Blood serum stability limit and maximum storage time of bovine samples

Measuring metabolic parameters in the blood has been an indispensable tool for assessing the productive and health status of dairy cows for more than 100 years. The values of laboratory parameters depend on various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors. The most important preanalytical factors are sample transport time and temperature, hemolysis, anticoagulant type, and sample volume. Preanalytical factors can lead to reduced stability of the analyte in the sample, which changes their concentration. Loss of stability changes the time of storage and manipulation of the sample, which determines the criteria for its acceptance or rejection. The two stability indicators are stability limit and maximum permissible instability. A stability limit (SL) is defined as the period of time in which a property variation does not exceed a maximum permissible instability (MPI). The aim of this study was to determine the SL and MPI for each analyte in the blood serum of cows and to determine whether SL differs in the function of the presence of preanalytical errors in the blood sample. Three hundred samples of dairy cow origin in different periods of lactation participated in this research. They were classified into 6 groups of 50 samples: according to the time from sampling to processing in the laboratory (0-4 h, 4-8 h and over 8 h; all transported on dry ice, protected from environmental factors, without preanalytical errors) and according to the presence of preanalytical errors (group with hemolysis, a group transported at ambient temperature and a group with a small sample volume). Each sample was aliquoted in two portions. One portion was left at +4°C and tested once a day for 6 days of sample storage, and the second portion, placed at -20°C, was tested once a month for 6 months. The MPI had a value ranging from 1.51 to 8.4. Metabolic profile analytes with lower MPI values (1.51-3.22) were albumin (ALB), total protein (TPROT), UREA, glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Higher MPI values (5.1-8.4) were found for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutirate (BHB), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TGC), total bilirubin (TBIL) and aspartat aminotransferase (AST). For most parameters, we can conclude that their PD% changed faster in storage conditions at +4°C compared to the regime of -20°C. The largest number of biochemical analytes in bovine blood serum shows preserved stability in the first 6 days at +4°C or 6 months at -20°C if transported to the laboratory within 8 h after sampling in ideal conditions and without the action of preanalytical errors. Prolonged transport under ideal conditions or the existence of preanalytical errors such as transport at room temperature, hemolysis or small sample volume shorten the stability of the ALB, NEFA, GLU, UREA and P. Concentration of all analytes decreases during the stability test except for UREA, NEFA, BHB and for CHOL and TGC in some groups. Variations in parameters such as BHB, NEFA, TBIL, AST, and Ca have shown potential clinical significance. At storage conditions at +4°C, clinically significant variations at at least one measurement point were found for AST (7.5% of samples), BHB (6.1% of samples), NEFA (9.9% of samples) and for TBIL (in 7% of samples). This study can help define acceptable delay times and storage conditions for bovine blood samples, which is of great importance because in working with farm animals it is often not possible to take samples in a short time and deliver them to the laboratory, and samples are often burdened with certain preanalytical errors with limited possibilities of re-sampling.(AU)

Introduction and analysis of FDA issuedguidance on bioequivalence recommendations for specific products related with longhalf-life drugs / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze FDA issued guidance on Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products related with long Half-life drugs. METHODS: Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products related with long Half-life drugs was analyzed from multiple aspects, including bioequivalence study designs, selection of bioequivalence subjects, dosage, selection of reference products, analytes to measure, bioequivalence waiver on multiple-strength products and implementation of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. RESULTS: Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products issued by FDA are to further facilitate generic drug product availability and to assist generic pharmaceutical industry with identifying the most appropriate methodology for developing drugs and generating evidence needed to support ANDA approval or reassessment, as an extension and implement to the guideline involved in the aspect of bioequivalence. CONCLSUTION: Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products issued by FDA would provide instructive and practical assists to the equivalence assessment of quality and curative effect for generic products in China, since there is not corresponding bioequivalence guidance on specific long Half-life drugs released by CFDA yet.

