Effect of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine on acute alcoholinduced liver disease / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the role of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) in acute ethanol-induced liver injury and its mechenism.@*METHODS@#Twenty-one C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into three groups:control group, ethanol group, CQ + ethanol group (=7). Mice in ethanol group were administered 33% (v/v) ethanol at a dose of 4.5 g/kg body weight. Ethanol-induced liver steatosis in each group was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Hepatic lipid accumulation was detected by staining with Oil red O. Hepatic tissue triglyceride (TG) levels, serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) were determined by biochemical assays. Protein expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3) and nuclear factorκB p65(NF-κB p65) were measured by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)、interleukin 6(IL-6) were detected by ELISA.@*RESULTS@#Compared with control group, ethanol induced liver injury proved by accumulation of hepatic lipids, TG levels, AST and ALT activities were significantly increased by ethanol, protein expression of LC3-Ⅱ was also markedly increased by ethanol. Compared with ethanol group, addition of CQ increased furtherthe level of LC3-Ⅱexpression, and TG amount, serum AST and ALT activities, and the expression of NF-κB p65, TNF-αand IL-6.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Acute ethanol-intake could induce liver steatosis and inflammation, and autophagy inhibitor CQ exacerbatedethanol-induced liver injury, suggested that autophagy might be protective effect in acute ethanol-induced liver disease.

Changes of apoE protein expression in lung of mice with hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the changes of apolipoprotein E (apoE) protein expression of pulmonary tissue in mice with pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia.@*METHODS@#The animal model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension was established by exposing the mice to isobaric hypoxic chamber for 3 weeks (23 h/d, regular chow feed).Twenty male wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and twenty apoE gene knockout (apoE-KO) mice were randomly divided into normoxia group and hypoxia group. The plasma concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol were detected by ELISA method. The protein expression of apoE in lung and liver, and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in lung were measured by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#①In WT mice, the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the weight ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle plus septum (LV+S) of hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of normoxia group by 68% and 59% (<0.05), respectively. The plasma concentration of HDL and HDL/LDL of hypoxia group were significantly lower than those of normoxia group by 17% and 40% (<0.05), respectively.The protein expression of apoE in lung and in liver of hypoxia group were significantly down-regulated than those of normoxia group by 48% and 52% (<0.05), respectively.The protein expression of PPARγ in lung was significantly down-regulated than that of normoxia group by 37%(<0.05).RVSP were significantly negative correlated with the protein levels of apoE and PPARγ in lung (<0.01).② In apoE-KO mice, RVSP and the weight ratio of RV to LV+S of hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of normoxia group by 96% and 86% (<0.05), respectively.RVSP and RV to (LV+S) of hypoxia group in apoE-KO mice were significantly higher than those of hypoxia group in WT mice by 29% and 24% (<0.05), respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Down-regulated expression of apoE in lung tissue participates in the pathological proceeding of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia.

Effects of curcumin on sodium currents of dorsal root ganglion neurons in type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

Along with the development of economy and society, type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) has become one of the most common diseases at the global level. As one of the complications of T2DM, diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) stubbornly and chronically affects the health and life of human beings. In the pain field, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is generally considered as the first stage of the sensory pathway where the hyperexcitability of injured neurons is associated with different kinds of peripheral neuropathic pains. The abnormal electrophysiology is mainly due to the changed properties of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and the increased sodium currents (I(Na)). Curcumin is an active ingredient extracted from turmeric and has been demonstrated to ameliorate T2DM and its various complications including DNP effectively. The present study demonstrates that the I(Na) of small-sized DRG neurons are significantly increased with the abnormal electrophysiological characteristics of VGSCs in type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain rats. And these abnormalities can be ameliorated efficaciously by a period of treatment with curcumin.

