Assessment of Extra Dural Hematoma – Factors affecting morbidity, mortality and outcome

Background: Extradural hematomas occur in approximately 2% of all patients of head injuries and 5- 15% of fatal head injuries. EDH is considered to be one of the most serious conditions of head injury requiring immediate diagnosis and surgical intervention. Aim and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation of patients with extradural hematoma and to decide upon the mode of management and to study the results of the management and the outcome and the factors affecting morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: Patients with EDH admitted in Neurosurgery Department, King George Hospital Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam were studied. Study period was one year July 2018 to June 2019. The sample size of the study was 106 patients who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the patients with head injury, diagnosed to have EDH on CT scan were included in the study. The management includes conservative measures and/or surgical intervention. The patients’ outcome was assessed during the hospital stay, at discharge and followed up to 6 months after discharge. The various factors were analyzed which are likely to affect the outcome. Results: Temporo-parietal and temporal region was the most common location of EDH. The most significant factors which influences outcome are - time of surgical intervention, older age group, low GCS and associated injuries on CT scans like contusions and other injuries. The patients were followed after 1, 3 and 6 months. P Prahaladu, M V Vijaya Sekhar, K Satyavara Prasad, Hemal Chheda. Assessment of Extra Dural Hematoma - Factors affecting morbidity, mortality and outcome. IAIM, 2019; 6(9): 102-107. Page 103 Conclusion: From this study, it was observed that neurological status of patient at the time of presentation, time of surgical intervention, associated injuries on CT scan and the volumetric details of EDH are the most important factors in management and outcome of EDH.

Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Analysis of the Causes of Failure, Associated Injuries and Clinical Results / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of failure after a primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), associated injuries, and the clinical results of revision ACLR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated 46 patients (46 knees), who were followed at least two years after revision ACLR. The evaluations included the causes of failure after primary ACLR, associated injuries, 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee scores, Lachman test, Pivot shift test, and KT-1000 arthrometer measurement. RESULTS: The most common cause of failure was trauma (27 patients, 58.7%) and 19 failures (19 patients, 41.3%) were caused using an inappropriate surgical technique. The associated injuries were meniscus tears in 29 cases (63.0%) and articular cartilage injuries of Outerbridge grade II to IV in 19 cases (41.3%). The IKDC scores, Lachman test, Pivot shift test, and KT-1000 arthrometer measurements were improved significantly at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: The most common cause of failure after primary ACLR was trauma. One stage revision ACLR resulted in relatively satisfactory stability but less satisfactory clinical function than the primary reconstruction, as reported previously, which is believed to be due to the more associated injuries.

Fractura abierta de pelvis en un accidente: a propósito de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Open pelvic fracture in an accident: Case report

Las fracturas abiertas de pelvis son un desafío clínico y quirúrgico como consecuencia de la gravedad de las lesiones óseas, de órganos internos, de partes blandas, hemorragia y cobertura cutánea. Su frecuencia es baja con una incidencia del 2-4%. La mortalidad llega a ser del 15-25% en fracturas cerradas y alcanza hasta el 50% en fracturas abiertas. La primera causa de mortalidad suele ser por shock hemorrágico. Presentamos un caso clínico tratado en el Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología (COT) del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS). Tras el análisis de los datos obtenidos de la revisión de este caso y la bibliografía correspondiente, podríamos afirmar que, ante una fractura de pelvis abierta, en primer lugar hay que asegurar la supervivencia en el momento inicial y proceder al control inicial de la hemorragia y la estabilidad pélvica. Posteriormente, debe llevarse a cabo el tratamiento quirúrgico inicial urgente multidisciplinario. Por último, debe pasarse a un tratamiento definitivo mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna. Hay que considerar también, por su importancia, el gran número de secuelas que produce este tipo de lesiones, algo que debemos prever y minimizar en la medida de lo posible. Nivel de evidencia clínica. Nivel IV.

Open pelvic fractures are a clinical and surgical challenge because of the severity of bone lesions, internal organs, soft tissue, skin coverage and hemorrhage. Its frequency is low with an incidence of 2-4%. The mortality is as high as 15-25% in closed fractures and to 50% in open fractures. The leading cause of death is usually by hypovolemic shock. We report a case treated in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma (COT) of the University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS). After analyzing the data obtained from the review of this case and the relevant literature, we could say that, in an open fractured pelvis first thing to do is to ensure survival at the initial time and the initial control of bleeding and pelvic stability, subsequently an urgent multidisciplinary initial surgical treatment should be performed. And finally, a definitive treatment by open reduction and internal fixation has to be accomplished. Sequels that this type of injury produce have also been considered since the initial patient evaluation in order to anticipate and minimize them as much as possible. Evidence level. IV.

