Analysis of chemical constituents and components absorbed into plasma of Ardisia crenata based on UPLC-QE-HF-MS/MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze the chemical constituents and components absorbed into plasma of the extract of Ardisia crenata and to elucidate its possible pharmacodynamic material basis. METHODS Overall， 12 rats were randomly assigned to the blank group （n＝6） and A. crenata group （n＝6） by the paired comparison method. The drug was administered once daily in the morning and afternoon for three days. Serum samples were prepared from serum after redosing on 4th day. The UPLC-QE-HF-MS/ MS was used to analyze and identify the chemical constituents in A. crenata extract and serum samples. Compound Discoverer 3.0 was employed for retention time correction， peak identification， and peak extraction. According to the secondary mass spectrometry information， the Thermo mzCloud online and Thermo mzVault local databases， referring to the relevant literature and control quality spectrum information were used to preliminarily identify the chemical constituents and components absorbed into plasma of A. crenata. RESULTS A total of 34 compounds were identified from the extract of A. crenata， mainly coumarins， flavonoids， organic acids， amino acids， including bergenin， quercetin， gallic acid， L-pyroglutamic acid， etc. Besides， 5 components absorbed into plasma were identified from serum samples: L-pyroglutamic acid， syringic acid， bergenin， cinnabar root saponin A， and mycophenolic acid. CONCLUSIONS L-pyroglutamic acid， syringic acid， bergenin， cinnabar root saponin A， and mycophenolic acid may act as the pharmacodynamic material basis of A. crenata.

Mechanism of Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome-induced nephrotoxicity in rats based on network toxicology and experimental validation / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the mechanism of Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome (ST) induced nephrotoxicity based on network toxicology and experimental verification. Methods Through network toxicology the target of toxic components of ST was predicted, nephrotoxicity-related target genes were located, the intersection of targets was taken, the STRING platform was imported to map the target protein interactions, MetaScape database was used for GO and KEGG analysis, BioGPS database for screening the key expressed genes in rat nephrotoxicity and the component-target-pathway network was constructed. The mechanism of ST induced nephrotoxicity was verified through animal experiments, and qRT-PCR was applied to detect mRNA expression level of key genes in kidney tissue. Results Twenty toxic components of ST were screened from network toxicology, mainly including matrine, sophoridine, maackiain. A total of 135 targets were involved, and HSP90AA1, SRC, MAPK1, MAPK3, AKT1 were the main targets. A total of 169 related signaling pathways were yielded by KEGG analysis, and the mechanism of nephrotoxicity might be related to cancer pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway. PPARA, RAF1, MAP2K1, SRC, AKT1 and MAPK3 were screened from BioGPS database. The results of animal experiments showed that BUN and SCr level increased (P <0. 01) in rats with high-dose group, and the kidney tissue was significantly damaged. qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression of PPARA, RAF1, MAP2K1, MAPK3 mRNA increased, the expression of AKT1 mRNA decreased in the high-dose group of ST (P <0. 05). Conclusions The mechanism of Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome induced nephrotoxicity is found to be related to the combined action of multiple components, multiple targets and multiple pathways, which also provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth exploration of the toxicology.

Mechanism of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep regulating leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway in improving acute pharyngitis based on network pharmacology / 中国药理学通报