Effect of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine on the proliferation of PASMCs induced by hypoxia / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) in the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in hypoxia conditions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The following groups in this study were set up: control group, hypoxia group, 50 micromol/L CQ + hypoxia group, 50 micromol/L CQ group. The viability of PASMCs in every group was detected by MTT assay. Autophagic vacuoles in the cells were observed by MDC staining. Protein expression of microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) was measured by Western blot. Migration of PASMCs was detected by wound healing assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with control group, no effect on the viability of PASMCs was observed treated by CQ alone. In 1% hypoxia group, cell viability increased significantly compared with that in control group. The number of autophagic vacuoles and the rate of cell migration and also protein expression of LC3-II were also markedly increased. Compared with hypoxia group, addition of CQ increased the number of autophagic vacuoles and the levels of LC3-II protein, but decreased the proliferation and migration of PASMCs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hypoxia could activates autophagy and contributes to proliferation and migration of PASMCs, and autophagy inhibitor CQ could decrease the effect of hypoxia on PASMCs through inhibiting autophagy process.</p>

Migratory properties of vascular smooth muscle cells on extracellular matrix: a study on inverted coverslip migration assay / 生理学报

Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is involved in vascular development and various vascular diseases; however, the molecular mechanisms of VSMC migration remain unclear. In this study, we established an inverted coverslip migration assay to study the migratory properties of cultured VSMCs on extracellular matrix. Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from rats were cultured and identified by immunocytochemistry. Each coverslip with a confluent monolayer of PASMCs was inverted to a larger coverslip which was coated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, as a control), poly-D-lysine hydrobromide (PDL), laminin or Matrigel. After 24 h of migration over the larger coverslip, PASMCs were fixed, and reliably quantified. The roles and mechanisms of extracellular matrix in PASMC migration were further studied by wound-healing assay and immunocytochemistry. The results showed that: (1) The purity of the cultured PASMCs was (97 ± 3)%. (2) The number of PASMCs on laminin or Matrigel migrating out from the inverted coverslip was significantly increased compared with that on PBS or PDL, and the migratory distance of PASMCs on laminin or Matrigel was significantly farther than that on PBS or PDL. (3) The motility of PASMCs on laminin or Matrigel was significantly higher than that on PBS at 8 h, 12 h and 24 h after wounding, respectively. (4) F-actin staining showed that F-actin was congregated along the brim of the migrating cells from the inverted coverslip, and vinculin (a cell marker of focal adhesion) staining showed that the distribution of vinculin in PASMCs plated on laminin or Matrigel was significantly lower than that on PBS or PDL. These results suggest that the inverted coverslip migration assay is suitable to study VSMC migration, and laminin and Matrigel substrates may promote VSMC migration through inhibiting the formation of focal adhesion and regulating the cytoskeletal proteins.

Changes of apelin and its receptor in lung tissue of rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the change of apelin and its receptor (APJ) in the lung tissue of rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline and to explore its significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) and monocrotaline group (n = 15). On the twenty-first day after the rats were intraperitoneally injected 60 mg/kg monocrotaline for monocrotaline group or equal volume vehicle for control group, the mean pulmonary artery pressure was measured by right heart catheterization. Histopathological study of lung tissue was done with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining. The concentration of apelin in the plasma was measured by radioimmunoassay. The expressions of apelin/APJ proteins and genes in lung tissue were measured respectively by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular remodeling index, content of apelin protein in lung tissue of monocrotaline group were higher than those in control group. APJ protein and gene expression in monocrotaline group were significantly lower than those in control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), but apelin gene expression in the lung tissue between the two groups had no significant difference.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Endogenous apelin/APJ dysfunction may play an important role in the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline.</p>

