La Autosuficiencia Inducida Mediante la Manipulación de Dinero Disminuye la Intención y el Comportamiento Deshonesto / Self-Sufficiency Induced by Money Primes Decreases Dishonest Intention and Behavior

Resumen Existe controversia sobre el efecto preconsciente del priming con dinero sobre el comportamiento (Rohrer, Pasher & Harris, 2015). Supuestamente, los evocadores de riqueza mediante técnicas de priming provocan que la gente entre en un estado de autosuficiencia (Vos, Mead & Goode, 2006) en el que optan por comportamientos individualistas y se sienten más capaces. Dicho estado ha sido asociado con un aumento en la intención y conducta deshonesta (Kouchaki, Smith-Crowe, Brief & Sousa, 2013). Para confirmar la robustez de los efectos anteriores se desarrollaron dos experimentos de tres grupos experimentales y un experimento factorial de 3x2 en los que se puso a prueba si la manipulación de dinero afectaba la intención deshonesta, y la conducta deshonesta en una prueba concreta así como en una tarea abstracta. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los puntajes de intención deshonesta (F (2,57)= 0.163, p=.850; η2p=0.06), ni entre los puntajes de deshonestidad concreta (F (2,114)= 0.582, p=0.560; η2p=0.010) ni en los de deshonestidad abstracta (χ2(2)=2.360, p=0.307). Contrariamente a lo esperado, los grupos estimulados con dinero fueron los que reportaron menor intención y conducta deshonesta. Ello podría indicar que el dinero actuó más como un evocador de honestidad o responsabilidad, más que de deshonestidad.

Abstract Effects of money-related primes over behavior seem inconclusive amongst researchers (Rohrer, Pasher & Harris, 2015). According to Vohs, Mead and Goode (2006) money primes induce people into a state of self-sufficiency, in which they prefer actions selected by themselves and feel more capable. Such state has been positively associated to dishonest intention and behavior (Kouchaki, Smith-Crowe, Brief & Sousa, 2013). To confirm the robustness of these effects, we designed two three-group experiments, and a 3x2 factorial experiment, testing if handling money affected dishonest intention, and dishonest behavior on a concrete task as well as on an abstract task. There were no statistically significant differences between dishonest intention scores (F (2,57)= 0.163, p=0.850; η2p=0.06), concrete-task dishonesty scores (F (2,114)= 0.582, p=0.560; η2p=0.010) or abstract-task dishonesty scores (χ2(2)=2.360, p=0.307). Contrary to what was expected, money-primed groups reported a lower dishonest intention and behavior. This could mean that money acted more as a reminder of honesty or responsibility than a reminder of dishonesty.

Investigation on medical students' integrity in examinations and influencing factors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To understand the status quo of medical students' integrity in examinations and to explore the influencing factors. Methods 2013-2015 undergraduate students from Clinical Medi-cine, Preventive Medicine and other professional subjects were included in Shanxi Medical University. A total of 221 questionnaires were issued for each grade by stratified random sampling. The database was built with EpiData 3.1. All statical analyses were performed with SPSS software (version 22.0) by means of chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Results Among the 600 medical students, 16.5% of the students had cheating. A statistically significant difference was observed in the cheating rate among the medical stu-dents in terms of gender, grade, academic performance, medical knowledge, memory, family factors, and invigilators' attitude (P<0.05). Litter pressure from the family, the teacher's proctoring is rigorous invigilation, and top scores were the protective factors for medical students' cheating in exams. Conclusion Through the analysis of the influencing factors for the medical students' integrity in examinations, corresponding measures are formulated to provide reference for relevant medical personnel in various medical colleges and universities.

Safeguarding the Integrity of Science Communication by Restraining 'Rational Cheating' in Peer Review

Peer review is the pillar of the integrity of science communication. It is often beset with flaws as well as accusations of unreliability and lack of predictive validity. 'Rational cheating' by reviewers is a threat to the validity of peer review. It may diminish the value of good papers by unfavourable appraisals of the reviewers whose own works have lower scientific merits. This article analyzes the mechanics and defects of peer review and focuses on rational cheating in peer review, its implications, and options to restrain it.

Academic cheating and gender differences in Barcelona (Spain) / Conducta deshonesta en el aula y diferencias de género en Barcelona (España)

El presente estudio expone las características de la conducta deshonesta en el aula, describe sus causas y examina las nefastas consecuencias que tiene para el aprendizaje. Con el fin de analizar el estado de la cuestión en nuestro país, se ha hecho una entrevista psicoeducativa y se ha aplicado un cuestionario a un total de 306 alumnos de último curso de bachillerato, último curso de universidad y último curso de Psicología en Barcelona (España). Se ha comprobado que, igual cómo ocurre en otros países, más de la mitad de los estudiantes reconocen tener el hábito de copiar, y también que los chicos copian más que las chicas. Para finalizar, el trabajo expone estrategias operativas para controlar la conducta deshonesta en el aula, que incluyen: incorporar contenidos relacionados con la ética en el currículum, enseñar técnicas de análisis y resumen para evitar que los alumnos se vean obligados a copiar, y ser muy estrictos con las fechas límite y la aplicación de las normas en las instituciones educativas.