Aim To elucidate the molecular mechanism of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep in improving acute pharyngitis based on network pharmacology, animal experiments and quantitative real-time PCR.Methods The active components and targets of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep were collected from the database of traditional Chinese medicinal systems databases and analysis platform(TCMSP). Targets related to acute pharyngitis were acquired through GeneCards, OMIM, DrugBank and Disgenet databases. After the common targets of the two were screened, the STRING database was used to construct the protein interaction network, and the Metascape platform was used for pathway analysis. At the same time, Cytoscape software was used to construct a network of "herbal-disease-component-target" and "herbal-disease-component-target-pathway" network. The acute pharyngitis models in rats were established to study the effect of water extract of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep on acute pharyngitis in rats. Quantitative real-time PCR technology was used to study the effect of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep on key gene targets in key pathways of pharyngeal tissues in rats with acute pharyngitis. Results In this experiment, 509 related targets of 21 active components of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep were obtained, 2 167 related targets of acute pharyngitis were obtained, and 194 common targets of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep and acute pharyngitis were obtained. KEGG pathway analysis screened 344 related signaling pathways, indicating that IL-17 signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway and leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway might play a key role in the improvement of acute pharyngitis by Sophorae tonkinensis Gagnep. Animal experiments showed that the low dose group of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep water extract had better therapeutic effect on acute pharyngitis. The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that the low-dose group of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep significantly down-regulated the expression levels of ITGB2, PIK3CA, PIK3CD and PTPN11 genes in leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway(P<0.05). Conclusions The above results show that Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep has the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway synergy in improving acute pharyngitis, which provides a theoretical basis for further study on the complex mechanism of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep in improving acute pharyngitis.

Establishment of HPLC fingerprints for Ardisia crenata，Sophora tonkinensis and their couplet medicines and content determination of 5 chemical components / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprints of Ardisia crenata， Sophora tonkinensis and their couplet medicines， and to determine the contents of five components in them. METHODS Using water as solvent， single lyophilized powder of A. crenata and S. tonkinensis and combined lyophilized powder of their couplet medicines were prepared by combining lyophilization technology. The fingerprints of three lyophilized powder samples were established by using high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， and the contents of 5 kinds of components such as gallic acid were determined simultaneously. RESULTS There were 5， 10 and 14 common peaks in the fingerprints for single lyophilized powder of A. crenata and S. tonkinensis and combined lyophilized powder of their couplet medicines； the similarities of them with the control fingerprints were all greater than 0.90. For combined lyophilized powder of couplet medicines， peak 3 Δ 基金项目 国家重点研发计划项目（No.2018YFC1708100）；贵 州省科技计划项目（No.黔科合基础-ZK〔2022〕一般483，No.黔科合成 was identified as gallic acid， peak 4 as matrine， peak 6 as 果〔2021〕一般137）；贵州省教育厅高等学校科学研究项目（青年项目） oxymatrine， peak 8 as bergenin， and peak 14 as trifolirhizin. In single lyophilized powder of A. crenata， the average contents of gallic acid and bergenin were 0.499 3 and 4.962 6 mg/g， respectively. In single lyophilized powder of S.tonkinensis， the average contents of matrine， oxymatrine and trifolirhizin were 3.046 0， 2.336 6 and 0.278 6 mg/g， respectively. In combined lyophilized powder of couplet medicines， the average contents of gallic acid， matrine， oxymatrine， bergenin and trifolirhizin were 0.560 6， 2.548 7， 1.382 2， 5.960 7 and 0.279 1 mg/g， respectively. The transfer rates were 8.87%-513.19%. CONCLUSIONS The established fingerprint and content determination methods are stable and feasible， and can be used for the quality control of A. crenata and S. tonkinensis and their couplet medicines. The average contents of matrine and oxymatrine in combined lyophilized powder of A. crenata-S. tonkinensis couplet medicines are decreased.

Usage and Dosage of Kaihoujian Throat Spray (for Children) in Treatment of Acute Pharyngitis and Acute Tonsillitis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the effective dose range of Kaihoujian throat spray (for children) in treating acute pharyngitis and acute tonsillitis, in order to provide the reference for the usage and dosage in clinic. Method:A total of 160 juvenile SD rats were divided into 16 groups according to the body mass grade, namely normal group, model group, amoxicillin or ribavirin group, compound Yizhi Huanghua group and different doses of Kaihoujian (for children) groups. The different doses of Kaihoujian (for children) groups were divided into 12 treatment groups based on 2 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 4 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 6 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 8 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 2 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 4 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 6 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 8 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 2 sprays/time, 8 times/day, 4 sprays/time, 8 times/day, 6 sprays/time, 8 times/day, and 8 sprays/time, 8 times/day. Except for normal group, all of the remaining groups were included in three animal models, namely 5%ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis in rat, B type streptococcus haemolyticus-induced acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis in rabbit, and adenovirus-induced acute pharyngitis in mice. Then the optimal usage and dosage of Kaihoujian throat spray (for children) were evaluated based on pharyngeal lesion score and htoxylin eosin(HE) staining. Result:There were significant differences in pharyngeal and tonsil lesions between the model group and the normal group (PPPConclusion:The clinical usage and dosage of Kaihoujian throat spray (for children) in treating acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis were suggested to be 2 sprays/times, 6~8 times/day for 1~3 year-old children; 3~6 sprays/times, 6~8 times/day for 4~6 year-old children and 5~8 sprays/times, 6~8 times/day for 7~12 year-old children.