Requerimientos de calidad en hemostasia: Variabilidad biológica versus estado actual de la metodología / Quality requirements in hemostasis: Biological variability versus the state of art / Requisitos de qualidade em hemostasia: Variabilidade Biológica versus o Estado atual da metodología

El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar los requerimientos de calidad (RC) de Variabilidad Biológica (VB) con el Estado Actual de la Metodología (EA) en ocho analitos de hemostasia. Se determinó el EA calculando el Coeficiente de Variación promedio ponderado (CVpp) de al menos 6 evaluaciones externas: RIQAS (ET1) y CAP (ET2). Los datos de Error Total aceptable (ETa) por VB mínimo (VBm) y deseable (VBd) se calcularon a partir de los CV intra e inter individuos reportados en www.westgard.com. Los datos obtenidos: Tiempo de Protrombina (TP segundos): ETVBm 7,9%, ETVBd 5,3%, ET1 19%, ET2 13%; Tiempo parcial de tromboplastina activada: (APTT segundos): ETVBm 6,7%, ETVBd 4,5%, ET1 23%, ET2 11%. INR: ETVBm 7,9%, ETVBd 5,3%, ET1 20%, ET2 16%; Fibrinógeno: ETVBm 20,4%, ETVBd13,6%, ET 10%, ET2 16%, FVIII: ETVBm13,3%, ETVBd 8,9%, ET1 30%, ET2 45%, FVII ETVBm16,1%, ETVBd 10,7%, ET1 31%, ET2 42%, Proteína C cromogénica (PCc) ETVBm 28%, ETVBd 18,7%, ET1 36%, ET2 25%; Proteína S libre (PSl ): ETVBm 31,1%, ETVBd 20,7%, ET1 18%, ET2 28%; Antitrombina cromogénica (ATc): ETVBm 12,5%, ETVBd 8,9%, ET1 18%, ET2 28%. Los únicos analitos que cumplen con el requerimiento de calidad de VBm o VBd son: fibrinógeno, PC y PS. Si bien cada laboratorio puede decidir las especificaciones de calidad que desea aplicar, la cuestión a debatir es: "cuál es el requerimiento de calidad deseable para la utilidad clínica de estos ensayos".

The aim of this work was to compare the quality requirements of biological variability (BV) with the state of the art (SA) in eight hemostasis analytes. SA was determined by calculating the weighted average coefficient of vari ation (CVwa) of at least 6 external evaluations: RIQAS (ET1) and CAP (ET2). Data acceptable total error (TEa) for minimum and desirable biological variability (VBm y VBd) was calculated from the coefficient of variation (CV) within-subject and between subject www.westgard.com reported. The following was the data : Prothrombin time ( PT second): ETVBm 7.9%, ETVBd 5.3%, ET1 19%, ET2 13%; Activated partial thromboplastin time (second APTT): ETVBm 6.7%, ETVBd 4.5%, ET1 23%, ET2 11%; INR: ETVBm 7.9%, ETVBd 5.3%, ET1 20%, ET2 16%; Fibrinogen: ETVBm 20.4% ETVBd 13.6% ET1 20%, ET2 16%, FVIII: ETVBm 13.3%, ETVBd 8.9%, ET1 30%, ET2 45% ; FVII: ETVBm 16.1%, ETVBd 10.7%, ET1 31%, ET2 42%; chromogenic Protein C (PCc): ETVBm 28%, ETVBd 18.7%, ET1 36%, ET2 25%; free Protein S (PSf ): ETVBm 31.1% ETVBd 20.7%, ET1 18%, ET2 28%; chromogenic Antithrombin (ATc): ETVBm 12.5%, ETVBd8.9%, ET1 18%, ET2 28%.The only analytes that meet the VBm or VBd quality requirement are fibrinogen, PC and PS. While each laboratory can decide the quality specifications it wants to apply, the issue to be discussed is: "what is the desirable quality requirement for clinical usefulness of these tests?"