Effect of swimming exercise on the expression of apelin and its receptor in pulmonary tissues of rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of swimming exercise on the expression of apelin and its receptor (APJ) system in pulmonary tissues of rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, hypoxia group (seven-week) and swimming group (four-week swimming group after three-week hypoxia). The animal model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension was established by exposing the rats to isobaric hypoxic chamber (8 h/d, 6 d/w). The rats of swimming group swam 60 min/day, 7 d/week for 4 weeks after three-week hypoxia. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and the mean carotid arterial pressure (mCAP) were measured by either right or left cardiac catheterization, and the weight ratio of right ventricule/left ventricle plus septum [RV/(LV + S)] were calculated. The Masson's trichrome stained lung specimens were used by light microscope to examine the vessel wall area/total area (WA/TA), vessel cavity area/total area (CA/TA) and media thickness of pulmonary arterioles (PAMT). Meanwhile, apelin/ APJ expressions were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) mPAP and RV/(LV + S) of hypoxia group were higher than those of control group by 73.6% and 31.2% (P < 0.01), and mPAP and RV/(LV + S) of swimming group were lower than those of hypoxia group by 21.1%and 8.9 % (P < 0.05), respectively. (2) Masson's trichrome staining revealed that WA/TA and PAMT of hypoxia group were higher than those of control group by 70.8% and 102%. However, WA/TA and PAMT of swimming group were lower than those of hypoxia group by 24.8% and 40.1% (all P < 0.01), respectively. CA/TA of hypoxia group was lower than that of control group by 15.1%, and CA/TA of swimming group was lower than that of hypoxia group by 10.3% (all P < 0.01). (3) Compared with control group, hypoxia group showed up-regulated apelin expression and down-regulated APJ expression in pulmonary tissues (all P < 0.01). Compared with hypoxia group, swimming group showed decreased apelin expression and elevated APJ expression in pulmonary tissues (all P < 0.01). (4) Apelin localized mainly in intracytoplasm of inflammatory cell and tunica adventitia of vessel, and APJ were in vascular intima and tunica externa and plasmalemma of inflammatory cell.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The improving effect of swimming exercise on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats could be mediated by regulating the pulmonary apelin/APJ system.</p>

Effect of safflower injection on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosts in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of safflower injection on prevention and treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and clarify the function of the endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis pathway during the process.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty male SD rats were randomly grouped as normal control group, hypoxia-hypercapnia group and hypoxia+safflower group. The latter two groups were put in the cabin with oxygen concentration ranged from 9% to 11% and carbon dioxide concentration from 5% to 6%. The pulmonary artery pressure and the index of right ventricular hypertrophy were determined after hypoxia exposure (8 h/dx28 d). Changes in morphology of lung tissue were observed by electron microscopy. To explore the possible mechanisms, we also detected apoptosis and apoptosis-related genes/proteins in lung tissue by TUNEL reactivity and PCR and Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, pulmonary artery pressure and the index of right ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxia group were 45% and 33.4% higher, respectively. Tiny blood vessel wall of lungs was thickened and edema, and proliferation of collagen fibers was obvious under the electron microscope. TUNEL staining of apoptotic cells in lung tissues showed more high brightness green fluorescence (+-++), but less green fluorescence showed in the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell layer, and apoptosis index (AI) value was 150% higher; gene and protein expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway were increased. Compared with hypoxia-hypercapnia group, pulmonary artery pressure and the index of right ventricular hypertrophy in the hypoxia+safflower group were 18% and 15.6% lower, respectively; collagen fibers were decreased, and smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells were got apoptotic-like changes under the electron microscope. TUNEL staining of apoptotic cells in lung tissues showed brighter green fluorescence (++-+++); the high brightness green fluorescence showed in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell layer, and apoptotic index (Al) value was 40% higher; gene and protein expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway were significantly upregulated.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our findings demonstrate that safflower injection could activate endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and especially promote apoptosis in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells.</p>

Effect of apelin on vasodilatation of isolated pulmonary arteries in rats is concerned with the nitric oxide pathway / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of apelin on vasodilatation of isolated pulmonary arterial rings in rats and its relationship to the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, and to observe the difference of vasodilatation between hypoxic rats and normoxic rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into hypoxic group and normoxic group. The effects of accumulated apelin on pulmonary arterial rings preconstricted with norepinephrine (NE) were observed by using tissue organ bath system. After pulmonary arterial rings were pretreated with three methods: removing the endothelium, pretreating with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME or soluble guanylatecyclase inhibitor ODQ, the different effect of apelin was observed. In addition, the difference of vasodilatation between hypoxic rats and normal rats were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Exposure of intact endothelium pulmonary arterial rings preconstricted by NE to apelin at concentration (0.01 - 100 nmol/L) induced a significant concentration dependent relaxation. The maximal vasorelaxant effect of apelin was 10.62% +/- 2.60%, which was inhibited by removal of the endothelium (P < 0.01), pretreatment with L-NAME (P < 0.01) or ODQ (P < 0.01). (2) Response of pulmonary arterial rings from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rats was decreased (P < 0.05). Compared to normal rats, at a concentration of 100 nmol/L, the response to apelin on arteries from hypoxic rats decreased 60.45% (P < 0.01). But the values of EC50 were not significantly different (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results indicate that apelin relaxes the pulmonary arterial rings of rats in an endothelium dependent manner, which may have a relationship to NO signaling pathway. The response of vasodilatation is decreased in the pulmonary arterial rings from the hypoxic rats.</p>

