Survey, Incidence and Pathogenicity of Root Rot Disease of Cotton in Different Districts of Haryana Incited by Rhizoctonia spp

Aim: Survey, incidence and pathogenicity of root rot disease of cotton in different districts of Haryana incited by Rhizoctonia spp.Design: Survey.Place and Duration of Study: Ten major cotton growing districts in Haryana during Kharif 2021 and Kharif 2022.Methodology: A roving survey to record cotton root rot incidence was conducted in ten major cotton growing districts of Haryana during the month of June and July for consecutive two Kharif seasons 2021 and 2022. On an average 4 growing region of cotton in each district were visited and percent disease incidence was recorded.Results: Among all the surveyed districts of Haryana the maximum mean disease incidence was recorded in Fatehabad (18.75%) followed by Hisar (15.25 %), Sirsa (15%), While the minimum disease incidence was recorded in Nuh and Charkhi dadri 9.25 per cent in both during kharif 2021. Among all the surveyed districts of Haryana the maximum mean disease incidence was recorded in Fatehabad (18.25%) followed by Sirsa (15.25%), Hisar (15.42%), While the minimum disease incidence was recorded Charkhi dadri (9.08%).Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that important cotton-growing regions in Haryana have root rot disease incidence. It is clear from the overall study that root rot disease is common in significant mulberry-growing regions in Haryana. As a result, resistant cotton types are urgently needed to address the grower's issue, together with the best management techniques, such as effective biocontrol agents that can significantly reduce the illness. Consequently, research should be conducted to ascertain the incidence of the disease in different places.

Assessment of Thyroid Disorder in FarWestern Part of Nepal: A Hospital Based Study.

Objectives: This study was conducted to know the status of thyroid disorder in people of far western region of Nepal. Methods: A total of 808 cases, out of which 133 male and 675 female were included and study was carried out using data retrieved from the register maintained in the Department of Biochemistry of the Nepalgunj Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Banke, Nepal, between 1st January, 2011 and 28th February, 2012. The variables collected were age, sex, and thyroid function profile including free T3, free T4 and TSH. The data was analyzed using Excel 2003, R 2.8.0 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) and the EPI Info 3.5.1 Windows Version. Results: The percentage of thyroid disorders was 33.66% in people of far western region of Nepal. The people were highly affected by overt hyperthyroidism (14.9%) followed by subclinical hyperthyroidism (9.9%). The subclinical hypothyroidism was 7.9% while 1% overt hypothyroidism only. Serum fT3, fT4 and TSH level were significantly different in male and females. Similarly, fT3, fT4 and TSH levels show statistically significant differences in different thyroid disorders. The fT3 and fT4 level in overt hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism showed statistically significant differences when compared with euthyroidism group. Likewise, TSH level also shows statistically significant in all the thyroid disorders when compared with euthyroidism group. The fT3 and fT4 levels were statistically insignificant in all the age groups whereas TSH level showed statistically significant different in all the age groups. The fT3 and fT4 level in 21-40 years showed statistically significant when compared with serum level of fT3 and fT4 of 0-20 years. Similarly, serum level of TSH in 21-40 and 41-60 years also showed statistically significant when compared with serum level of TSH of 0-20 years. Conclusion: The people residing in far western region have risk for thyroid disorders. They were suffering with thyroid disorder, especially overt hyperthyroidism (14.9%) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (9.9%). Further studies are required to characterize the reasons for this high prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Influence of cultural conditions on lipid production by mutant strain of Rhodotorula glutinis MTCC 1151.

Mutant of Rhodotorula glutinis MTCC 1151 was found to produce high level of lipid (63.6% of biomass) as compared to parent strain (56.7% biomass). The lipid synthesizing capacity of mutant of R. glutinis was evaluated with different glucose concentrations, nitrogen sources, incubation time, and aeration-agitation. Maximum lipid yield (63.6% of biomass) was found with 5% glucose using ammonium sulfate (0.2%) as a nitrogen source under shake-flask conditions (50 ml broth in 250 ml conical flask at 125 rpm) after 4 days of incubation at 28 degrees C. The ability of ammonium sulfate to replace comparatively very costly yeast extract is highly appreciable.

Lipid production by Candida Y-1.

Ten oleaginous yeasts were isolated from sources like fruits, flowers, curd whey and soil samples. Lipid production varied from 24 to 71.2% of dry weight of cell biomass. Strain Y-1, which was isolated from curd whey, produced the highest amount of lipid. It was identified belonging to the genus Candida. The optimal cultural conditions for lipid production by Candida Y-1 were found to be glucose (5%) as carbon source, ammonium sulfate (1%) as nitrogen source, pH 4.5, and temperature 28 degrees C under shake-flask conditions (125 rpm).