Efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy under the direct view of eyeMax biliary-pancreatic imaging system in treatment of difficult choledocholithiasis / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy under the direct view of eyeMax biliary-pancreatic imaging system in the treatment of difficult choledocholithiasis. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 12 patients with difficult choledocholithiasis who underwent ERCP and electrohydraulic lithotripsy under the direct view of eyeMax biliary-pancreatic imaging system in Department of Gastroenterology， Jilin People’s Hospital， from May to November 2022. The clinical effect of lithotripsy and lithotomy was observed， and postoperative complications and time of surgical operation were assessed. ResultsAmong the 12 patients， 11 （91.67%） were successfully treated by electrohydraulic lithotripsy under direct view， 9 （75.00%） achieved first-attempt success in lithotripsy， and 11 （91.67%） had complete removal of calculi； 1 patient was found to have stenosis of the bile ducts caused by multiple biliary tract surgeries， and grade Ⅱ intrahepatic bile duct stones above the sites of stenosis were removed under direct view， but there were still residues of grade Ⅲ intrahepatic bile duct stones， which led to the fact that complete calculus removal was not achieved. The mean time of ERCP operation was 91.3±26.2 minutes， including a time of 41.8±22.2 minutes for energy lithotripsy. There were 2 cases of postoperative biliary tract infection which were improved after anti-infective therapy， 2 cases of hyperamylasemia which were not given special treatment， and 3 cases of mild pancreatitis which were improved after symptomatic medication， and there were no complications such as bleeding and perforation. ConclusionERCP combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy under the direct view of eyeMax biliary-pancreatic imaging system is safe， effective， and feasible in the treatment of difficult choledocholithiasis.

Morbilidad y mortalidad de la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica convencional en pacientes con enfermedad del confluente biliopancreático

Introducción: La duodenopancreatectomía cefálica es una operación cada vez más frecuente en pacientes seleccionados. Objetivo: Identificar la morbilidad y la mortalidad concerniente a la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica convencional. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de una serie de 15 casos operados de duodenopancreatectomía cefálica. Se investigaron las variables: estadificación según clasificación tumor, linfonódulo, metástasis (TNM), diagnóstico anatomopatológico, complicaciones, tiempo quirúrgico y estado al egreso. Se utilizaron el número absoluto y el porcentaje como medidas de resumen para las variables estadificación y diagnóstico; la media, la mediana y el rango para el tiempo quirúrgico y el intervalo de confianza para el estado al egreso. Resultados: El diagnóstico anatomopatológico principal fue adenocarcinoma de páncreas con 9 pacientes (60,1 %) y de duodeno con 2 (13,3 %). El estadio posoperatorio IIA fue el que prevaleció con 5 (45,5 %). El retraso del vaciamiento gástrico fue la complicación quirúrgica que prevaleció, con 7 (46,7 %) enfermos, seguida de la fístula biliar con 3 (20,0 %). La fístula pancreática, la lesión de la vena mesentérica superior y la hemorragia posoperatoria se presentaron una sola vez (6,7 %), respectivamente. Estas 2 últimas, provocaron la muerte del enfermo en las primeras 48 horas del posoperatorio. Fallecieron 4 (26,7 %) pacientes de la serie. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones posquirúrgicas se observan principalmente a expensas del retardo del vaciamiento gástrico, la fístula biliar y pancreática. La mortalidad puede estar relacionada con la prolongación del tiempo quirúrgico igual o mayor de 5 horas, con el consiguiente aumento de las pérdidas hemáticas.

Introduction: Cephalic duodenopancreatectomy is an increasingly frequent operation in selected patients. Objective: To identify the morbidity and mortality related to conventional cephalic duodenopancreatectomy. Methods: An observational, descriptive study of a series of 15 cases operated on cephalic duodenopancreatectomy. The variables were investigated: staging according to the Tumor, Linphonod, Metastasis (TNM) classification, pathological diagnosis, complications, surgical time and discharge status. Absolute number and percentage were used as summary measures for the variables staging and diagnosis; mean, median and range for surgical time and confidence interval for discharge status. Results: The main pathological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with 9 patients (60.1%) and of the duodenum with 2 (13.3%). Postoperative stage IIA was the one that prevailed with 5 (45.5%) patients. Delayed gastric emptying was the prevailing surgical complication, with 7 (46.7%) patients, followed by biliary fistula with 3 (20.0%). Pancreatic fistula, superior mesenteric vein injury, and postoperative hemorrhage occurred only once (6.7%), respectively. These last 2, caused the death of the patient in the first 48 hours of the postoperative period. Four (26.7%) patients in the series died. Conclusions: Postoperative complications are mainly observed at the expense of delayed gastric emptying and biliary and pancreatic fistula. Mortality may be related to the prolongation of surgical time equal to or greater than 5 hours with the consequent increase of blood loss.

Value of biliopancreatic-duct-imaging-system-assisted endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy for children with acute appendicitis (with video) / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic value of one-time biliopancreatic-duct-imaging-system (eyeMax)-assisted endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT) for children.Methods:A total of 11 children who were diagnosed as having uncomplicated acute appendicitis by imaging in Xi′an Children′s Hospital from August to November 2022 were enrolled. All patients received subscope-assisted ERAT. Subscope was intubated into the appendix cavity to observe the mucosa directly. Appendicitis was treated through cleansing, fecalith extraction, stent drainage. The clinical manifestations under subscope were recorded, as well as the treatment success rate, intubation success rate, the effective rate, complication incidence during and after the operation.Results:The age of 11 children was 7.93±2.67 years old. Appendix intubation was successful in all patients. Congestion and swelling of the mucosa in appendiceal orifice and appendix cavity were seen under the subscope in 11 children. There were 6 cases with appendiceal fecaliths, 8 cases with pus and 6 cases with luminal distortion or stenosis. Perforation was observed in 1 case during the operation and no other complication occurred. All patients were treated under subscope, including flushing appendiceal cavity (11 cases), fecalith extraction with extraction basket (3 cases), and appendiceal drainage with stenting (2 cases). The symptoms and signs were relieved after the operation, and the effective rate within 48 hours was 10/11. There were no procedure-related complications or recurrence during postoperative follow-up for 1 week to 4 months.Conclusion:Acute appendicitis could be diagnosed by observing the appendix cavity directly under one-time biliopancreatic-duct-imaging-system-assisted ERAT, and also could be treated with the system, where appendix could be preserved and radiation damage could be avoided with safety and effectiveness.

