Atención de parto respetado en Venezuela: fundamentos legales / Respected Childbirth Care in Venezuela: Legal Foundations

El parto humanizado es un modelo de atención que considera el respeto a las opiniones y necesidades de las mujeres y sus familias, e incluye la atención durante el embarazo, parto, puerperio y, por supuesto, la atención del recién nacido. En Venezuela, existe legislación suficiente que respalda la atención del parto humanizado o respetado, sin embargo, la misma no es conocida por gran parte del personal de salud involucrado en la atención obstétrica. Es necesario que tal legislación se conozca ampliamente y se aplique. La presente revisión se realizó con la intención de revisar los fundamentos legales que respaldan la atención del parto respetado(AU)

Humanized childbirth is a model of care that considers respect for the opinions and needs of women and their families, and includes care during pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium and, of course, newborn care. In Venezuela, there is sufficient legislation that supports humanized or respected childbirth care, however, it is not known by a large part of the health personnel involved in obstetric care. Such legislation needs to be widely known and implemented. This review was conducted with the intention of reviewing the legal foundations that support respected childbirth care(AU)

Childbirth experience of mothers attending selected secondary hospital

Background: Childbirth experience is an important event in every woman抯 life but there is lack of current research in this area in Bangladesh. For improving quality of care for pregnant women during childbirth, clinical care modalities should be designed to improve the experience of care by the mothers. The aim of the study was to assess the childbirth experience in regards to respectful maternity care, effective communication, companionship during childbirth and continuity of care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January to December 2020 among 98 mothers during facility-based childbirth in one model district hospital and one existing district hospital situated in northern part of the country. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 23.2 years (+SD 5.0). Majority completed secondary education (53.1%), and their average monthly family income was 12081.63 taka (+SD 5469.08). Childbirth experience was not associated with socio-demographic status and educational background (P>0.05). This study presents data on physical abuse prevalence and consent refusal rates among respondents, stratified by age groups, educational levels, and monthly family income. Despite variations observed across demographics, statistical analysis, including chi-square tests with continuity correction, revealed no significant differences (P<0.05) in these outcomes based on demographic factors. Conclusions: More than half of the mothers experienced non consented care and around one fourth of mothers being physically abused during childbirth.

A comparative study on child birth experience of mothers at tertiary care hospital

Background: Women's childbirth experience can profoundly impact their overall well-being and health. Evaluating maternal satisfaction with childbirth services is essential for assessing the quality of healthcare. Childbirth satisfaction is multifaceted, influenced by antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum factors. Midwives play a pivotal role in guiding women's birthing choices. Aim was to assess the impact of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum interventions on maternal satisfaction in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with 126 women divided into two groups: Group A (Booked) and Group B (Unbooked). Group A received comprehensive care, including antenatal exercises, breastfeeding counselling, education on alternative birthing positions, and non-pharmacological pain management during labor, leading to deliveries in alternative positions. Group B received standard antenatal care, delivered in the conventional lithotomy position, and used pharmacological pain management.Results: Midwife-led counselling during antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum phases positively influenced childbirth experiences. Group A showed lower postpartum pain scores, quicker initiation of breastfeeding, reduced episiotomy needs, shorter second-stage labour, and higher antepartum satisfaction compared to Group B.Conclusions: Among healthy pregnant women, midwife-led care, including antenatal counselling, alternative birthing positions, exercises, and non-pharmacological pain management, correlated with shorter labor duration, decreased pain levels, higher satisfaction, reduced episiotomy rates, earlier breastfeeding initiation, and better APGAR scores. This underscores the positive impact of midwives in delivering patient-centered care and enhancing overall care quality.

What are the benefits of antenatal education as a maternal health promotion tool? A systematic review with meta-analysis

Introduction: Antenatal education is a low-cost intervention designed to increase the knowledge of pregnant women on pregnancy and childbirth and reduce fear related to labor pain. However, the impact of antenatal education programs on maternal outcomes is unclear. Objective: To investigate whether structured antenatal education programs affect maternal health outcomes. Methods: Electronic databases were searched from inception to November 2019, and randomized controlled trials investigating antenatal educational programs for low-risk pregnant women were included. Results: A total of 348 studies were identified; nine were included in this review. One study assessed the number of antenatal visits, while three showed that antenatal education programs significantly improved childbirth self-efficacy (outcome expectancy16.00 [95% CI 9.86-22.15] and efficacy expectancy 20.44 [95% CI=13.62-27.25]). Self-diagnosis on labor was investigated in two studies, and five demonstrated that antenatal education increased the frequency of vaginal delivery (odds ratio 1.28 [95% CI 1.01-1.63]) but not episiotomy (as observed in three studies). Conclusion: Structured antenatal education programs may increase childbirth selfefficacy and the frequency of vaginal delivery