Effects of germplasm and host tree trunk on endophytic fungal communities in epiphytic Dendrobium catenatum / 中国中药杂志

In order to investigate the effects of germplasm and host tree trunk on endophytic fungal communities in epiphytic Dendrobium catenatum, a total of 3 835 isolates were recovered from roots, stems and leaves of four D. catenatum germplasms attached to one kind of host tree trunk and one germplasm attached to four kinds of epiphyte-host tree trunks. A total of 152 taxa were identified and classified based on the fungal cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences. The taxa were assigned to 60 genera, 35 families, 21 orders and 5 classes of 2 phyla. The results indicated that D. catenatum cultivated in stereo cultivation harbor variety of fungi. The dominant fungal groups were different between Lin'an and Yiwu. Moreover, several groups showed geographical specificity, such as Arthrinium, Coniochaeta, Fusarium, Neofusicoccum and Zopfiella only dominating in Panshan of Lin'an, while Alternaria, Bjerkandera, Cercophora, Nigrospora and Trichoderma only dominating in Shangxi of Yiwu. There was no significant difference in diversity or species richness of endophytic fungi neither among germplasm nor host tree trunk. However, the richness and diversity indices exhibited a strong dependence on tissue type (<0.05). The germplasm and host tree trunk impact the distribution patterns of endophytic fungi less than tissue type. Nevertheless, the relative frequencies of the dominant fungal groups were different among germplasms or host tree trunk types. Furthermore, there were some fungal species specific to certain germplasm or host tree trunk. This might be due to the distinctions in growth traits and chemical compositions of D. catenatum owning to the differences in D. catenatumgenetic background and microenvironment of host tree. Most of fungal taxa exhibit tissue specificity or preference. These results provide the basis for the study on the relationship between endophytic fungi and D. catenatum in stereo cultivation mode.

Clinical Features and Prognostic Risk Factors of Choroid Plexus Tumors in Children / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Decision-making concerning the treatment of choroid plexus tumor (CPT) in pediatric patients remains a topic of considerable debate. The aim of this work was to describe clinical features and prognostic risk factors of CPT in the pediatric population and to provide theoretical opinions regarding clinical decisions for CPT.@*Methods@#The data of 96 patients with CPT and younger than 14 years were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics such as pathological type of CPTs, rate and severity of hydrocephalus, treatment and outcome, and recurrence were investigated. For categorical variables, the Pearson's Chi-square test was performed. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for comparisons between nonnormally distributed parameters. Log-rank test was used for progression-free survival (PFS).@*Results@#The study included 70 choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) cases, 17 atypical choroid plexus papilloma (aCPP) cases, and 9 choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) cases. Compared with patients with CPP or aCPP, patients with CPC had a shorter disease course (median: CPP, 4 months; aCPP, 2 months; CPC, 1 month; H: 23.5, P 0.05). Patients with CPC experienced shorter time for recurrence than those with CPP or aCPP (χ = 40.1, P < 0.0001).@*Conclusions@#Our results indicated that CPP in the fourth ventricle could trigger serious clinical symptoms at an early stage, requiring early intervention. Adjuvant treatment might be necessary for patients with partially resected CPP, aCPP, and CPC to achieve a favorable outcome.