Inhibition of Beclin 1 enhances apoptosis by H2O2 in glioma U251 cells / 生理学报

Oxidative stress could induce apoptosis and autophagy process simultaneously, but the role of autophagy is still not clear. Beclin 1, a key gene regulating the preautophagosome formation, is involved in the injury induced by oxidative stress. To observe the role of autophagy in H2O2-induced injury of U251 cells, the recombinant plasmid Psilencer3.1-siRNA-Beclin 1 was transfected into U251 cells by eukaryotic cell transfection technique. Plasmid vector and cell culture medium were used as negative and control groups respectively. The cells were collected 24 h later, and the cell total protein was extracted to detect Beclin 1, Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions by Western blot. After the Beclin 1-siRNA cells were treated with 1 mmol/L H2O2, the autophagic vacuoles in the cells were stained with monodansylcadaverine (MDC), and the cell apoptotic ratio was determined with PI/Annexin V-FITC staining by flow cytometry analysis. The results showed that the synthetic siRNA decreased the expression of Beclin 1 protein significantly, but had no obvious effect on the levels of Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions. Compared with those in the control group, the autophagic vacuoles, the level of LC3-II protein expression and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased (P < 0.05) in 1 mmol/L H2O2 group. In Beclin 1-siRNA + H2O2 group, autophagic vacuoles and the levels of LC3-II protein expression decreased obviously, the percentage of apoptotic cells increased significantly compared with that in 1 mmol/L H2O2 group (P < 0.05). H2O2 and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) combination also increased the percentage of apoptotic cells obviously (P < 0.05). These results revealed that the transfection of Psilencer3.1-siRNA-Beclin 1 effectively inhibited the expression of Beclin 1 protein expression, degraded the autophagy level and increased the apoptotic rate in U251 cells under oxidative stress, which was coincident with the effect of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. This study suggests that autophagy is a cell protective role in oxidative stress process, and the inhibition of autophagy may enhance apoptosis.

The time order of autophagy and apoptosis process in the oxidative injury in glioma U251 cells / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the time order of autophagy and apoptosis in human U251 cells injury after H2O2 treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>4 groups in this study were set up, normal control group, 1 mmol/L H2O2 (6 h,12 h, 24 h) group. The viability of U251 cells treated with H2O2 was measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptotic ratio was determined by flow cytometry analysis. Autophagic vacuoles were stained with monodansylcadaverine. The protein level of Beclin 1 and cytosolic cyt c were assayed by using Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, cell viability decreased significantly under 1 mmol/L H2O2 treatment in time-dependent way. Autophagic vacuoles and the expression of autophagic protein Beclin 1 increased at 6 h, but cell apoptotic ratio and cytosolic cyt c protein did not change obviously, cell apoptotic ratio and cytosolic cyt c protein level increased at 12 h and 24 h (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oxidative stress induced autophagy and apoptosis in U251 glioma cells, and autophagy eventuated ahead of apoptosis.</p>

Changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in pulmonary tissue of rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in pulmonary tissue of rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty two male SD rats were randomly divided into control group and 4-week hypoxia-hypercapnia group (n=11). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and the mean carotid arterial pressure (mCAP) were monitored, and the weight ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle plus septum (LV + S) were measured. The rattish pathological model were assessed by mPAP, mCAP, RV/(LV+ S), vessel wall area/total area (WA/TA), vessel cavity area/total area (CA/TA) and media thickness of pulmonary arteriole (PAMT). The pulmonary apoptotic cells were detected by Hoechst staining. RT-PCR was used to study the genetic expression of caspasel2, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and GRP94 in pulmonary tissue. The expression of GRP94 and GRP78 proteins in pulmonary tissue were determined by using immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) (The mPAP, RV/(LV + S), WA/TA and PAMT were respectively higher by 50.5%, 37.3%, 72.5% and 137% in hypoxic group than those in control group, while CA/TA was lower by 41.9% (all P < 0.01). There was not significant difference of mCAP between the two groups. (2) Hoechst staining showed that the pulmonary apoptotic cells in hypoxic group outnumbered markedly than those in control group, and the apoptotic cells were mainly in pulmonary tissue, while they were rare in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell. (3) Compared with control group, the expression of pulmonary caspasel2, GRP78 and GRP94 mRNA in hypoxic group were higher by 144%, 137% and 80.7% (all P < 0.05), respectively. (4) The expression of pulmonary GRP78 and GRP94 proteins were up-regulated in hypoxic group, and these proteins mainly localized in pulmonary vascular endothelial cell.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis may be one of the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular wall remodeling.</p>

Protective and therapeutic effect of apelin on chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the role of apelin in the prevention of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The animal model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension was established by exposing the rats to isobaric hypoxic chamber for 4 weeks (8 h/d, 6 d/ w). Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group (NC), hypoxic group(HH), hypoxic with low-dose apelin (5 nmol/(kg x d) group(LA) and high-dose apelin (10 nmol/(kg x d) (HA). [pGlu]apelin-13 was administered into the rats of apelin groups by mini-osmotic pump subcutaneously. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure(mPAP) and the mean carotid arterial pressure (mCAP) were measured by either right or left cardiac catheterization, and the weight ratio of right ventricule/left ventricule plus septum (RV/(LV + S)) were calculated. The Masson's trichrome stained lung specimens were examined by light microscope to examine the vessel wall area/total area (WA/TA), vessel cavity area/total area (CA/TA) and media thickness of pulmonary arterioles (PAMT). Meanwhile, the lung homogenates were assayed for the activity of supeeroxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) mPAP and RV/(LV + S) of HH group were significantly higher than those of NC group. mPAP of LA and HA groups were lower than those of HH group. The RV/(LV + S) of HA group was significantly lower than that of HH group, but there was no significant difference between HH group and LA group. (2) Masson's trichrome staining revealed that WA/TA and PAMT of HH group were higher than those of NC group. Administration of apelin significantly eliminated WA/TA and PAMT in LA and HA groups. (3) CA/TA of HH group was lower than that of NC group. Administration of apelin significantly elevated CA/TA in LA and HA groups. (4) The activity of SOD and content of MDA in HH group was, respectively, lower and higher than those in NC group. Apelin treatment increased the activity of SOD in LA and HA groups while decreased the content of MDA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Apelin could play an important role in treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of rats and the mechanisms of protection were associated with vasodilation of pulmonary artery and inhibition of oxidative stress.</p>

Effect of apelin on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats: role of the NO pathway / 生理学报

To investigate the effectiveness and mechanism of apelin against pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling induced by hypoxia in rats, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control (NC) group, 4-week hypoxia (HH) group and 4-week hypoxia with apelin (HA) group (each n=8). The rats of hypoxic group were placed in an isobaric hypoxic chamber, in which O₂ and CO₂ content was maintained at 9%-11% and <3%, respectively, for 4 weeks (8 h/d, 6 d/week). [pGlu]apelin-13 (10 nmol/kg per day, 28 d) was administered subcutaneously by osmotic mini-pump before hypoxia treatment in HA group. L-arginine (L-Arg) uptake of pulmonary artery was assay by [³H]-L-Arg, while nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity of pulmonary tissue, and nitrate/nitrite (NO₂(-)/NO₃(-)) concentrations in pulmonary tissue and plasma were detected by colorimetric technique and nitrate reductase method, respectively. The results showed that mean pulmonary arterial pressure, the ratio value of right ventricle weight to left ventricle plus septum weight, the relative medial thickness, and the relative medial area of pulmonary arterioles were higher in HH group than those in NC group (all P<0.01), while these indices were lower in HA group than those in HH group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with those in HH group, the uptake of 0.5, 5 and 10 nmol/L [³H]-L-Arg in pulmonary artery in HA group increased by 121.4% (P<0.01), 85.0% (P<0.05) and 61.5% (P<0.05), respectively; cNOS activity of pulmonary tissue increased by 74.3%, while iNOS activity decreased by 25.0% (all P<0.01); and NO₂(-)/NO₃(-) concentrations in pulmonary tissue and plasma increased by 97.6% and 48.0% (all P<0.05), respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that apelin has a prophylactic effect against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats, and that the mechanism of this effect is possibly associated with activation of the L-Arg/NOS /NO pathway.

The effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on p38MAPK in cerebral tissues of weanling rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on p38MAPK in partial cerebral tissues of weanling rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Randomly, fifty male SD rats (3-week-old-4-week-old) were divided into five groups: 2-week-CIH group (2IH), 4-week-CIH group (4IH), 4-week-recovery group (4F), 2-week-control group (2C) and 4-week-control group (4C). Intermittent hypoxia model was induced by an intermittent hypoxia cabin. The expression of p38MAPK mRNA and the phosphorylation levels of p38MAPK (p-p38 protein) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were measured by RT-PCR or Western blot respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No matter in the hippocampus, or in the prefrontal cortex, the expression of p38MAPK mRNA and p-p38 protein in 2IH, 4IH and 4F groups were respectively higher than 2C and 4C groups (P < 0.05, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chronic intermittent hypoxia can activate the p38MAPK in partial cerebral tissues of weanling rats.</p>

Effect of hypoxia on the expressions of intermedin/ adrenomedullin2 in plasma and the tissues of heart and lung in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effect and significances of two-week hypoxia on the expression of intermedin/adrenomedullin2 (IMD/ADM2) in plasma and the tissues of heart and lung in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group and hypoxia group. The concentrations of IMD/ADM2 and adrenomedullin (ADM) in plasma, right ventricle and lung tissue were measured by radioimmunoassay. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of IMD/ADM2 and ADM in right ventricle and lung tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and the weight ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle plus septum (LV + S) of hypoxia group were significantly higher than those of normal control group (P < 0.01). (2) The concentrations of IMD/ADM2 and ADM in plasma were significantly higher in hypoxia group, compared with normal control group (P < 0.01). (3) The concentration of ADM in right ventricle and lung tissue in hypoxia group was significantly higher than that in normal control group (P < 0.01), while there was no significant difference in IMD/ADM2 between the two groups. (4) The mRNA levels of IMD/ADM2 and ADM in right ventricle and lung tissues were significantly up-regulated in hypoxia group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expressions of IMD/ADM2 peptides and gene in plasma, right ventricular and pulmonary tissues are different in the early-middle pathological proceeding of pulmonary hypertension induced by two-week hypoxia in rats.</p>

Inhibition of puerarin on pulmonary hypertension in rats with hypoxia and hypercapnia / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of puerarin on pulmonary Vascular remodeling in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Forty male rats (180-220) g of grade two were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group (NC), hypoxia-hypercapnia 1, 2, 3 week groups (LH1, LH2, LH3) and hypoxia-hypercapnia 3-week + puerarin group (LHP3 group, puerarin intraperitoneal injection, 20 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Collagen I, III and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in LH3 group than that of NC group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in LH3 group than that of NC group. Howerer, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in LHP3 group was much slighter than that of LH3 group. The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr and MDA were much higher in rats of LH3 group than those of NC group (P < 0.01), and lower in LHP3 group than LH3 groups (P < 0.01). The activities of SOD in lung homogenates were significantly lowered in hypoxic and hypercapnic groups compared with control group (P < 0.01), but higher in LHP3 group than that of LH3 group. Plasma NO content of group LH was lower than that of group NC (P < 0.01), it was highter in group LHP3 than that of group LH3 (P < 0.01). Expression of collagen I and collagen I mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in rats of LH groups than those of NC group (P < 0.01), and they were lower in rats of LHP3 group than those of LH3 group (P < 0. 01). Expression of collagen III and collagen III mRNA were not significant difference among three groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Puerarin could improve pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats with pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting the deposition of collagen.</p>