Risk factors of acute biliopancreatic complications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone and construction of prediction model / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of acute biliopancreatic complica-tions in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone and construction of prediction model.Methods:The retrospective case-control study was constructed. The clinical data of 98 patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone who were admitted to the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from September 2011 to October 2022 and 53 patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone who were admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital May 2014 to October 2021 were collected. The age of 151 patients was 29(25,32)years. Observation indicators: (1) situations of patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone; (2) risk factors of acute biliopancreatic com-plications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone; (3) construction of prediction model for acute biliopancreatic complications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the independent t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Comparison of ordinal data was conducted using the rank sum test. Univariate and multi-variate analyses were conducted using the Logistic regression model. Nomogram prediction model was conducted, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate discri-mination of the nomogram predic-tion model. The calibration curve and clinical decision curve were used to evaluate calibration and net clinical benefit of the nomogram prediction model. Internal validation of the prediction model was performed by applying 10-fold cross-validation. Results:(1) Situations of patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone. The total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, prepregnancy body mass index (<18.5 kg/m 2, 18.5?24.0 kg/m 2, >24.0 kg/m 2), gesta-tional period (early, mid, late), primipara (positive, negative), stone type (solitary, non solitary), diameter of stone (≤10 mm, >10 mm), gallbladder wall thickness (≥4 mm, <4 mm) were (4.9±1.4)mmol/L, 1.88(1.22,2.93)mmol/L, 1.48(1.22,1.83)mmol/L, (2.8±0.9)mmol/L, 13, 75, 58, 37, 45, 69, 86, 65, 37, 114, 89, 62, 38, 113 in the 151 patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone. Of the 151 patients, the age, prepregnancy body mass index (<18.5 kg/m 2, 18.5?24.0 kg/m 2, >24.0 kg/m 2), primipara (positive, negative), stone type (solitary, non solitary), diameter of stone (≤10 mm, >10 mm), gallbladder wall thickness (≥4 mm, <4 mm) were 31(28,37)years, 3, 30, 36, 29, 40, 32, 37, 26, 43, 4, 65 in 69 cases without symptom, versus 27(24,31)years, 10, 45, 22, 57, 25, 5, 77, 63, 19, 34, 48 in 82 cases combined with acute biliopancreatic complications, showing significant differences in the above indicators between them ( Z=?3.636, ?2.385, χ2=11.544, 32.862, 23.729, 25.310, P<0.05). Five of the 82 patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone missed data of prepregnancy body mass index. Of the 82 patients, there were 42 patients of simple acute cholecystitis, 40 patients of common bile duct stone and/or acute biliary pancreatitis including 18 cases of common bile duct stone, 13 cases of acute biliary pancreatitis and 9 cases of common bile duct stone combined with acute biliary pancreatitis. (2) Risk factors of acute biliopancreatic complications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone. Results of multivariate analysis showed that primipara, non solitary stone, diameter of stone ≤10 mm, gallbladder wall thickness ≥4 mm were independent risk factors of acute biliopancreatic complications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone ( odds ratio=3.102, 6.305, 3.674, 6.686, 95% confidence interval as 1.280?7.519, 1.886?21.080, 1.457?9.265, 1.984?22.528, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis in further analysis showed that primipara, non solitary stone, gallbladder wall thickness ≥4 mm were independent risk factors of simple acute cholecystitis in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone ( odds ratio=3.671, 8.905, 7.137, 95% confidence interval as 1.386?9.723, 2.332?34.006, 1.902?26.773, P<0.05), and age, non solitary stone, diameter of stone ≤10 mm, gallbladder wall thickness ≥4 mm were independent risk factors of common bile duct stone and/or acute biliary pancreatitis in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone ( odds ratio=0.883, 5.361, 5.472, 8.895, 95% confidence interval as 0.789?0.988, 1.062?27.071, 1.590?18.827, 2.064?38.325, P<0.05). (3) Construction of prediction model for acute biliopancreatic complications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone. The nomogram prediction model for acute biliopancreatic complications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone was constructed based on the clinical factors of age, primipara, stone type, diameter of stone and gallbladder wall thickness. The area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curve of prediction model was 0.869 (95% confidence interval as 0.813?0.923), indicating that the prediction model with good predictive ability. Results of Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a good fit ( χ2=5.680, P>0.05), indicating that the prediction model with good calibration. Results of decision curve analysis showed the prediction model with high net clinical benefit. Results of internal validation of the prediction model based on 10-fold cross-validation showed the AUC of ROC curve for the cross-validation sample was 0.833, indicating that the prediction model with good stability. Conclusions:Primigravida, non solitary stone, diameter of stone ≤10 mm, gallbladder wall thickness ≥4 mm are independent risk factors of acute biliopancreatic complications in patients of pregnancy combined with gallbladder stone. The prediction model for acute biliopancreatic complications has good predictive ability.

Pancreatitis aguda por áscaris en un adulto del área urbana de Bogotá, a propósito de una presentación inusual. Reporte de caso / Acute pancreatitis due to ascaris in an adult from the urban area of Bogotá, regarding an unusual manifestation. Case report

Resumen Introducción: la pancreatitis aguda es una de las entidades que afectan más normalmente el tracto gastrointestinal. Sus causas más frecuentes son la biliar y la alcohólica; sin embargo, no se deben descartar las causas infecciosas, entre ellas las parasitarias. Caso: se presenta un caso de un hombre de 35 años de edad procedente del área urbana de Bogotá que ingresó por un dolor torácico al servicio de urgencias del Hospital San Ignacio, posteriormente con migración hacia el abdomen y síntomas gastrointestinales asociados. Se diagnosticó pancreatitis aguda, se descartaron las causas biliar y alcohólica, y se evidenció en la escanografía un cuerpo extraño endoluminal gástrico hacia las asas intestinales, cuyo diagnóstico se confirmó de manera endoscópica (áscaris lumbricoides). Se extrajo el helminto en su totalidad y se continuó el manejo intrahospitalario. Como complicación presentó un compromiso necrotizante con colecciones asociadas en imágenes de control, sin compromiso multiorgánico. Finalmente, se dio egreso por una adecuada evolución clínica. Conclusión: la ascariasis es una causa infrecuente de pancreatitis aguda en adultos de zonas urbanas, incluso en países en vías de desarrollo como Colombia. Su diagnóstico y manejo terapéutico se realizan vía endoscópica con la extracción del helminto. Como en todos los casos de pancreatitis, debe realizarse un seguimiento clínico en busca de complicaciones asociadas y compromiso multiorgánico.