Atención inicial al politraumatizado maxilofacial: evaluación, conducta terapéutica y prevención / Initial care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients: evaluation, therapeutic management and prevention

Introducción: las fracturas maxilofaciales requieren tratamiento de urgencia y de un personal altamente calificado. Pueden aparecer complicaciones que ocasionen la pérdida de la vida del paciente. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la atención al politraumatizado maxilofacial, enfatizando aspectos del soporte vital avanzado de trauma como el manejo del déficit neurológico, de la exposición del paciente y del control de la temperatura, anexos a la valoración primaria, valoración secundaria, tratamiento definitivo, lesiones asociadas, equipo multidisciplinario del trauma, traumatismos maxilofaciales con características distintivas, condiciones que influyen en el manejo del trauma y prevención. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre diciembre de 2014 y enero de 2015. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (39), 1 cubana y 5 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de los sistemas MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO. Se utilizaron como descriptores: maxilofacial trauma, advanced trauma life support, secondary survey, associated injuries, multidisciplinary team of trauma, prevention y sus equivalentes en español. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés y español, publicados preferentemente en los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 141 artículos. El estudio estuvo circunscrito solo a 51, que enfocaban estas temáticas de forma más integral. Análisis e integración de la información: al analizar el comportamiento de los artículos atendiendo a su representatividad en las revistas científicas, encontramos que 5,9 por ciento correspondían a la Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. Conclusiones: es imprescindible que los cirujanos maxilofaciales que se desempeñan en la atención de emergencia puedan reconocer, diagnosticar y establecer el manejo básico de un traumatismo maxilofacial. La falta de diagnóstico y de correcto manejo puede conducir a la pérdida de funciones y al desarrollo de deformidades secundarias difíciles de corregir luego. Esta corrección también podría inducir resultados decepcionantes, que podrían comprometer la vida del paciente(AU)

Introduction: maxillofacial fractures require emergency treatment by highly qualified personnel. Complications may occur which may cause the death of the patient. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about the care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients, highlighting the following aspects of advanced trauma life support: management of neurological deficit, exposure and temperature control, annexes to primary assessment, secondary assessment, definitive treatment, associated injuries, multidisciplinary trauma team, maxillofacial traumas with distinctive characteristics, conditions influencing trauma management and prevention. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted from December 2014 to January 2015. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Sciences (39 journals), as well as one Cuban journal and five books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the search terms maxillofacial trauma, advanced trauma life support, secondary survey, associated injuries, multidisciplinary trauma team, prevention, and their Spanish counterparts. The review included papers in English and Spanish, preferably published the last five years. Of the 141 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 51 which approached the study topics in a more comprehensive manner. Data analysis and integration: analysis of the representativeness of papers in scientific journals revealed that 5.9 percent corresponded to the Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. Conclusions: it is indispensable for emergency maxillofacial surgeons to be able to recognize, diagnose and determine the basic management of maxillofacial trauma. Lack of a diagnosis or inappropriate management may lead to the loss of functions and the development of secondary deformities difficult to correct in the future. Such correction could also lead to disappointing results which may risk the patient's life(AU)

Manejo quirúrgico de las fracturas de pelvis inestables en pacientes pediátricos / Surgical management of unstable pelvic fractures in pediatric patients

Las fracturas de pelvis en pacientes pediátricos son muy poco frecuentes y representan entre 1% a 3% de todas las fracturas pediátricas. Se asocian con traumatismos de muy alta energía, accidentes automovilísticos y otras lesiones potencialmente fatales. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, analítico, observacional, de cohorte hospitalaria donde se incluyen todos los pacientes de ambos sexos, con edad inferior o igual a 15 años tratados quirúrgicamente en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de los Andes en Mérida, Venezuela, de enero 2005 a enero de 2010. Se encontraron 25 pacientes, 52% de sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 9,4 años. El tiempo promedio del seguimiento fue de 43 meses. En 76% la causa fue accidente por vehículo automotor. El patrón de fractura más frecuente fue Tipo IV de Zorode y Zieg, en 88%. Se encontraron lesiones asociadas en 92%, una tasa de mortalidad del 12% e infección en 8%. Las principales complicaciones encontradas fueron la asimetría pélvica. El protocolo de manejo de estas lesiones debe incluir el diagnóstico y clasificación temprana, estabilización y evaluación de acuerdo al ATLS, manejo de las lesiones asociadas y estabilización quirúrgica de las fracturas para evitar asimetría y pobres resultados funcionales(AU)

Pelvic fractures in pediatric patients are rare, accounting for 1% to 3% of all pediatric fractures. They are associated with high energy trauma, car accidents and other life-threatening injuries. We performed a prospective, observational, analytical and hospital cohort. We included all patients of both sexes, aged up to 15 years old treated in the University Hospital Institute of the Andes in Merida, Venezuela, from january 2005 to january 2010. They found 25 patients, 52% were female. The average age was 9.4 years. The mean follow up time was 43 months. In 76% the cause was motor vehicle accident. The most common fracture pattern was Type IV Zorode and Zieg at 88%. Associated lesions were found in 92% patients. The mortality rate 12% and infection was 8%. The main complications were pelvic asymmetry. The protocol for management of these lesions should include early diagnosis and classification, stabilization and evaluation according to ATLS management of associated injuries and surgical stabilization of fractures to avoid asymmetry and poor functional outcomes(AU)