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar os requisitos de qualidade (RQ) de variabilidade biológica (VB) com o estado atual da metodologia (EA) em oito analitos de hemostasia. Foi determinada a EA através do cálculo do coeficiente de variação médio ponderado (CVmp) de pelo menos 6 avaliações externas: RIQAS (ET1) e CAP (ET2). Os dados de erro total admissível (ETa) para VB mínimo desejável (VBm) e (VBd) foram calculados a partir do CV intra e inter indivíduos reportados em www.westgard.com. Os dados obtidos: Tempo de Protrombina (TP segundos) ETVBm 7,9%, ETVBd 5,3%, ET1 19%, ET2 13% ; Tempo parcial de tromboplastina ativada (APTT segundos): ETVBm 6,7%, ETVBd 4,5%, ET1 23%, ET2 11%; INR: ETVBm 7,9%, ETVBd 5,3%, ET1 20%, ET2 16%; Fibrinogênio: ETVBm 20.4%, ETVBd 13,6%, ET1 20%, ET2 16%; FVIII: ETVBm 13,3%, ETVBd 8,9%, ET1 30%, ET2 45%; FVII: ETVBm 16,1%, ETVBd 10,7%, ET1 31%, ET2 42%; Proteína C cromogênica (PCc): ETVBm 28% ETVBd 18,7%, ET1: 36%, ET2: 25%; Proteína S livre (PSl ): ETVBm: 31,1%, ETVBd 20,7%, ET1: 18%, ET2: 28%; Antitrombina cromogênica (ATc): ETVBm12,5%, ETVBd 8.9%, ET1 18%, ET2 28%. Os únicos analitos que atendem o requisito de qualidade de VBm ou VBd são: fibrinogênio, PC e PS. Embora cada laboratório possa decidir as especificações de qualidade que deseja aplicar, a questão a ser discutida é "qual é o requisito de qualidade desejável para a utilidade clínica destes testes?".

A survey of international guidelines for bioequivalence of systemically available orally administered generic drug products / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate similarities and differences among bioequivalence approaches used by international regulatory authorities when reviewing applications for marketing new generic drug products which are systemically active and intended for oral administration. METHODS: The comparisons of these bioequivalence recommendations were performed and based on bioequivalence study designs, selection of bioequivalence subjects,dosage, selection of reference products, method of pharmacokinetic calculations and bioequivalence acceptance limits, bioequivalence waiver on multiple-strength products and and implementation of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, which are issued by Australia, the European Medicines Association, Japan,the USA, and the World Health Organization. RESULTS: There were lots of differences were found in bioequivalence approaches among the regulatory authorities surveyed, although there are more similarities. CONCLUSION: Discussion of the similarities and differences among bioequivalence approaches used by international regulatory authorities would provide instructive and practical assists to the equivalence assessment of quality and curative effect for generic products in China.

Intervalos de referencia de determinaciones bioquímicas en el laboratorio central del Hospital de Trelew / Reference intervals of biochemical determinations in the central laboratory in Trelew Hospital / Intervalos de referencia de determinagóes bioquímicas no laboratorio central do Hospital de Trelew