Abstract Introduction: Acute pancreatitis is one of the most common entities affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Its most frequent causes are biliary and alcoholic; however, infectious causes, including parasitic ones, should not be ruled out. Case: We present the case of a 35-year-old man from the urban area of Bogotá who was admitted to the emergency department of the San Ignacio Hospital due to chest pain, with subsequent migration to the abdomen and associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Acute pancreatitis was diagnosed, biliary and alcoholic causes were ruled out, and the scan revealed a gastric endoluminal foreign body towards the intestinal loops; the diagnosis was confirmed endoscopically (Ascaris lumbricoides). The helminth was entirely extracted, and the intrahospital management was continued. As a complication, he had necrosis with associated collections in control images without multi-organ involvement. Finally, he was discharged due to adequate clinical evolution. Conclusion: Ascariasis is a rare cause of acute pancreatitis in adults in urban areas, even in developing countries such as Colombia. Its diagnosis and therapeutic management are carried out endoscopically with the extraction of the helminth. As in all cases of pancreatitis, a clinical follow-up should be conducted in search of associated complications and multi-organ involvement.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes operados de duodenopancreatectomía cefálica con enfermedad del confluente biliopancreático / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients operated on cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy with disease of the biliopancreatic confluent

Introducción: La duodenopancreatectomía cefálica continúa siendo una intervención quirúrgica compleja. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes operados de duodenopancreatectomía cefálica según variables epidemiológicas, clínicas e histológicas seleccionadas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de una serie de 15 casos operados de duodenopancreatectomía cefálica en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, durante el quinquenio 2016-2020. Las variables analizadas fueron edad, sexo, comorbilidades, hábitos tóxicos, síntomas y signos, así como tipo histológico de las lesiones. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino (80,0 %) y el grupo de 50 a 55 años de edad (40,0 %). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial en 80,0 % de la casuística, seguida de la diabetes mellitus en 53,3 %. Prevalecieron el tabaquismo (66,7 %) y el alcoholismo (60,0 %), así como los signos de obstrucción biliar (73,3 %). El diagnóstico histológico principal fue adenocarcinoma de páncreas en 60,1 % de los afectados. Conclusiones: La duodenopancreatectomía cefálica se realiza predominantemente en pacientes con adenocarcinomas de páncreas y, en menor medida, con adenocarcinomas de duodeno y otras afecciones benignas; en afectados del sexo masculino, con edades intermedias y avanzadas de la vida, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus, así como tiempo prolongado de ser fumadores y consumidores de alcohol. Los signos de obstrucción biliar son de importancia capital en el diagnóstico clínico.

Introduction: The cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy continues being a complex surgical intervention. Objective: To characterize patients operated on cephalic duodenopancreatectomy according to selected epidemiological, clinical and histologic variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study of a series of 15 cases operated on cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy was carried out in the General Surgery Service of Saturnino Lora Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, during the five year period 2016-2020. The analyzed variables were age, sex, comorbidities, toxic habits, symptoms and signs, as well as histologic type of the lesions. Results: There was a prevalence of the male sex patients (80.0 %) and the 50 to 55 age group (40.0 %). The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension in 80.0 % of the case material, followed by the diabetes mellitus in 53.3 %. Nicotine addiction (66.7 %) and alcoholism (60.0 %) prevailed, as well as the signs of biliary obstruction (73.3 %). The main histologic diagnosis was pancreas adenocarcinoma in 60.1 % of those affected. Conclusions: The cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy is carried out predominantly in patients with pancreas adenocarcinomas and, to a lesser extent, in patients with duodenum adenocarcinomas and other benign affections; in those affected of the male sex, with intermediate and advanced ages of life, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, as well as long time of being smokers and alcohol consumers. The signs of biliary obstruction are of capital importance in the clinical diagnosis.

Clinical value of a new direct visualization system of China-made peroral cholangiopancreatography (with video) / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of a new China-made direct visualization system of peroral cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and treatment of biliopancreatic diseases.Methods:Clinical data of 37 patients who underwent endoscopic examination through the direct visualization system of peroral cholangiopancreatography at Digestive Endoscopy Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from April 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Technical success rate and complications were analyzed.Results:The examination was completed in 37 patients through the system. The technical success rate was 100.0%. The nature of biliary stricture was confirmed in 24 cases, presenece or absence of bleeding or residual stones in the bile duct was confirmed in 6 cases, neoplasm or residual stones in the pancreatic duct was determined in 2 cases, biliary stricture was passed assisted with visualized guidewire in 2 cases, and lithotripsy was performed assisted with biliary laser in 3 cases. Nine patients were pathologically diagnosed as having malignant biliary stricture, and 8 of them were confirmed malignant by the system. Drainage was performed in 34 cases after the examination. There were 3 cases of cholangitis, 4 cases of bacteremia and 2 cases of postoperative pancreatitis after the operation, which were relieved in a short time after conservative treatment. Bleeding occurred in 1 case which was improved after two times of endoscopic hemostasis.Conclusion:The new direct visualization system of peroral cholangiopancreatography is safe and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of biliopancreatic diseases.

Clinical efficacy of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch for obesity / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) for obesity.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 10 patients with obesity who were admitted to the China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University from September 2019 to January 2020 were collected.There were 7 male and 3 females, aged (32±9)years. Patients underwent laparoscopic BPD-DS. Observation indicators:(1) intraoperative and postoperative situations;(2) follow-up.Follow-up was performed by telephone interview and wechat up to July 2020, to detect complications, physical index, remission of preoperative comorbidity and blood biochemical index at 3 months and 6 months after operation. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Repeated data were analyzed using the repeated ANOVA and pariwise comparison was done using the LSD method. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range). Count data were represented as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-suqare test. Results:(1) Intraoperative and postoperative situations:10 patients underwent successfully laparoscopic BPD-DS, including 1 patient undergoing concomitant cholecystectomy due to gallstone disease. There was no obvious hemorrhage, conversion to open surgery or perioperative death for the 10 patients. The operation time and duration of postoperative hospital stay were (256±28)minutes and 11 days(range, 4-38 days). Two patients had postoperative complications. (2) Follow-up: 10 patients were followed up for 6 months. During the follow-up, 3 patients had increased frequency of defecation, with 3-5 times per day, 7 patients had defecation frequency of 1-2 times per day. Of 10 patients, 4 cases had postoperative cholestasis, 2 cases development to gallstone, and the remaining 4 patients had no abnor-mality. The body weight, body mass index, waist circumference of 10 patients were (139±22)kg, (46±10)kg/m 2,(139±14)cm before operation, (107±19)kg, (35±8)kg/m 2, (118±17)cm at 3 months after operation, and (92±17)kg, (30±6)kg/m 2, (104±12)cm at 6 months after operation, showing significant differences ( F=170.01, 104.42, 120.25, P<0.05). The excess body mass reduc-tion rates at 3, 6 months after operation of 10 patients were 58%±36% and 81%±42%, showing a significant difference ( t=73.00, P<0.05). Of 10 patients, cases with type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceri-demia, hypercholesteremia, elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterin level, hyperuricemia, hypertension were 5, 4, 6, 8, 9, 9 before operation, cases with complete remission were 4, 2, 5, 5, 1, 1 at 3 months after operation, and cases with complete remission were 5, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 at 6 months after operation. Cases with partial remission of hypertension were 8 and 4 at 3, 6 months after operation. For 5 patients with type 2 diabetes, the fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin Alc were (11.4±3.1)mmol/L and 9.3%±1.6% before operation, (5.6±1.0)mmol/L and 5.5%±0.5% at 3 months after operation, (4.9±0.5)mmol/L and 4.8%±0.5% at 6 months after operation, showing significant differences ( F=14.55, 39.84, P<0.05). Of 10 patients, the retinal-binding protein, vitamins E, serum iron, serum zinc were normal before operation, cases with deficiency of above indicators were 5, 2, 1, 1 at 3 months after operation and 3, 3, 2, 4 at 6 months after operation. There was no clinical symptoms in patents with nutrient deficiency. Cases with deficiency of vitamins A, hypocalcemia, folic acid deficiency were 2, 2, 0 before operation, 5, 0, 0 at 3 months after operation and 3, 0, 1 at 6 months after operation. No deficiency of vitamins D, vitamins B12, ferritin or anemia occurred to the 10 patients. Conclusion:Laparoscopic BPD-DS is safe and effective for obesity.