The aim of this paper is to present the issue of academic cheating, describe its causes, and examine the obstacles this behaviour creates for learning. The research was carried out with 306 students from Barcelona (Spain) which were administered both with a psycho educational interview and a questionnaire. Results are similar to those from other countries and show that more than half of the students are in the habit of frequently cheating, and that boys cheat significantly more often than girls. To finish, the text suggests teaching strategies to control academic cheating in educational institutions, such as: Being aware of the problem and taking the decision to tackle it, including ethics tuition in the curricular content, teaching summarising and rephrasing techniques, frequently revising students’ writings, and last but not least, being very strict with deadlines and not accepting unwarranted excuses repeatedly made by students for not observing them.

Evaluation of student’s perception and behavior towards plagiarism in Pakistani universities / Evaluación de la percepción y el comportamiento de estudiantes hacia el plagio en las universidades paquistaníes / Avaliação da percepção e do comportamento de estudantes para o plágio nas universidades paquistanesas

Background: The prevalence of academic delinquency in universities, predominantly in the form of plagiarism and cheating, is extensively conceded. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate student’s perception and behavior towards plagiarism in Pakistani universities. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 6 academic disciplines in 35 universities in Pakistan during 21.02.2011-21.04.2011. Expert interviewers and learned educationists carried out the interviews with the help of a structured questionnaire to evaluate student’s knowledge about plagiarism such as (i) student’s knowledge about HEC policy, (ii) student’s attitude towards plagiarism, (iii) student’s satisfaction towards plagiarism and cheating, and (iv) their views for penalties (What should be the penalties for 1st and 2nd occurrence of plagiarism?) and recorded the responses. Results: This survey was accomplished by 25742 students. The response rate for awareness about HEC policy about plagiarism showed that significantly (p<0.05) low percentage (94 percent of students was unaware of this policy. The attitudes of significantly (p<0.05) high percentage of students towards plagiarism behavior were unacceptable. Significantly (p<0.05) high response rate towards attitudes regarding punishment for plagiarism was warning and report to HOD for first and second occurrence of this cheating, respectively. Conclusions: An extensive lack was found in the understanding of students towards plagiarism across all the universities. It is necessary to achieve balance between factors affecting plagiarism such avoidance, finding and sentence in case of detection.

Antecedentes: La prevalencia de conductas éticas reprobables en las universidades, principalmente en la forma de plagio y engaño, es extensamente reconocida. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción y el comportamiento de los estudiantes hacia el plagio en las universidades paquistaníes. Métodos: Este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo en seis disciplinas académicas en 35 universidades en Pakistán durante 21.02.2011-21.04.2011. Entrevistadores expertos y educadores eruditos llevaron a cabo las entrevistas con la ayuda de un cuestionario estructurado, para evaluar los conocimientos de los estudiantes sobre el plagio: en aspectos como (i) el conocimiento de los estudiantes acerca de la política HEC, (ii) la actitud del estudiante: hacia el plagio, (iii) la satisfacción del estudiante: hacia el plagio y el engaño , y (iv) Sus puntos de vista en materia de sanciones (Qué sanciones debería otorgarse para la primera y segunda ocurrencia de plagio?) se grabaron las respuestas. Resultados: Esta encuesta fue realizado por 25.742 estudiantes. La tasa de respuesta para la conciencia acerca de las políticas HEC sobre el plagio mostraron significativamente (p <0,05) bajo porcentaje (94 por ciento). Los estudiantes no estaban al tanto de esta política. La actitud de rechazo al comportamiento de plagio muestra significativamente (p <0,05) un alto porcentaje. Los estudiantes consideraron que el plagio eran una conducta inaceptable. Significativamente (p <0,05) de alto índice fue la respuesta respecto a qué castigo se debería otorgar por plagio, la respuesta fue: advertencia e informar a HOD para la primera y segunda aparición de este engaño, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se encontró una extensa falta de comprensión de los estudiantes hacia el plagio en todas las universidades. Es necesario para alcanzar el equilibrio entre los factores que influencian el plagio, lograr detectar la evasión, buscando y sentenciando los casos encontrados.