Effect of naringin on oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy / 中国中药杂志

To explore the protective effect of naringin(Nar) on the injury of myocardium tissues induced by streptozotocin(STZ) in diabetic rats and the relationship with oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)， the male SD rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin(STZ， 60 mg·kg⁻¹) to establish the diabetic rat model and then randomly divided into the type 1 diabetic rat group(T1DR)， the low-dose Nar group(Nar25)， the middle-dose Nar group(Nar50) and the high-dose Nar group(Nar100). The normal rats were designed as control group(Con). Nar25， Nar50， Nar100 groups were orally administered with Nar at the doses of 25.0， 50.0， 100.0 mg·kg⁻¹ per day， respectively， while the normal group and the T1DR group were orally administered with saline. At the 8th week after treatment， fasting plasma glucose and heart mass index were measured. The pathological changes in myocardial tissues were observed by microscope. The cardiac malondialdehyde(MDA) level and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities were measured. The gene and protein expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78)， C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP)， cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 12(caspase 12) were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. According to the results， compared with control group， the myocardial structure was damaged， the content of MDA was increased， while the activities of SOD were decreased(<0.05) in T1DR group. GRP78， CHOP and caspase 12 mRNA and protein expressions were increased significantly in T1DR group(<0.05， <0.01). Compared with T1DR group， myocardial structure damage was alleviated in Nar treatment group. The content of MDA was decreased， while the activities of SOD were increased significantly. The mRNA and protein expressions of GRP78， CHOP and caspase 12 were increased， especially in middle and high-dose groups(<0.05， <0.01). After treatment with Nar for 8 weeks， myocardial structure damage was obviously alleviated in Nar treatment groups. The content of MDA was decreased， while the activities of SOD were increased significantly in myocardial tissues. The mRNA and protein expressions of GRP78， CHOP and caspase 12 were increased， especially in middle and high-dose groups(<0.05， <0.01). The findings suggest that Nar may protect myocardium in diabetic rats by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress injuries and inhibiting the ERS-mediated cell apoptosis pathway.

Risk factors and the prognosis of sexual dysfunction in male patients with pituitary adenomas: a multivariate analysis / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

The impact of sexual dysfunction (SD) is distressing to many male patients with pituitary adenomas which affect both physical and psychological health. The research explored to identify risk factors affecting sexual function and the prognosis of male patients with pituitary adenomas. Two hundred and fifty-four male patients, who aged between 18 and 60 (mean ± s.d.: 44.16 ± 10.14) years and diagnosed with pituitary adenomas, were retrospectively analyzed. One hundred and fifty-nine patients (62.6%) complained of SD prior to surgery. The mean International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) in patients with giant adenomas was 16.13 ± 2.51, much smaller than those with microadenomas or macroadenomas (P < 0.05). All the patients showed significant improvement in terms of erectile dysfunction (ED) following surgery (P < 0.05). In addition, complete resection achieved a higher degree of SD relief than partial resection. The incidence of SD in functioning pituitary adenomas (FPAs) was much higher than that in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with NFPAs, males with prolactinomas (82.8%) had the higher prevalence of SD and significantly improvement following surgical intervention (P < 0.05). An inverse relationship was identified between decreasing testosterone levels and increasing incidence of SD before surgery (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between 6 months and 12 months after surgery in serum testosterone level (P > 0.05). Our results indicated that surgical therapy could be optimized for improvements in SD and that testosterone levels can be used as a sensitive indicator to predict the recovery rate of sexual function in patients with pituitary adenomas following surgery and the serum testosterone level will stay stable in 6 months after surgery.

3D electrical impedance finite element joint modeling and simulation using COMSOL and Visual C++ / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To put forward a method for 3D electrical impedance finite element joint modeling and simulation using COMSOL for visual modeling and Visual C++ for programming.Methods A model was established with COMSOL,and then transformed into a.stl file and introduced into Visual C++ simulation platform.Delaunay tetrahedral mesh generation algorithm was used for finite element meshing,calculation and simulation,and joint modeling and simulation were realized finally.Results Simulation result showed that the method could be used to introduce COMSOL model and complete 3D finite element simulation.Conclusion The method proves its compatibility with the models generated by multi software and practicability for joint modeling and simulation.