Concordancia entre la tomografía axial computarizada de abdomen, la ultrasonografía endoscópica y la punción por aspiración con aguja fina en el diagnóstico de lesiones sólidas sugestivas de neoplasias malignas de páncreas / Diagnostic concordance of abdominal CT scans, Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Fine Needle Puncture Aspiration for solid pancreatic lesions suggestive of malignant neoplasms

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: la realización de pruebas para el diagnóstico de lesiones sólidas de páncreas conduce frecuentemente a resultados discordantes, lo que genera confusión y retraso en las decisiones terapéuticas. La concordancia entre los resultados de la tomografía axial computarizada de abdomen con contraste (TAC), la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE) biliopancreática y la punción por aspiración con aguja fina guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica (PAAF-USE) no ha sido evaluada en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: se evaluó una serie de pacientes adultos con masas sólidas del páncreas sospechosas de malignidad, atendidos en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) de Bogotá (Colombia), en los cuales se realizaron, por lo menos, dos de las siguientes pruebas: TAC, USE o PAAF-USE. Se evaluó la concordancia de los resultados, definidos como compatibles con neoplasia, no compatibles con neoplasia o resultado no conclusivo. Resultados: se incluyeron 57 pacientes. Un alto porcentaje de estos, con USE compatible con neoplasia, tuvieron resultados discordantes con la TAC (33,3 %) y con la PAAF-USE (52,5 %). La concordancia entre imágenes y PAAF-USE fue mínima (kappa = 0,02; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %, 0,04-0,08). La probabilidad de detectar un compromiso vascular fue significativamente mayor en la USE (42,1 % frente a 23,8 %, p = 0,06) a diferencia del compromiso ganglionar, que fue detectado más frecuentemente por imágenes (TAC/resonancia magnética nuclear [RMN]) (23,8 % frente a 7,1 %, p = 0,01). Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio sugieren un pobre acuerdo entre los diferentes métodos diagnósticos y advierten que es necesario implementar mejoras como la elastografía y medios de contraste, nuevas modalidades de aguja para la toma de muestras o la presencia de un citopatólogo in situ.

Abstract Introduction and objective: Diagnostic tests for solid pancreatic lesions frequently produce discordant results which lead to confusion and delays of therapeutic decisions. Concordance among abdominal computed tomography with contrast, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) pancreatobiliary and EUS guided fine needle aspiration had not previously been evaluated in Colombia. Materials and methods: We evaluated a series of adult patients with solid pancreatic masses suspected of malignancy treated at the San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. At least two of the following tests were performed: CT scans, EUS, and EUS guided fine needle aspiration. Results were defined as compatible with neoplasia, not compatible with neoplasia or inconclusive. Concordance of results was then evaluated. Results: Fifty-seven patients were included. A high percentage EUS results compatible with neoplasia were discordant with CT scan results and with EUS guided fine needle aspiration results (33.3% and 52.5%, respectively). Agreement between imaging and EUS guided fine needle aspiration results was minimal (Kappa 0.02; 95% CI:-0.04 to 0.08). The probability of detecting vascular compromises was significantly higher for EUS (42.1% vs. 23.8%, p: 0.06), but lymph node compromises were detected more frequently by imaging (CT or MRI) (23.8% vs. 7.1%, p: 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest poor agreement between these diagnostic methods implying a need for improvements such as elastography and contrast media, new needle modalities for sampling, and/or the an on-site cytopathologist.

Modificaciones anatómicas de la derivación biliopancreática con cruce duodenal: ¿tienen algún rol futuro en la cirugía bariátrica y metabólica? / Anatomical modifications of the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: do they have a future role in bariatric and metabolic surgery?

La derivación biliopancreática con cruce duodenal (BPD-DS) es el procedimiento bariátrico que ha mostrado los mejores resultados en cuanto a pérdida de peso y resolución de comorbilidades. Sin embargo, su adopción ha sido lenta, principalmente debido a sus complicaciones nutricionales y dificultad técnica. Dado esto, algunos autores han propuesto variaciones de este procedimiento. Estas están basadas en disminuir las anastomosis a solo una, y realizarla con un asa tipo loop (sin derivación biliopancreática). Estos cambios podrían reproducir las ventajas del BPD-DS, y eliminar algunas de sus desventajas. En este artículo, mostramos los resultados de estas variaciones comparadas con el BPD-DS, y cómo sus resultados prometedores pueden tener como consecuencia una nueva aproximación a la población que sufre de obesidad y sus comorbilidades

Biliopancreatic Diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) is the bariatric surgery that has shown the better results regarding long-term weight loss and comorbidities resolution. Nevertheless, BPD-DS' adoption has been slow, mainly due to its nutritional complications, and technical complexity. Given this, some authors have proposed surgical variations of this effective procedure. These new procedures are based on reducing the anastomosis to only one, and doing it just a loop anastomosis (no biliopacreatic diversion). These changes might bring to us the advantages of BPD-DS, and eliminate some of its disadvantages. In this article, we show the results of these variations compared with BPD-DS, and how their promising results could be a new approach for obese population and bariatric surgery.