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer los intervalos de referencia de las determinaciones: glucosa, urea, colesterol, proteínas totales, albúmina, ácido úrico, creatinina, hematocrito y hemoglobina en el Laboratorio Central del Hospital Zonal de Trelew. La población bajo estudio fueron pacientes mayores de 18 años atendidos por consultorio externo entre diciembre de 2008 y marzo de 2009. El estudio fue completado entre marzo y abril de 2011. Las determinaciones se realizaron con un autoanalizador de química clínica Metrolab 2300 plus y un contador hematológico Sysmex 2100. Se comprobó que los valores de las determinaciones se ajustaran a una distribución normal y se realizó el cálculo de los fractiles 0,025 y 0,975 para la obtención del intervalo de referencia (IR) del 95%. En un caso se utilizó transformación logarítmica de los datos y para dos categorías se aplicó el método no paramétrico. Para los valores de referencia inferior y superior se establecieron los intervalos con un 90% de confianza (IC). Los valores de referencia obtenidos fueron: glucosa de 0,74 a 1,07 g/L, urea de 0,19 a 0,51 g/L, colesterol de 1,21 a 2,43 g/L, proteínas totales de 6,45 a 7,99 g/dL, albúmina de 3,62 a 4,61 g/dL, creatinina de 0,57 a 1,10 mg/dL, ácido úrico para el sexo femenino de 18,69 a 51,93 mg/L y para el sexo masculino de 30,50 a 62,92 mg/L, hematocrito para sexo femenino de 37 a 45% y para el sexo masculino de 40 a 50%, hemoglobina para el sexo femenino de 11,70 a 15,17 g/dL y para el sexo masculino de 13,09 a 17,19 g/dL. Los valores de ácido úrico, hematocrito y hemoglobina se separaron por sexo para dar continuidad a la política del laboratorio y de los fabricantes de CAICYTtivos, que consiste en considerar las diferencias existentes entre ambos sexos. Dentro del rango dado por el fabricante se obtuvieron los resultados para glucosa, albúmina y hemoglobina; sobre el mismo, para urea, colesterol, proteínas y ácido úrico y por debajo del mismo para creatinina.

The aim of the present work was to establish the reference intervals of the following determinations, glucose, urea, cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, hematocrite and hemoglobin in the Central Laboratory of Trelew Zonal Hospital. The population under study was defined as 18-year-old or older patients that came to the laboratory from the ambulatory consulting room since December 2008 to March 2009, and then between March and April 2011. Blood samples were processed with a Metrolab 2300 plus clinical chemistry autoanalyser and a Sysmex 2100 hematological counter. After checking if the result distribution applied to a normal distribution, fractiles 0.025 and 0.975 were calculated to obtain a 95% Reference Interval (RI). In one case, a logarithmic transformation of the results was needed and for two categories a non-parametric method was used. For the upper and lower reference values, the intervals were calculated at 90% confidence (CI) The reference values obtained were; 0.74-1.07 g/L glucose, 0.19-0.51 g/L urea, 1.21-2.43 g/L cholesterol, 6.45-7.99g/dL total proteins, 3.62-4.61 g/dL albumin and 0.57-1.10 mg/dL creatinine, 18.69 - 51.93 mg/L uric acid in women, and 30.50 - 69.92 mg/L in men; 37 - 45% hematocrite in women and 40 - 50% in men; 11.70 - 15.17 g/dL hemoglobin in women and 13.09 - 17.19 g/dL hemoglobin in men. Uric acid, hematocrite and hemoglobin values were calculated according to sex in order to offer concordance with commercial kit and the laboratory policies which consist in considering the significant differences between both sexes. The results obtained for glucose, albumin and hemoglobin were within the reference interval given by the commercial kits; urea, cholesterol, total protein and uric acid were above it; and creatinine reference interval was lower than the reference interval from the commercial kits.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer os intervalos de referencia das determinagóes: glicose, ureia, colesterol, proteínas totais, albumina, ácido úrico, creatinina, hematocrito e hemoglobina no Laboratorio Central do Hospital Zonal de Trelew. A populagao sob estudo foram pacientes de mais de 18 anos atendidos através de consultorio externo entre dezembro do ano 2008 e margo de 2009. O estudo foi completado entre margo e abril de 2011. As determinagóes foram realizadas com um auto-analisador de química clínica Metrolab 2300 plus e um contador hematológico Sysmex 2100. Comprovouse que os valores das determinagóes se ajustaram a uma distribuigao normal e se realizou o cálculo dos quantis 0,025 e 0,975 para a obtengao do intervalo de referencia (IR) de 95%. Num caso foi utilizada transformagao logarítmica dos dados e para duas categorias se aplicou o método nao paramétrico. Para os valores de referencia inferior e superior foram estabelecidos os intervalos com 90% de confianga (IC). Os valores de referencia obtidos foram: glicose de 0,74 a 1,07 gr/L, ureia de 0,19 a 0,51 gr/L, colesterol de 1,21 a 2,43 g/L, proteínas totais de 6,45 a 7,99 gr/dL, albumina de 3,62 a 4,61 gr/dL, creatinina de 0,57 a 1,10 mg/dL, ácido úrico para o sexo feminino de 18,69 a 51,93 mg/L e para o sexo masculino de 30,50 a 62,92 mg/l, hematocrito para sexo feminino de 37 a 45% e para o sexo masculino de 40 a 50%, hemoglobina para o sexo feminino de 11,70 a 15,17 g/dL e para o sexo masculino de 13,09 a 17,19 g/dL. Os valores de ácido úrico, hematocrito e hemoglobina foram separados por sexo para dar continuidade a política do laboratorio e dos fabricantes de reagentes, que consiste em considerar as diferengas existentes entre ambos os sexos. Dentro do intervalo dado pelo fabricante foram obtidos os resultados para glicose, albumina e hemoglobina; superior ao mesmo para ureia, colesterol, proteínas e ácido úrico e inferior ao mesmo para creatinina.