3D electrical impedance finite element joint modeling and simulation using COMSOL and Visual C++ / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To put forward a method for 3D electrical impedance finite element joint modeling and simulation using COMSOL for visual modeling and Visual C++ for programming.Methods A model was established with COMSOL,and then transformed into a.stl file and introduced into Visual C++ simulation platform.Delaunay tetrahedral mesh generation algorithm was used for finite element meshing,calculation and simulation,and joint modeling and simulation were realized finally.Results Simulation result showed that the method could be used to introduce COMSOL model and complete 3D finite element simulation.Conclusion The method proves its compatibility with the models generated by multi software and practicability for joint modeling and simulation.

The preventive effects of warmer intravenous infusion combimed with local liquid dressing for phlebitis in PN patients / 肠外与肠内营养

Objective:To investigate the effect of warmer intravenous infusion combined with local liquid dressing skin daub methods in short-term PN infusion patients with peripheral venous indwelling needle.Methods:Using the single blind random control method,150 PN patients from October 2015 to August 2016 were included.The control group was given the liquid dressing skin daub with 75 cases,and the observation group was given warmer intravenous infusion jointing local liquid dressing skin daub with 75 cases.To observe the incidence of phlebitis and the pain of the infusion catheter site with the infusion limb and the average maintain time of peripheral venous indwelling needle.Results:The incidence of phlebitis was significantly lower in the observation group than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01) in two groups.The degree of infusion catheter pain with infusion limb pain wasless painful in the observation group than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.005) in two groups.The degree of catheter site pain after pulling out peripheral venous indwelling needle was less painful in the observation group than that in the control group(P ＜ 0.01) in two groups To compare the average maintain time of peripheral venous indwelling needle was (P ＜ 0.001)in two groups.Conclusion:Warmer intravenous infusion combined with liquid dressing skin daub can effectively prevent the occurrence of phlebitis in patients with peripheral venous indwelling needle PN infusion and improve the comfort.

Dendrobium officinale stereoscopic cultivation method / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed to make the most of available space of Dendrobium officinale cultivation facility, reveal the yield and functional components variation of stereoscopic cultivated D. officinale, and improve quality, yield and efficiency. The agronomic traits and yield variation of stereoscopic cultivated D. officinale were studied by operating field experiment. The content of polysaccharide and extractum were determined by using phenol-sulfuric acid method and 2010 edition of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" Appendix X A. The results showed that the land utilization of stereoscopic cultivated D. officinale increased 2.74 times, the stems, leaves and their total fresh or dry weight in unit area of stereoscopic cultivated D. officinale were all heavier than those of the ground cultivated ones. There was no significant difference in polysaccharide content between stereoscopic cultivation and ground cultivation. But the extractum content and total content of polysaccharide and extractum were significantly higher than those of the ground cultivated ones. In additional, the polysaccharide content and total content of polysaccharide and extractum from the top two levels of stereoscopic culture matrix were significantly higher than that of the ones from the other levels and ground cultivation. Steroscopic cultivation can effectively improves the utilization of space and yield, while the total content of polysaccharides and extractum were significantly higher than that of the ground cultivated ones. The significant difference in Dendrobium polysaccharides among the plants from different height of stereo- scopic culture matrix may be associated with light factor.

Involvement of inhibition of nucleus GAPDH over-expression in erythropoietin's reduction of neuronal apoptosis induced by brain ischemia/reperfusion in rats / 生理学报

To study whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) reduces neuronal apoptosis through inhibiting over-expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in nucleus induced by brain ischemia/reperfusion in rats, 48 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham, saline and EPO groups. Animal models of brain ischemia/reperfusion were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. The effects of EPO on the sizes of ischemia tissue were observed by TTC staining. The over-expression of GAPDH in nucleus was detected by Hoechst-33258 and anti-GAPDH antibody double staining. The neuronal apoptosis in penumbral was detected by Nissl's staining and Hoechst-33258 immunofluorescence, respectively. The results showed that rhEPO treatment (3 000 U/kg, three times daily, i.p.) apparently reduced the sizes of infarct brain tissue in ischemia/reperfusion rats. rhEPO inhibited over-expression of GAPDH in nucleus of apoptotic neurons. In the meantime rhEPO decreased the number of apoptotic neurons in ischemia/reperfusion rats. These results suggest that rhEPO may induced reduction of neuronal apoptosis in penumbra may be through inhibiting over-expression of GAPDH in nucleus of apoptotic neurons induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Reduction of GAPDH over-expression in nucleus may play a pivotal role in EPO inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats, providing experimental evidence for EPO neuro-protecting effects against ischemia/reperfusion.