Bipartição de trânsito intestinal isolada: uma nova estratégia para cirurgia em estágios em superobesos / Isolated intestinal transit bipartition: a new strategy for staged surgery in superobesity

RESUMO Objetivo: o duodenal switch é um procedimento disabsortivo complexo, associado aos melhores resultados de perda de peso e controle metabólico. A cirurgia em etapas, com gastrectomia vertical como primeiro passo, é uma opção para reduzir complicações em pacientes superobesos. No entanto, alguns problemas persistem, como fígados grandes, que dificultam a abordagem cirúrgica, e complicações, como fístulas graves. A bipartição do trânsito intestinal é um modelo modificado e simplificado de desvio biliopancreático que complementa a gastrectomia vertical. É semelhante ao duodenal switch com menores complexidade e consequências nutricionais. Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade e a segurança da bipartição de trânsito isolada como o procedimento inicial para tratar a superobesidade. Métodos: foram incluídos 41 pacientes superobesos, com IMC médio de 54,5±3,5kg/m2. Uma bipartição de trânsito isolada laparoscópica foi realizada como o primeiro procedimento em uma nova abordagem em duas etapas. Perda de peso e complicações foram analisadas durante um ano de acompanhamento. Resultados: todos os procedimentos foram completados por laparoscopia. Após seis meses, a perda média de excesso de peso percentual foi de 28%, permanecendo estável até o final do estudo. Não houve dificuldades intraoperatórias. Metade dos pacientes apresentou diarreia precoce e três tiveram úlceras marginais. Não houve complicações cirúrgicas maiores ou mortes. Conclusão: a bipartição de trânsito isolada laparoscópica é uma nova opção para uma abordagem em estágios na superobesidade, que pode permitir um segundo procedimento mais seguro após a perda de peso ao longo de seis meses. Pode ser útil, particularmente, para pacientes com obesidade grave.

ABSTRACT Objective: biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch is a complex, malabsorptive procedure, associated with improved weight loss and metabolic control. Staged surgery with sleeve gastrectomy as the first stage is an option for reducing complications in superobese patients. However, some problems persist: large livers can hamper the surgical approach and complications such as leaks can be severe. Intestinal transit bipartition is a modified and simplified model of biliopancreatic diversion that complements sleeve gastrectomy. It is similar to the duodenal switch, but with less complexity and fewer nutritional consequences. This study assessed the feasibility and safety of isolated transit bipartition as the initial procedure in a two-step surgery to treat superobesity. Methods: this prospective study included 41 superobese patients, with mean BMI 54.5±3.5kg/m2. We performed a laparoscopic isolated transit bipartition as the first procedure in a new staged approach. We analyzed weight loss and complications during one year of follow-up. Results: we completed all the procedures by laparoscopy. After six months, the mean percent excess weight loss was 28%, remaining stable until the end of the study. There were no intraoperative difficulties. Half of the patients experienced early diarrhea, and three had marginal ulcers. There were no major surgical complications or deaths. Conclusion: isolated laparoscopic transit bipartition is a new option for a staged approach in superobesity, which can provide a safer second procedure after effective weight loss over six months. It may be useful particularly in the management of patients with severe obesity.

The clinical analysis of endoscopic pancreaticobiliary separation in the treatment of occult pancreaticobiliary reflux / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To evaluate endoscopic pancreaticobiliary separation (EPBS) in patients with gallstone and occult pancreaticobiliary reflux (OPBR).Methods The clinical data of 47 cases with gallstone and OPBR from Oct 2013 to Oct 2016 was analyzed retrospectively.Results The mean gallbladder bile amylase (GBA) was (864 ± 575) U/L.40 cases have undergone the treatment of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.26 cases were diagnosed as duodenal papillitis,16 cases as periampullary diverticula,14 cases as long nipple,5 cases as atrophic papilla,3 cases as ampulla stone and 2 cases as papillary tumor.9 were diagnosed as pancreaticobiliary maljunction in the 14 patients with long nipple.33 cases were performed with EPBS.GBA was tested in 16 cases,and the GBA of 15 cases returned to normal level.The difference of GBA was statistically significant [(1 161 ±764) U/L vs.(47 ± 17) U/L,(t =5.641,P ＜ 0.05)].Patients were followed up for 1 to 4 years,among 36 cases without cholecystectomy,there was no recurrence of cholecystolithiasis after EPBS in 27 cases,but 2 cases had recurrent gallstones in 9 cases without EPBS,and the difference of gallstone recurrence rate was statistically significant (x2 =21.340,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Pancreaticobiliary junction diseases is an important cause for gallstone formation and OPBR.EPBS can avoid pancreaticobiliary reflux and reduce the recurrence rate of gallstone after choledochoscopic lithotomy.

Clinical efficacy of laparoscopic stomach intestinal pylorus sparing surgery in the treatment of severe obesity / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic stomach intestinal pylorus sparing surgery (SIPS) in the treatment of severe obesity.@*Methods@#The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 5 patients with severe obesity who were admitted to the China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University from October to November 2018 were collected. There was 1 male and 4 females, aged from 18 to 55 years, with an average age of 33 years. All the 5 patients underwent laparoscopic SIPS. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations; (2) postoperative situations; (3) follow-up. Follow-up was performed by outpatient examination, telephone interview and Wechat up to February 2019, including general condition, changes in body weight, body mass index, waistline, blood pressure, percentage of excess weight loss, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood lipid, and uric acid at 3 months after surgery. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD, and they were tested with Hotelling T2 test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range).@*Results@#(1) Surgical situations: 5 patients underwent successfully laparoscopic SIPS under clear surgical field, without obvious bleeding, conversion to open surgery or perioperative death. The operation time was 240 minutes (range, 165-345 minutes). (2) Postoperative situations: the time to initial out-of-bed activity, time to first and flatus, and time to initial drinking and liquid intake were 2 days (range, 2-3 days), 3 days (range, 2-3 days), and 3 days (range, 3-4 days), respectively. On the third day after surgery, all the 5 patients were confirmed anastomotic patency, without gastric leakage, stenosis, or obstruction by upper gastrointestinal contrast. The abdominal drainage-tube was removed on the fourth day after feeding without obvious discomfort and foreign substances extraction from the drainage-tube. The duration of postoperative hospital stay was 6 days (range, 6-7 days). (3) Follow-up: 5 patients with severe obesity were successfully followed up for 3 months. During the follow-up, one patient had significantly increased frequency of defecation, roughly 5-8 times a day, especially after eating greasy food. According to the dietary guidance of the case manager, diarrhea was improved significantly after reducing the intake of oily food. Of the 5 patients with severe obesity, color doppler ultrasonography examination revealed that cholestasis was found in 2 patients at 3 months after operation, which may be related to significant weight loss, ratio imbalance of bile acid to and cholesterol, intestinal microbiota, injury of vagus nerve, significant increasing in mucin of gallbladder, and without oral ursodeoxycholic acid as prescribed by the doctor. The body weight, body mass index, waistline, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure of 5 patients with severe obesity were (100±15)kg, (36±4)kg/m2, (111±10)cm, (130±12)mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and (78±14)mmHg at 3 months after operation, respectively, showing significant differences compared with these of preoperation (F=61.631, 75.558, 87.045, 9.501, 16.248, P<0.05). The percentage of excess weight loss was 44%±9%. Among the 5 patients with severe obesity, the fasting plasma glucose of 2 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreased from 9.55 mmol/L and 13.49 mmol/L to 5.18 mmol/L and 5.62 mmol/L after operation, respectively. Level of glycated hemoglobin decreased from 10.0% and 9.9% to 5.2% and 6.2% after operation, respectively. In the 2 patients with hyperlipidemia, one patient with hypertriglyceride had level of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein increased from preoperative 2.24 mmol/L, 4.84 mmol/L and 2.92 mmol/L to 2.47 mmol/L, 6.68 mmol/L and 5.51 mmol/L after operation, another patient with hypercholesterol had cholesterol level decreased from preoperative 5.97 mmol/L to postoperative 5.75 mmol/L after operation. In the 3 patients with hyperuricemia, two patients had the uric acid decreased from 404 μmol/L and 484 μmol/L to 319 μmol/L and 417 μmol/L after operation, respectively, one had the uric acid increased from 531 μmol/L to 674 μmol/L after operation.@*Conclusions@#Laparoscopic SIPS has a significant short-term effect on patients with severe obesity, but its long-term safety and efficacy need to be further followed up.