Research progress on detecting low molecular weight analytes based on surface plasmon resonance sensing technology / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technology is a high-tech optical detection technolo-gy developed quickly in recent years, which combines biology, polymer chemistry and sensing technologies to form a rapid, sensitive, specific, portable and easy to operate detection technology. This paper outlines the mech-anism of SPR sensing technology for detection of low molecular weight analytes, the main application methods and research progress, discusses the advantages and shortages of the method, and foretastes the development prospect of this technology.

A study on the stability of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (crack biomarker), benzoylecgonine, and cocaine in human urine / Estudo da estabilidade do éster metilanidroecgonina, marcador de uso do crack, benzoilecgonina e cocaína em urina humana

BACKGROUND: Typically, urine and other biological tissues have been analyzed for cocaine (COC) and/or metabolites to detect COC usage. COC undergoes numerous biotransformation and degradation reactions. Crack smokers are exposed to anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AME), which can be used as an analytical marker for crack smoking. The stability of this analyte in human urine has not been studied. In the body, COC is rapidly converted to metabolites by enzymatic and chemical processes, the major urinary metabolite being benzoylecgonine (BE). OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of time and temperature on the stability of cocaine/crack metabolites in human urine. METHODS : The stability of AME, BE and COC in urine was investigated using samples of urine stored in freezers and refrigerators. The analytes were extracted from urine using a solid-phase extraction technique and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection method. RESULTS: COC concentrations decreased while BE concentrations increased. AME concentrations remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: The temperature and the duration of storage are decisive in COC hydrolyzing. This study suggests that AME concentrations are not correlated to either storage duration or with storage temperature and AME is more stable than COC.

CONTEXTO: Cocaína (COC) e/ou metabólitos tem sido analisados em urina e outros fluidos biológicos para se determinar o uso de COC. A COC está sujeita a numerosas reações de biotransformação e degradação. Indivíduos que fumam crack estão expostos ao éster metilanidroecgonina (AME), que pode ser empregado como marcador de uso desta droga. Não há referências na literatura a respeito da estabilidade deste analito em urina humana. No organismo a COC é rapidamente biotransformada em outros metabólitos por meio de processos químicos e enzimáticos e o principal metabólito urinário é a benzoilecgonina (BE). OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do tempo e da temperatura na estabilidade da COC, BE e do AME em urina humana. MÉTODOS: A estabilidade do AME, BE e COC em urina foi investigada por intermédio do armazenamento da urina em freezer e em geladeira. Os analitos foram extraídos pela técnica de extração em fase sólida e analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao detector por ionização em chama. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de COC decresceram enquanto as BE aumentaram. As concentrações de AME se mantiveram estáveis. CONCLUSÕES: A temperatura e o tempo de armazenamento são decisivos na hidrólise da COC. Este estudo sugere que as concentrações de AME não estão correlacionadas com o tempo ou a temperatura de armazenamento e o AME é mais estável que a COC.