Association between four adipokines and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity, type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and in the general Chinese population / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp is the gold standard to evaluate the insulin sensitivity, but it is too complicated and expensive to use in clinic. We tried to find an alternative indicator to reflect insulin sensitivity. To evaluate the association between the four adipokines, adiponectin, leptin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with insulin sensitivity, we used a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to test insulin sensitivity in Chinese patients with obesity and type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus versus controls.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this parallel control study, we tested insulin sensitivity using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in different groups, then examined levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and TNF-alpha in serum, and the relationship between the different adipokines and glucose disposal rate (M value), as well as insulin sensitivity index (M value/insulin, M/I), which are the "gold standard" indices of insulin sensitivity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were significant differences in mean leptin values in the four adipokines from the four different groups (P < 0.001; comparison of the variation between different groups was analyzed by variance analysis). Compared to controls (using multiple comparison two-way Dunnett t test), only the leptin level showed significant differences in the four adipokines from the four different groups at the same time (P < 0.001). The association analysis between the different adipokines and M or M/I values also showed that only leptin negatively correlated with M (r = -0.64, P < 0.001) or M/I values (r = -0.56, P < 0.001); there was no relationship between the other three adipokines and M or M/I values.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Only leptin was associated with M or M/I values. Therefore, leptin might be one of the predictive factors of the degree of insulin resistance and risk of the accompanying disease.</p>

Isolation, identification and genetic analysis of an H1N1 subtype isolate of swine influenza virus / 病毒学报

In 2006, a swine influenza virus (SIV) isolate was isolated from 30 nasal swabs samples collected from pigs with clinical syndromes of swine influenza in a pig farm of Liaoning Province. The virus isolate was studied and identified by the growth in 9-11 days old chicken embryo, hemagglutination (HA) assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays (RT-PCR) for its genetic subtype, whole gene sequence analysis and animal trial for its virulence. The virus isolate demonstrated the hemagglutination activity. Result of HI test against H1 subtype of SIV was positive, however, the results were negative when the HI studies were conducted using SIV H3 subtype virus and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Eight gene segments of the virus isolate were amplified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence of the virus isolate by using DNAstar software program revealed that the isolate have the H1 HA gene, by comparing to the sequences of H1-H16 in the GenBank. Furthermore, sequencing results also demonstrated that the virus isolate's NA gene belongs to N1 subtype. Therefore, the subtype of the SIV isolate is H1N1. The results of sequence analysis indicated that the genome of the SIV-H1N1 LN strain includes 8 fragments, among which only M protein gene is not swine originated. All other 7 fragments have close relationship with the domestic standard swine H1N1 strains. Results suggested that the SIV isolate LN strain might be created by a possible triple reassortants among the classic swine influenza virus, human influenza-like virus, and avian influenza-like virus. Piglets were inoculated with the SIV LN strain virus preparations and the virus caused the typical clinical symptoms of swine influenza in the inoculated piglets. This study, the isolation, identification and genetic analysis of the SIV LN strain provided useful information and basic data for the further investigation of epidemic principles and patterns of swine influenza virus in China.

Phentolamine antagonizes the effects of norepinephrine on the activity of pain-related neurons in the parafascicular nucleus of morphine-dependent rats / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the antagonization of phentolamine against the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on the activity of pain-related neurons in the parafascicular nucleus of morphine-dependent rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Electric impulses were applied as nociceptive stimulus to the right sciatic nerve of morphine-dependent rats, and the discharges of the pain-related neurons in the parafascicular nucleus were recorded by extracellular recording method with glass microelectrodes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Intracerebroventricular injection of norepinephrine resulted in the inhibition of evoked response of the pain-excited neurons as well as the excitation of evoked response of the pain-inhibiting neurons. Both the inhibitory effect on the electric discharges of the pain-excited neurons and the excitatory effect on the pain-inhibiting neurons of norepinephrine were almost completely blocked by intracerebroventricular administration of phentolamine.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Phentolamine antagonizes the inhibitory effect of norepinephrine on the activity of pain-related neurons in the parafascicular nucleus in morphine-dependent rats, and norepinephrine may play an important role in the integration of the pain signal through the alpha-receptors.</p>

