RESUMEN
Growth factor-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), generating phosphatidic acid (PA) which may act as a second messenger during cell proliferation and survival. Therefore, PLD is believed to play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this study, a potential mechanism for PLD-mediated tumorigenesis was explored. Ectopic expression of PLD1 or PLD2 in human glioma U87 cells increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein. PLD-induced HIF-1 activation led to the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a HIF-1 target gene involved in tumorigenesis. PLD induction of HIF-1alpha was significantly attenuated by 1-butanol which blocks PA production by PLD, and PA per se was able to elevate HIF-1alpha protein level. Inhibition of mTOR, a PA-responsive kinase, reduced the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in PLD-overexpressed cells. Epidermal growth factor activated PLD and increased the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in U87 cells. A specific PLD inhibitor abolished expression of HIF-1alpha and secretion of VEGF. PLD may utilize HIF-1-VEGF pathway for PLD-mediated tumor cell proliferation and survival.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Glioma/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Ácidos Fosfatidicos/metabolismo , Fosfolipasa D/genética , Transducción de Señal , Transfección , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease that is mediated by anti-platelet antibodies. Based on the pathogenesis of ITP we evaluated the efficacy of intravenous anti-D immunoglobulin for adult chronic ITP. METHODS: Fourteen patients (4 without splenectomy and 10 with splenectomy) with refractory chronic ITP were treated with 50-70 microgram/kg of intravenous anti-D immunoglobulin only once. Treatment effects were evaluated by measuring the platelet counts and hemoglobin levels. RESULTS: Five patients (36%) showed a response; improvement in the platelet count lasted for on average 7 days (range: 2~24 days). There were no serious adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Anti-D immunoglobulin, which is associated with an Fc receptor blockade, appeared to be safe and effective for the treatment of adults with chronic ITP. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and define further potentially effective treatment protocols with intravenous anti-D immunoglobulin.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Humanos , Anticuerpos , Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Protocolos Clínicos , Hemoglobinas , Inmunoglobulinas , Isoanticuerpos , Recuento de Plaquetas , Púrpura Trombocitopénica Idiopática , Receptores Fc , Globulina Inmune rho(D) , EsplenectomíaRESUMEN
Isolated double chambers of the right ventricle (DCRV) are a rare variant of congenital heart disease. We report here on a case of right-sided infective endocarditis with isolated DCRV that presented in adulthood.