Application value of laparoscopic gastric plication combined with duodeno-jejunal omega switch in modified adjustable gastric banding / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective@#To explore the application value of laparoscopic gastric plication (LGP) combined with duodeno-jejunal omega switch (DJOS) in modified adjustable gastric banding.@*Methods@#The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of a female 46-year-old patient who had failure to undergo the adjustable gastric banding in the Hospital of Ludwig Maximilian University from December 2016 to December 2018 were collected. LGP and DJOS were performed in two-stages after completion of preoperative examinations. Observation indicators: (1) surgical and postoperative situations; (2) follow-up. Follow-up using outpatient examiantion and telephone interview was performed to collect the information of body mass index (BMI), insulin therapy, and long-term complications until December 2018. Count data were represented as absolute numbers.@*Results@#(1) Surgical and postoperative situations: the patient underwent LGP in the first stage and DJOS in the second stage successfully. For the LGP, the operation time, time of intestinal reconstruction, volume of intraoperative blood loss, time to first flatus, time to drainage tube removal, time to resume to normal diet, and duration of postoperative hospital stay were 96 minutes, 58 minutes, 210 mL, 32 hours, 48 hours, 42 days, and 3 days, respectively. For the DJOS, the above indicators were 148 minutes, 117 minutes, 260 mL, 47 hours, 72 hours, 21 days, and 7 days, respectively. There was no complication occurred in either LGP or DJOS. (2) Follow-up: the patient was followed up for 24 months after LGP. The BMI of this patient decreased to 45.3 kg/m2 at 6 months after LGP, and decreased to 37.2 kg/m2 at 18 months after DJOS. Insulin therapy was discontinued. There was no long-term complication such as malnutrition, dumping syndrome, or biliary reflux.@*Conclusion@#LGP combined with DJOS can enrich treatment methods of obese patient with BMI >50 kg/m2, which offers a safer surgical procedure option for patients after gastric binding.

Application value of laparoscopic gastric plication combined with duodeno-jejunal omega switch in modified adjustable gastric banding / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To explore the application value of laparoscopic gastric plication (LGP) combined with duodeno-jejunal omega switch (DJOS) in modified adjustable gastric banding.Methods The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted.The clinical data of a female 46-year-old patient who had failure to undergo the adjustable gastric banding in the Hospital of Ludwig Maximilian University from December 2016 to December 2018 were collected.LGP and DJOS were performed in two-stages after completion of preoperative examinations.Observation indicators:(1) surgical and postoperative situations;(2) follow-up.Follow-up using outpatient examiantion and telephone interview was performed to collect the information of body mass index (BMI),insulin therapy,and long-term complications until December 2018.Count data were represented as absolute numbers.Results (1) Surgical and postoperative situations:the patient underwent LGP in the first stage and DJOS in the second stage successfully.For the LGP,the operation time,time of intestinal reconstruction,volume of intraoperative blood loss,time to first flatus,time to drainage tube removal,time to resume to normal diet,and duration of postoperative hospital stay were 96 minutes,58 minutes,210 mL,32 hours,48 hours,42 days,and 3 days,respectively.For the DJOS,the above indicators were 148 minutes,117 minutes,260 mL,47 hours,72 hours,21 days,and 7 days,respectively.There was no complication occurred in either LGP or DJOS.(2) Follow-up:the patient was followed up for 24 months after LGP.The BMI of this patient decreased to 45.3 kg/m2 at 6 months after LGP,and decreased to 37.2 kg/m2 at 18 months after DJOS.Insulin therapy was discontinued.There was no long-term complication such as malnutrition,dumping syndrome,or biliary reflux.Conclusion LGP combined with DJOS can enrich treatment methods of obese patient with BMI ＞50 kg/m2,which offers a safer surgical procedure option for patients after gastric binding.