Study of alginate/chitosan microcapsules for immobilization of Escherichia coli DH5 alpha / 生物工程学报

Objective proteins synthesized from genetically recombined Escherichia coli strain (E. coli) have been successfully produced by microbe fermentation, but complicated separation and purification steps always make against the maintenance of activities as well as increase the cost. Aiming at simplifying the process, an idea of administrating directly the microencapsulated genetically recombined E. coli is proposed. In this paper, study on culture of E. coli DH5 alpha immobilized in alginate/chitosan (ACA) microcapsule is presented. It was found that E. coli DH5 alpha grew well in the microcapsule with stable growth period longer than that of suspension culture, and cell aggregation phenomenon was observed. In vivo experiments showed that ACA microcapsules with E. coli DH5 alpha stayed over 48 h in mouse intestine, and the morphology of microcapsules was kept intact. These preliminary results have demonstrated that administration of microencapsulated E. coli DH5 alpha is safe, which laied the foundation for microencapsulated genetically recombined E. coli as carriers of gene engineering drugs.

Investigation on pharmacokinetics and bioavailabiUty of insulin dry powder inhalation / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To study the characteristics of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin dry powder inhalation and its relative bioavailability as compared with subcutaneous injection of regular insulin. Methods In this open,single-center,randomized,two-period,cross-over,euglycemic glucose clamp study,18 healthy volunteers(14 men and 4 women),aged(24.9?1.7)years,with body mass index(20.6?1.2)kg/m~2, received the insulin dry powder inhalatin(80 U)or regular insulin(15 U)subcutaneous administration.The blood samples of this study at 0,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,120,135,150,165,180,195, 210,225,240,270,300,330,360,390,420,450 and 480 rain were taken for serum insulin measurement, meanwhile,glucose infusion rates(GIR)were determined per 5 minutes over a period of 8 hours.Results The C_(max)were(57.9?17.8 vs 114.5?29.7)mU/L(tested vs reference preparation),T_(max)were(46.7?45.6 vs 107.8?33.7)min,GIR_(max)were(3.35?0.98 vs 5.17?1.75)mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1)and T_(GIRmax)were(88.3?17.0 vs 151.9?34.6)min.The relative bioavailability was(10.26?2.25)%,and the relative bioefficacy was(14.33?7.26)%.Conclusion The study shows that insulin dry powder inhalation is absorbed via lungs and its action sets in earlier than that of the regular insulin injected subcutaneously.These pharmacokinetie and pharmacodynamic data may provide a reliabe guide for further clinical trial.

The Dynamic of Endophytic Bacteria at Different Growth Stage of Tomato and Biological Control of Tomato Bacterial Wilt / 微生物学通报

The dynamic of endophytic bacteria at different growth stage of tomato and use of these endophytic bacteria to control tomato bacterial wilt were studied. The results showed that endophytic bacteria could be found in the tomato seeds and their quantities reached the highest peak in the adult plants both in resistant and susceptible cultivars. The amount of endophytic bacteria in adult plants of resistant tomato cultivars was 2.43?10~5CFU/g FW in the root and 22.9?10~4 CFU/g FW in the stem, while the amount of endophytic bacteria in adult plants of susceptible tomato cultivars was 9.8?10~4CFU/g FW in the root and 13.4?10~4CFU/g FW in the stem respectively. Seventeen strains of endophytic bacteria from resistant cultivars and only seven strains from susceptible cultivars were found to be antagonistic to Ralstonia solanacearum. In addition, some strains of endophytic bacteria had the abilities of promoting tomato seed germination and controlling tomato bacterial wilt, among which, strain 5R and 3R had better control effect of 91.7% and 81.3% respectively.