Estabilidad de muestras conservadas en tubo primario: un estudio de 25 analitos de química clínica / Stability of specimens stored in primary tube: a study on 25 analytes of clinical chemistry

Se estudió la estabilidad de veinticinco analitos conservados durante siete días en dos tipos de tubos primarios: tubos de polimetilmetaacrilato (PMMA) con gránulos y tubos con gel separador, ambos con acelerador de la coagulación. El objetivo fue determinar en qué tubo los analitos tenían mayor estabilidad y como consecuencia, cuánto tiempo podían conservarse las muestras en ambos tubos. Las muestras fueron conservadas en el tubo primario a 4-8 ºC y se analizaron por duplicado diariamente durante siete días. La estabilidad de los analitos se determinó comparando los resultados de los siete días con los valores obtenidos el primer día y los límites de aceptabilidad derivaron del coeficiente de variación (CV) de cada determinación, de la variabilidad biológica (VB) intraindividual y de un análisis multivariado de varianza MANOVA. Los promedios de aldolasa, fósforo, glucosa, lactatodehidrogenasa, potasio y sodio cuando la muestra se conservó con gránulos, tuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al compararlos con los promedios de los mismos analitos conservados en gel; resultados similares se obtuvieron cuando se tomó como límite de aceptabilidad el CV y la VB intraindividual. Cada laboratorio debería establecer la estabilidad de sus analitos según el tubo primario utilizado, con el objetivo de responder a no conformidades que requieran el procesamiento de analitos sobre muestras previamente extraídas en el caso de que éstas se conserven en tubo primario.

The stability of 25 analytes during a seven-day storage in two different kinds of tubes was studied. PMMA (polimetilmetaacrilate) tubes contain a clotting activator (glass particles) and the other tubes contain a gel barrier. The aim was to determine the analytes' stability in both kinds of tubes and, as a consequence, to determine the optimal time for storage of the samples in the primary tube. The specimens were maintained at 4-8 ºC and analyzed in duplicate during seven days. The analytes' stability was determined by comparing the results obtained each day with those obtained on the first day. The significant change limits were based on the determination of the variation coefficient, on the biological variation and on statistically significant changes using a MANOVA test. Mean values of aldolasa, phosphate, glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, potassium and sodium stored in tubes with a clotting activator had statistical differences in comparison with the mean values of the same analytes stored with a gel barrier. Each laboratory should investigate the specific analytes' stability according to the collection device used.

Comparison of Common Clinical Chemistry Analyte Levels between Greiner Bio-One Vacuette Tube and Glass Tube / 임상검사와정도관리

BACKGROUND: Serum separator tubes were introduced 25 years ago and are widely used in the clinical laboratory for collection of blood. Recently, the plastic serum separator tube has become available for blood collection for lightening and flexibility and suitability for automation. However few studies have been reported on stability of the common analytes in this tube. METHODS: We evaluated the concentrations of seventeencommonly ordered analytes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, albumin, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, potassium, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol, glucose, creatinine in sera separated in plain glass tubes (no gel) and in sera separated in the plastic Greiner Bio-One Vacuette tubes containing serum separator gel (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsm?nster, Austria) by Toshiba 200-FR Neo. RESULTS: Results were analyzed using two-tailed paired t-tests and Bland-Altman plots. Results from 9 common analytes (glucose, total cholesterol, BUN, potassium, LDL-cholesterol, inorganic phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chloride) were statistically different between glass tube and plastic Greiner Bio-One Vacuette tube, but the differences were not considered to be clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the plastic Greiner Bio-One Vacuette tubes are suitable for collection of blood and storage of serum for common analytes.