Clinical efficacy of laparoscopic stomach intestinal pylorus sparing surgery in the treatment of severe obesity / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic stomach intestinal pylorus sparing surgery (SIPS) in the treatment of severe obesity.Methods The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted.The clinical data of 5 patients with severe obesity who were admitted to the China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University from October to November 2018 were collected.There was 1 male and 4 females,aged from 18 to 55 years,with an average age of 33 years.All the 5 patients underwent laparoscopic SIPS.Observation indicators:(1) surgical situations;(2) postoperative situations;(3) follow-up.Follow-up was performed by outpatient examination,telephone interview and Wechat up to February 2019,including general condition,changes in body weight,body mass index,waistline,blood pressure,percentage of excess weight loss,fasting plasma glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,blood lipid,and uric acid at 3 months after surgery.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD,and they were tested with Hotelling T2 test.Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range).Results (1) Surgical situations:5 patients underwent successfully laparoscopic SIPS under clear surgical field,without obvious bleeding,conversion to open surgery or perioperative death.The operation time was 240 minutes (range,165-345 minutes).(2) Postoperative situations:the time to initial out-of-bed activity,time to first and flatus,and time to initial drinking and liquid intake were 2 days (range,2-3 days),3 days (range,2-3 days),and 3 days (range,3-4 days),respectively.On the third day after surgery,all the 5 patients were confirmed anastomotic patency,without gastric leakage,stenosis,or obstruction by upper gastrointestinal contrast.The abdominal drainage-tube was removed on the fourth day after feeding without obvious discomfort and foreign substances extraction from the drainage-tube.The duration of postoperative hospital stay was 6 days (range,6-7 days).(3) Follow-up:5 patients with severe obesity were successfully followed up for 3 months.During the follow-up,one patient had significantly increased frequency of defecation,roughly 5-8 times a day,especially after eating greasy food.According to the dietary guidance of the case manager,diarrhea was improved significantly after reducing the intake of oily food.Of the 5 patients with severe obesity,color doppler ultrasonography examination revealed that cholestasis was found in 2 patients at 3 months after operation,which may be related to significant weight loss,ratio imbalance of bile acid to and cholesterol,intestinal microbiota,injury of vagus nerve,significant increasing in mucin of gallbladder,and without oral ursodeoxycholic acid as prescribed by the doctor.The body weight,body mass index,waistline,systolic blood pressure,and diastolic blood pressure of 5 patients with severe obesity were (100± 15)kg,(36±4)kg/m2,(111±10)cm,(130±12)mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),and (78±14)mmHg at 3 months after operation,respectively,showing significant differences compared with these of preoperation (F=61.631,75.558,87.045,9.501,16.248,P＜0.05).The percentage of excess weight loss was 44％±9％.Among the 5 patients with severe obesity,the fasting plasma glucose of 2 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreased from 9.55 mmol/L and 13.49 mmol/L to 5.18 mmol/L and 5.62 mmol/L after operation,respectively.Level of glycated hemoglobin decreased from 10.0％ and 9.9％ to 5.2％ and 6.2％ after operation,respectively.In the 2 patients with hyperlipidemia,one patient with hypertriglyceride had level of triglyceride,total cholesterol,and low density lipoprotein increased from preoperative 2.24 minol/L,4.84 mmol/L and 2.92 mmol/L to 2.47 mmol/L,6.68 mmol/L and 5.51 mmol/L after operation,another patient with hypercholesterol had cholesterol level decreased from preoperative 5.97 mmol/L to postoperative 5.75 mmol/L after operation.In the 3 patients with hyperuricemia,two patients had the uric acid decreased from 404 μmol/L and 484 μmol/L to 319 μmol/L and 417 pmol/L after operation,respectively,one had the uric acid increased from 531 pmol/L to 674 μmol/L after operation.Conclusions Laparoscopic SIPS has a significant short-term effect on patients with severe obesity,but its long-term safety and efficacy need to be further followed up.

Effect of biliopancreatic diversion on sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective: The poor quality of sleep and the deprivation thereof have been associated with disruption of metabolic homeostasis, favoring the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We aimed to evaluate the influence of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) surgery on sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness of obese patients with T2DM, comparing them with two control groups consisting of obese and normal weight individuals, both normal glucose tolerant. Subjects and methods: Forty-two women were divided into three groups: LeanControl (n = 11), ObeseControl (n = 13), and ObeseT2DM (n = 18). The LeanC and ObeseC groups underwent all tests and evaluations once. The ObeseT2DM underwent BPD and were reassessed after 12 months. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were applied before and 12 months after BPD. Results: Before surgery, there was less daytime sleepiness in LeanC group (p = 0.013) compared with ObeseC and T2DMObese groups. The two obese groups did not differ regarding daytime sleepiness, demonstrating that the presence of T2DM had no influence on daytime sleepiness. After surgery, the daytime sleepiness (p = 0.002) and the sleep quality (p = 0.033) improved. The score for daytime sleepiness of operated T2DMObese group became similar to LeanC and lower than ObeseC (p = 0.047). Conclusion: BPD surgery has positively influenced daytime sleepiness and sleep quality of obese patients with T2DM, leading to normalization of daytime sleepiness 12 months after surgery. These results reinforce previously identified associations between sleep, obesity and T2DM in view of the importance of sleep in metabolic homeostasis, quality of life and health.

Twelve years of experience using cholecystojejunal by-pass for palliative treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer / Derivação colecistojejunal para o tratamento paliativo do câncer de pâncreas avançado

ABSTRACT Background: The cholecistojejunal bypass is an important resource to treat obstructive jaundice due to advanced pancreatic cancer. Aim: To assess the early morbidity and mortality of patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent cholecystojejunal derivation, and to assess the success of this procedure in relieving jaundice. Method: This retrospective study examined the medical records of patients who underwent surgery. They were categorized into early death and non-early death groups according to case outcome. Results: 51.8% of the patients were male and 48.2% were female. The mean age was 62.3 years. Early mortality was 14.5%, and 10.9% of them experienced surgical complications. The cholecystojejunostomy procedure was effective in 97% of cases. There was a tendency of increased survival in women and patients with preoperative serum total bilirubin levels below 15 mg/dl. Conclusion: Cholecystojejunal derivation is a good therapeutic option for relieving jaundice in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality.

RESUMO Racional: A derivação colecistojejunal é um importante recurso para o tratamento de pacientes com icterícia obstrutiva secundária ao câncer de pâncreas avançado. Objetivo: Avaliar a morbimortalidade precoce dos doentes com câncer de pâncreas submetidos à derivação colecistojejunal, assim como avaliar o alivio da icterícia. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuários de pacientes que foram operados. Eles foram categorizados de acordo com a resolução dos casos em: morte precoce e sem morte precoce. Resultados: 51,8% dos pacientes eram homens e 48,2% mulheres. A média etária foi de 62,3 anos. A mortalidade precoce foi de 14,5%. 10,9% evoluíram com complicações cirúrgicas. A colecistojejunostomia foi efetiva em 97% dos casos. Houve tendência à maior sobrevida em mulheres e pacientes com níveis séricos de bilirrubina total pré-operatório menor do que 15mg/dl. Conclusão: A derivação colecistojejunal constitui boa opção terapêutica para alívio da icterícia em pacientes com câncer de pâncreas avançado, apresentando morbimortalidade aceitável.