Partos y cesáreas en edad de riesgo en hospitales del Maule desde 2017 a 2021 / Births and cesarean sections at risk age in Maule hospitals from 2017 to 2021

Pregnancy, despite being a physiological process, can lead to morbidity and mortality, which is increased at risk ages, defined as younger or equal to15 years and older or equal to 35 years. For an adequate approach it is necessary to know the local reality of the population, therefore, the objective of this study is to describe and analyze the discharges of births and cesarean sections at risk age in the Maule Region from 2017 to 2021 using the database collected from the Biostatistics Unit of the Maule Health Service, which includes the hospitals of the region. Within the observed period, a total of 30,599 deliveries and cesarean sections were studied, being these a total of 5,581 at risk age, of which 0.65% corresponds to women younger or equal to 15 years and 17.57% to women older or equal to 35 years. There is a downward tendency in births in general, mostly evidenced in less or equal to 15 years, and on the contrary, a rise in births and cesarean sections of more or equal to 35 years, differing with the statistics at the country level. The tendency of increasing maternal age of pregnancies in the Maule region and its consequences are a fundamental factor when planning new public policies, so we consider it of vital importance to promote research and update the evidence, with a focus on the local population.

El embarazo a pesar de ser un proceso fisiológico puede conllevar morbimortalidad, la cual se acrecienta en edades de riesgo, definida como menor o igual a 15 años y mayor o igual a 35 años. Para el adecuado enfrentamiento se necesita conocer la realidad local, por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es describir y analizar los egresos de partos y cesáreas en edad de riesgo en la Región del Maule desde el año 2017 a 2021 utilizando la base de datos recogida desde la Unidad de Bioestadística del Servicio de Salud Maule, la cual incluye los hospitales de la región. Dentro del periodo observado se estudió un total de 30.599 partos y cesáreas, siendo estos un total de 5.581 en edad de riesgo, de los cuales 0.65% corresponde a mujeres menores o igual a 15 años y 17.57% a mujeres mayores o igual a 35 años. Existe una tendencia a la baja de los nacimientos en general, mayormente evidenciado en menores o igual a 15 años, y por el contrario, un alza en los partos y cesáreas de mayores o igual a 35 años, difiriendo con las estadísticas a nivel país. El aumento de la edad materna de los embarazos en la región del Maule y sus consecuencias son un factor fundamental a la hora de planificar nuevas políticas públicas, por lo que consideramos de vital importancia promover la realización de investigaciones y actualización de la evidencia sobre el tema, con un enfoque en la población local.

Tokophobia: a fear of childbirth and pregnancy - an overview

Tokophobia is a mental disorder that affects women of all ages and varies from a mild to severe dread of delivery. Knauer first reported in the literature in 1897 that between 20% to 78% of pregnant women experience dread connected to pregnancy and delivery. The International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynaecology published a study that found that the prevalence of tokophobia was 30.7% on Levin's scale and 55.3% on Areskog's score. Tokophobia is a multifaceted fear of labor that can be further classified into primary tokophobia and secondary tokophobia. People who have tokophobia may have extreme anxiety that manifests as nightmares, insomnia, panic attacks, and avoidance of situations involving pregnancy or childbirth. The most prevalent type of tokophobia is called secondary tokophobia, and it usually affects women who have already given birth and have experienced a traumatic delivery previously. A 20-item questionnaire called the fear of childbirth questionnaire (FCQ) is used to scale people's fear of giving birth. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is mostly used as a non-pharmacological treatment.

Partos verticalizados e ocorrência de lacerações perineais em casa de parto do Distrito Federal / Vertical births and occurrence of perineal lacerations in a birth center in the Federal District

Comparar as distintas posições verticalizadas adotadas por parturientes durante o trabalho de parto, associando à ocorrência de possíveis lacerações perineais e seus respectivos graus. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional, descritivo, transversal, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa. O estudo foi realizado na Casa de Parto de São Sebastião, localizada no Distrito Federal, a qual contou com uma amostra aleatória de 499 mulheres, que tiveram seus partos no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: O estudo apontou que 354 mulheres adotaram posições verticalizadas durante o período expulsivo e 249 obtiveram algum grau de laceração; já 145 adotaram posições não verticalizadas e 74 tiveram algum grau de laceração. Entre as posições verticalizadas, a mais adotada foi com o uso da banqueta de parto (37%). Conclusão: As posições verticalizadas estão associadas ao maior número de lacerações, porém o grau da laceração varia entre as posições.(AU)

To compare the different upright positions adopted by parturients during labor, associating them with the occurrence of possible perineal lacerations and their respective degrees. Methodology: This is an epidemiological, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study with a quantitative approach. The study was carried out at the Casa de Parto de São Sebastião, located in the Federal District, which had a random sample of 499 women who gave birth between January 2018 and December 2021. Results: The study found that 354 women adopted upright positions during the expulsive period and 249 had some degree of laceration; 145 adopted non-upright positions and 74 had some degree of laceration. Among the upright positions, the most commonly adopted was the use of the birthing stool (37%). Conclusion: Upright positions are associated with a higher number of lacerations, but the degree of laceration varies between positions.(AU)