Myocardial polyamine metabolism and the ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat heart / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the polyamines metabolism changes in rat cardiomyocytes underwent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A branch of the descending left coronary artery was occluded to induce rat myocardial I/R injury (30 min ischemia followed by 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h reperfusion). RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to detect the expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the concentrations of polyamines were measured with high performance liquid chromatography in hearts with or without I/R.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The myocardial transcription and expression of SSAT and ODC were significantly upregulated. Compared with the sham group, ODC mRNA and SSAT mRNA respectively increased 3.1 fold and 3.8 fold and their proteins respectively increased 3.1 fold and 2.9 fold at 24 h of reperfusion (P < 0.01); the concentrations of spermidine, spermine and the total polyamine pool respectively decreased by 33.6%, 35.3% and 32.9% while putrescine concentration increased by 58.9% at 24 h of reperfusion (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggest that ischemia-reperfusion in the heart may affect polyamine metabolism and the disturbance of polyamine metabolism might thus play a critical role in myocardial I/R injury in this model.</p>

Changes of intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 and its receptors in the right ventricle of rats with chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension / 生理学报

The purpose of the present study was to explore the expression changes of intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 (IMD/ADM2), a novel small molecular bioactive peptide, and its receptors, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMP1, RAMP2, RAMP3) in the right ventricle of rats with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4-week hypoxia group and normal control group (each n=10). The rats in hypoxia group were placed in an isobaric hypoxic chamber, in which O(2) content was maintained at 9%-11% by delivering N(2), and CO(2) content was maintained at <3% for 4 weeks (8 h/d, 6 d/week). The rats in the control group were housed in room air. The protein levels of IMD/ADM2 and adrenomedullin (ADM) in blood plasma and right ventricular tissue were measured by radioimmunoassay. The mRNA expressions of IMD/ADM2, ADM and their receptors CRLR, RAMP1, RAMP2, RAMP3 in right ventricular tissue were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that the ratio of right ventricle weight to left ventricle plus septum weight [RV/(LV+S)] and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) were higher in hypoxia group than those in the control group (all P<0.01), suggesting that the rat model of pulmonary hypertension was successfully established. However, the mean carotid arterial pressure (mCAP) between the two groups had no significant difference. Compared with that in the control group, ADM contents in plasma and right ventricular tissue in hypoxia group increased by 1.26 and 1.68 folds (all P<0.01), respectively. Likewise, IMD/ADM2 contents in blood plasma and right ventricular tissue in hypoxia group increased by 0.90 and 1.19 folds (P<0.01), respectively, compared with that in the control group. The data of RT-PCR showed that mRNA levels of ADM, IMD/ADM2 and RAMP2 in hypoxia group increased by 155.1% (P<0.01), 80.9% (P<0.01) and 52.9% (P<0.05), respectively, compared with those in the control group. There were no significant differences in mRNA expressions of CRLR, RAMP1 and RAMP3 between the two groups (all P>0.05). Taken together, the results show that the level of IMD/ADM2 increases in the rats with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Effects of chronic hypoxic hypercapnia on spatial learning-memory and expression of NMDAR1 in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To explore the effect of chronic hypoxic hypercapnia on learning-memory and the possible mechanisms involved.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: Normal control group (NC, n=18), 2-week (2HH, n=18), and 4-week hypoxic hypercapnia (4HH, n=20) group. The rats, spatial learning-memory tasks were assessed by the Morris water maze. The expression of NMDAR1mRNA was determined by hybridization in situ.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with NC group, rats exposed to chronic hypoxic hypercapnia displayed significant impairment in their performance assessed by two measures: mean escape latencies (2HH: 38.59 +/- 8.35 s, 4HH: 60.59 +/- 17.28 s) and swim path distances(2HH: 9893.45 +/- 1958.16 mm, 4HH: 18077.57 +/- 6878.85 mm). The expression level of NMDAR1mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex were lower than those in the NC group, especially, the NMDAR1mRNA expression of hippocampus CA1 in 4HH decreased by 21.4% (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chronic hypoxic hypercapnia could impair the rat spatial learning-memory and the decrease in expression of NMDAR1mRNA might be involved in.</p>