Cáncer de páncreas: epidemiología de su mal pronóstico / Pancreatic cancer: epidemiology of a bad prognosis

Introducción: el cáncer de páncreas se caracteriza por su agresividad biológica, mal pronóstico oncológico y diagnóstico tardío. La mayoría con baja tasa de resecabilidad (10% a 20%), por la presencia de factores de irresecabilidad al momento del diagnóstico. Objetivo: descripción epidemiológica de las características del cáncer de páncreas irresecable, los tratamientos paliativos realizados, la sobrevida global y en relación con los procedimientos realizados. Material y método: estudio descriptivo, multivariable, retrospectivo de los cánceres de páncreas irresecables, de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2015, en la Clínica Quirúrgica 3 del Hospital Maciel. Resultados: de los 30 pacientes irresecables: igual distribución por sexo; edad promedio: 61 años, cefálicos en 67% de los casos. El 53% adelgazados al momento de la primera consulta; 52% presentaban compromiso ganglionar locorregional, y 50% presentaba metástasis hepáticas o ascitis. A 52% de los pacientes se les realizó algún tipo de derivación biliar; quirúrgica en 53% (63% coledocoduodenostomías) y el resto percutánea o endoscópica. El 31% de los pacientes, por lo avanzado de la enfermedad, no recibió tratamiento quirúrgico ni endoscópico. La sobrevida media del tratamiento paliativo quirúrgico o endoscópico fue de 3,7 meses. Conclusiones: al momento del diagnóstico, la mitad de los casos tenían metástasis y repercusión nutricional severa, con indicadores locorregionales de irresecabilidad o incurabilidad. Un tercio de los casos no recibió tratamiento oncológico por lo avanzado de la enfermedad. La sobrevida global fue escasa. Esto permite sugerir que son imprescindibles medidas sanitarias para su diagnóstico precoz e incremento de la tasa de resecabilidad.

Introduction: pancreatic cancer is a particularly aggressive cancer witha poor prognosis and it is typically diagnosed at a late stage. Most cases have a lower rate of resectability (10 to 20%) as a result of certain unresectable factors at the time of diagnosis. Objective: the study aims to provide an epidemiological description of the characteristics of unresectable pancreatic cancer, palliative treatment, global survival and procedures applied. Method: descriptive, multivariable, retrospective study of cases of unresectablecáncer from January 2010 to December 2015, at the 3rdSurgical Unit of Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay. Results: considering the 30 unresectable patients: same sex distribution. Average age was 61 years old, cephalic in 67% of cases. 53 of patients had lost weight at the time of consultation, 52% of them evidencedlocoregionallymph node involvement and 50% liver metastases and/or ascites. In 52% of cases some kind of biliary bypass was performed, surgical in 53% (63% pancreaticoduodenectomy), while the rest underwent percutaneous or endoscopic surgery. 31% of patients did not receive surgical or endoscopic treatment given the advanced stage of the condition. Averagesurvival of surgicalorendoscopictreatmentwas 3.7 months. Conclusions: at the time of diagnosis, 50% of the cases of pancreatic cancer presented metastases and severe nutritional compromise, evidencing locoregional indicators of unresectability or incurability. One third of the cases did not receive oncological treatment given the advanced stage of the disease. Global survival was low. All of these findings suggest it is essential to devise health policies for an early diagnosis and to increase resectability rates.

Introdução: o câncer de pâncreas se caracteriza por sua agressividade biológica, mal prognóstico oncológico e diagnóstico tardio. A maioria tem baja taxa de ressecabilidade (10 a 20 %), devido a presença de fatores específicos que o impedem no momento do diagnóstico. Objetivo: descrição epidemiológica das características do câncer de pâncreas irresecable, os tratamentos paliativos realizados, a sobrevida global e em relação aos procedimentos realizados. Material e método: estudo descritivo, multivariável, retrospectivo dos cânceres de pâncreas irresecables, atendidos no período janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2015, na Clínica Quirúrgica "3" do Hospital Maciel em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Resultados: os 30 pacientes com câncer de pâncreas irressecáveis apresentavam uma distribuição igual por sexo, idade media: 61 anos, cefálicos em 67% dos casos. 53% dos pacientes haviam emagrecido no momento da primeira consulta; 52% apresentavam compromisso ganglionar locorregional e 50% metástases hepáticas e/ou ascite. 52% dos pacientes foram submetidos a algum tipo de derivação biliar; cirúrgica em 53% (63% coledocoduodenostomias) e nos demais percutânea ou endoscópica. 31% dos pacientes não recebeu tratamento cirúrgico nem endoscópico devido ao estado avançado da doença. A sobrevida media do tratamento paliativo cirúrgico ou endoscópico foi de 3,7 meses. Conclusões: no momento do diagnóstico do câncer de pâncreas a metade dos pacientes apresentavam metástases e repercussão nutricional severa, com indicadores locorregionais de irressecabilidade ou incurabilidade. Um terço dos casos não recebeu tratamento oncológico devido ao estado avançado da doença. A sobrevida global foi curta. Isto nos permite sugerir que são imprescindíveis medidas sanitárias para seu diagnóstico precoce e aumento da taxa de ressecabilidade.

Liver failure following biliopancreatic diversions: a narrative review / Falência hepática após derivações biliopancreáticas: uma revisão narrativa

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Occurrences of liver failure following jejunoileal bypass were extensively reported in the past and were one of the main factors that led to abandonment of this procedure. The newer predominantly malabsorptive procedures called biliopancreatic diversions (BPDs) have also been implicated in several cases of acute and subacute liver failure. The aim here was to review the current available evidence on occurrences of liver failure following BPDs. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review; bariatric surgery service of a public university hospital. METHODS: A review of the literature was conducted through an online search of medical databases. RESULTS: Associations between BPDs and liver failure have only infrequently been reported in the literature. However, they appear to be more than merely anecdotal. The pathophysiological mechanisms remain obscure, but they seem to be related to rapid weight loss, protein malnutrition, deficits of hepatotrophic factors, high circulating levels of free fatty acids and bacterial overgrowth in the bypassed bowel segments. Reversal of the BPD may ameliorate the liver impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Although infrequent, liver failure remains a concern following BPDs. Careful follow-up is required in individuals who undergo any BPD.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A ocorrência de falência hepática após a derivação jejunoileal foi extensivamente descrita no passado e foi um dos principais fatores que levaram ao abandono do procedimento. Os procedimentos predominantemente malabsortivos mais modernos, chamados de derivações biliopancreáticas, também já foram implicados em diversos casos de falência hepática aguda e subaguda. O objetivo foi revisar a atual evidência disponível sobre a ocorrência de insuficiência hepática após derivações biliopancreáticas. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Revisão narrativa; Serviço de Cirurgia Bariátrica de hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura conduzida por meio de pesquisa online de bancos de dados médicos. RESULTADOS: A associação entre derivações biliopancreáticas e falência hepática na literatura é infrequente. Entretanto, ela aparenta ser mais do que meramente anedótica. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos continuam pouco compreendidos, mas parecem estar relacionados à rápida perda de peso, desnutrição proteica e déficit de fatores hepatotróficos, altos níveis circulantes de ácidos graxos livres e supercrescimento bacteriano em segmentos intestinais excluídos do trânsito. A reversão da cirurgia pode melhorar o comprometimento hepático. CONCLUSÕES: Embora infrequente, a falência hepática continua sendo preocupante após as derivações biliopancreáticas. Seguimento cuidadoso é mandatório em indivíduos submetidos a essas cirurgias.