50 ± 0.73,1.39 ±0.81,1.67 ±0.87 ) more to all expressions than 9-to 12-month-old infants( 1.10 ± 0.53,1.04 ± 0.51,1.12 ±0. 61 ). 6-to 8-month-old infants exhibited no obvious difference(P＞ 0.05 ) while 9-to 12-month-old infants exhibited significant difference in self emotional responses (include positive and negative) to different expressions (P ＜0. 05 ). Infants appeared some positive behaviors including looking back at mother,finger-pointing and phonating to expressions during the observation. Conclusions Infants over 6-month-age could discriminate different facial expressions,recognize and comprehend happy expression earlier. 9-to 12-month-old infants began to understand the negative emotional significance of negative facial expressions gradually, but their comprehension to negative emotional expressions was rudimentary.
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This study inquired into the formation of the "overlapping growth" of hepatoma cells through quantitative characterization on the growth of hepatoma cells in situ by means of morphological observation, Image Tool computer analytic system, statistical analysis as well as the experimental methods of cell mechanics and biochemistry. The results were as follows: (1) The ability of hepatoma cells to regulate cell morphological deformation was better than that of hepatic cells; (2) While we were using micropipette aspiration technique to suck the "overlapping growth plaque" of hepatoma cells, the "overlapping growth plaque" fell off from the substrate, leaving a blank area; (3) Integrin expression of hepatoma cells was more obvious than that of hepatic cells; (4) Fibronectin (Fn) down-regulated the integrin expression in the hepatoma cells cultured on the Fn coated surface, enhanced the cells' adhesion ability and morphological stability, but reduced the formation and aggregation of the round cells. These results indicated (1) The so-called overlapping growing area was actually formed by many closely arrayed and piled round cells; (2) The production of round cells may be caused by integrin abnormal expression and the effect on the hepatoma cells adhesion stability; (3) The formation of "overlapping growth plaque" in hepatoma cells is related to the round cells' congregation induced by the high frequency morphological transformation.
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Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Metabolismo , Patología , Adhesión Celular , Proliferación Celular , Fibronectinas , Metabolismo , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Cadenas beta de Integrinas , Genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Metabolismo , Patología , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
Objective:To explore the way and feasibility of carrying out developmental-behavioral pediatrics(DBP) teaching for medical students on probation.Method :To divide 230 medical students on probation into experimental group(120 students) and control group(110 students).The former group spent four class hours in child developmental-behavioral outpatient department and another four hours in sensory integrative therapy room to assist doctors in their training work as volunteers,and their rest probation contents were the same as those of the latter group which had classes according to teaching outline of pediatrics.Test scores of pediatrics of the two groups were compared.Questionnaires filled in by students of experimental group were analyzed.Results of the two groups,scores of pediatrics were not different,which showed that scores weren't influenced by extra teaching contents.Results of questionnaires showed that teaching of DBP was welcome to students,and they had made advances in relative knowledge and their overall quality.Conclusion: It is necessary to carry out DBP teaching.The teaching way of this study has got good effect and is feasible.
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Objectives: To study the executive function (EF) profiles in children with ADHD. Methods: 1.We used some neuropsychological tests,including Stroop test, visual and auditory Go/No-Go tasks, digits reciting inverse, delayed spacial position memory span test, tower of London (TOL), tail making test (TMT),to evaluate the capacity of response inhibition, phonological working memory, visual-spacial working memory, planning and set-shifting of subjects. Results: 1.The ADHD children spent more time to accomplish color naming when the word color was inconsistent with the word meaning than normal control (NC) in Stroop test(p﹤0.05). 2.The ADHD children made more errors than NC in both visual and auditory Go/No-Go test(p﹤0.01). 3.The scores of digits reciting inverse was lower in ADHD than NC(p﹤0.01). 4.The representation of ADHD was poorer than NC in delayed spacial position memory span test(p﹤0.01). 5. In TOL test, the ADHD children spent more time in all of two-move, four-move and five-move tasks than NC, and broke rules more frequently than NC(p﹤0.05). 6.In TMT, the ADHD children spent more time and made more errors on part B than NC(p﹤0.05), and there was no significant difference on part A (p﹥0.05). Conclusions: The obvious impaired executive functions are found in children with ADHD, involving poor response inhibition,impaired working memory, dysfunction of planning and set-shifting.
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Objective:To explore the eye-movement characteristics and the visual cognitive processing traits of Chinese children with reading disorder (RD) during reading articles in order to offer reference for measures designed for diagnosis and therapy.Methods: Recorded the series data of eye-movement with Eye-link Ⅱ when the children read articles, and analyzed relevant parameter of eye-movement.Essay one is a narrative article chosen from the textbook of the second grade, whose content is simple and there are subject sentences.Essay two is a narrative article chosen from the Neuropsychology, which is an article used to test optic aphasia patient, and the essay has no subject sentence.Results: ①Results of reading comprehend: For the RD children, the reading score of the first narrative article was lower than that in the normal control group (2.2?1.1/2.9?0.5,t=-2.2,P0.05).For the RD children, the reading time of the two articles was longer than that in normal control group (for article one: 119.3?44.1/63.4?20.4, t=4.3,P