Antecedentes: A prevalência de condutas éticas reprováveis nas universidades, principalmente sob a forma de plágio e mentira, é extensamente reconhecida. Objetivos: Avaliar a percepção e o comportamento dos estudantes para o plágio nas universidades paquistanesas. Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi levado a cabo em seis disciplinas acadêmicas em 35 universidades no Paquistão de 21-02-2011 até 21-04-2011. Entrevistadores especialistas e educadores eruditos realizaram as entrevistas com a ajuda de um questionário estruturado, para avaliar os conhecimentos dos estudantes sobre o plágio: em aspectos como (i) o conhecimento dos estudantes acerca da política HEC, (ii) a atitude do estudante com relação ao plágio, (iii) a satisfação do estudante para com o plágio e a mentira, e (iv) seus pontos de vista em matéria de sanções (que sanções deveriam ser aplicadas para a primeira e segunda ocorrência de plágio?). Foram gravadas as respostas. Resultados: Esta enquete foi respondida por 25.742 estudantes. A taxa de resposta para a consciência acerca das políticas HEC sobre o plágio mostraram significativa (p<0,05) baixa porcentagem (94 por cento). Os estudantes não estavam a par desta política. A atitude de recusa ao comportamento do plágio mostra significativamente (p<0,05) uma alta porcentagem. Os estudantes consideraram que o plágio era uma conduta inaceitável. Significativamente (p<0,05) de alto índice foi a resposta a respeito do castigo que deveria ser dado ao plágio; a resposta foi: advertência e informar a HOD para o primeiro e segundo aparecimento deste engano, respectivamente. Conclusões: Foi encontrada uma extensa falta de compreensão dos estudantes em relação ao plágio em todas as universidades. É necessário, para alcançar o equilibrio entre os fatores que influenciam o plágio lograr detectar a evasão, buscando e sentenciando os casos encontrados.

Juízo moral e trapaça em uma perpectiva psicogenética / Moral trial and cheating in a psychogenetic perspective

Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar, em uma perspectiva psicogenética, a trapaça no que diz respeito ao juízo moral de crianças em uma situação de jogos de regras, com base na teoria piagetiana. Participaram desta, 40 crianças de duas escolas particulares do município de Linhares - ES, com idades de 5 e 10 anos, distribuídas igualmente de acordo com a idade e o sexo. Realizamos esta pesquisa utilizando os seguintes instrumentos: uma história e um roteiro de entrevista envolvendo a trapaça no Jogo da Velha. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma fase, na qual procurávamos conhecer o juízo moral da criança a respeito da trapaça. Os resultados nos permitiram observar que a totalidade dos participantes, ao ser solicitado que expressassem um juízo a respeito da atitude narrada, disse que a atitude de trapacear estava errada, sendo que o maior número de justificativas mencionadas entre as crianças de 5 anos foi baseada em 'argumentos circulares'. Em contrapartida, a categoria citada mais vezes pelos participantes de 10 anos foi 'desobedeceu à regra do jogo'. Por meio destes resultados, foi possível notar que as crianças de ambas as idades pesquisadas julgavam a trapaça como algo errado. Além disso, associaram as suas concepções a vários aspectos morais já conhecidos, como o roubo e a mentira. © Cien. Cogn. 2011; Vol. 16 (3): 167-185.

Abstract This study aims to investigate, in a psychogenic perspective, cheating regarding children's moral judgment in a situation of games with rules, based on Piaget's theory. 40 children from two private schools in Linhares town - ES participated, with ages between 5 and 10 years, equally distributed according to age and sex. This research was conducted using the following instruments: a story and a structured interview involving cheating on Tic Tac Toe. The survey was conducted in a phase in which it was sought to know the child's moral judgments regarding the cheating. The results allowed to observe that when being asked to establish an opinion on the attitude reported, all of the participants said that the act of cheating was wrong, with the largest number of justifications mentioned among children 5 years was 'circular argument'. However, the category most often cited by participants of 10 years was 'disobeyed the rules of the game'. Through these results, it was noticeable that the children from both ages that were surveyed think of cheating as something wrong. Besides, they associate their views through various moral aspects, which are already known, such as stealing and lying. © Cien. Cogn. 2011; Vol. 16 (3): 167-185.

On Cheating in College Entrance Examination in the Perspective of multi-subjects / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Although under the aegis of severe supervision and punishment by the central administrators and the subordinates, cheating in college entrance examination is still a common phenomenon.Why?Economists attribute it to the game between risks and profits.Sociologists have different idea that cheating results from the prevailing disordered values.Educationists consider it to be the consequence of present education alienation.The purpose of adapting aspects of multi-subjects to analyze the problem is to probe into the truth of cheating and find out some more practical measures to prevent cheating.

Analysis of and reflection on cheating on exams of medical students / 重庆医科大学学报

This paper reviews such cases happening during 1993 to 1997 in our University and analyzes systematically the types, features, causes, preventive measures and handling rules of cheating. It is hoped that the insights provided by this paper will improve education quality and promote teaching innovation.