Comparar las diferentes posiciones erguidas adoptadas por las parturientas durante el trabajo de parto, asociándolas con la ocurrencia de posibles laceraciones perineales y sus respectivos grados. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico, observacional, descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo y con abordaje cuantitativo. El estudio se realizó en la Casa de Parto de São Sebastião, ubicada en el Distrito Federal, que contó con una muestra aleatoria de 499 mujeres que dieron a luz entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2021. Resultados: El estudio encontró que 354 mujeres adoptaron posiciones erguidas durante el período expulsivo y 249 tuvieron algún grado de laceración; 145 adoptaron posiciones no erguidas y 74 tuvieron algún grado de laceración. Entre las posturas erguidas, la más adoptada fue el uso del taburete de parto (37%). Conclusión: Las posiciones verticales se asocian con el mayor número de laceraciones, pero el grado de laceración varía entre las posiciones.(AU)

Violencia obstétrica: percepción de las mujeres durante la atención de parto en dos hospitales rurales de la zona Nahua-Mixteca / Obstetric violence: women perception during labor in two hospitals in Nahua-Mixteca zone

Resumen Antecedentes: Múltiples estudios en Latinoamérica revelan que un gran número de pacientes ginecológicas sufren de violencia obstétrica en la atención institucional, la cual es definida como la apropiación del cuerpo de las mujeres por parte del personal de salud, aumentando las cifras de morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de acciones indirectas que representan violencia obstétrica, en un grupo de pacientes en el puerperio inmediato en hospitales rurales de la zona Nahua-Mixteca de los Estados de Puebla y Guerrero. Método: Estudio prospectivo y descriptivo realizado del 1 de enero al 30 de agosto del 2019 en el que se investigó la ocurrencia de violencia obstétrica en 296 pacientes atendidas durante el puerperio inmediato. Las variables sociodemográficas, procedimientos médicos durante el trabajo de parto, iniciativa de parto amigable y el alumbramiento fueron investigados en el expediente clínico. Resultados: La agresión verbal fue documentada en el 14.1% del grupo, siendo el médico el agresor más frecuente, seguido del personal de enfermería, sin embargo se documentó también la agresión por parte de otro tipo de personal. En un 13.5% no hubo evidencia de empatía con las emociones del trabajo de parto. Conclusiones: Se demostró una frecuencia elevada de violencia obstétrica, una mejora parcial en la iniciativa de parto amigable y un elevado porcentaje de procedimientos obstétricos que conllevan riesgos para la mujer y el recién nacido.

Abstract Background: Multiple studies in Latin America reveal that a large number of gynecological patients suffer a kind of obstetric violence in institutional care, which is defined as the appropriation of women's bodies by health personnel, increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: To determine the frequency of indirect actions that represent obstetric violence, in a group of patients in the immediate puerperium in rural hospitals in the Nahua-Mixtec area of the States of Puebla and Guerrero. Method: Prospective and descriptive study carried out from January 1 to August 30, 2019, in which the occurrence of obstetric violence was investigated in 296 patients treated during the immediate postpartum period. Sociodemographic variables, medical procedures during labor, friendly labor initiative, and delivery were investigated in the clinical record. Results: Verbal aggression was documented in 14.1% of the group, with the doctor being the most frequent aggressor, followed by nursing staff; however, aggression by other types of personnel was also documented. In 13.5% there was no evidence of empathy with the emotions of labor. Conclusions: A high frequency of obstetric violence was demonstrated, a partial improvement in the friendly delivery initiative and a high percentage of obstetric procedures that carry risks for the woman and the newborn.

Assessing aspects of better birth initiatives: a single centre experience

Background: Better birth initiative is a global initiative that promotes humane and evidence-based care for women during childbirth. This study was designed to assess compliance to aspects of better birth initiative and maternal satisfaction with a view to making recommendations.Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 396 consenting post-partum women to assess maternity services at AEFUTHA. A sample size of 423 was determined at power of 90% and ?-error of 0.05. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Chi-square was used to analyze categorical variables and odds ratios determined. Continuous variables were expressed as mean or standard deviation. P value of <0.05 was taken to be statistically significant.Results: Out of a total of 423 questionnaires deployed, only 396 were completed and duly returned (giving a 93.6% response rate). Majority of the parturient were between the ages of 20 to 34 years (80.3%), multiparas (74.2%) and with tertiary education (74.2%). Although many (74.2%) were not allowed companions, free mobility (78.8%), food (70.7%) and position of choice in labour (100%), they were satisfied with the care. Factors that likely affected maternal satisfaction were the age of participants, having a companion in labour, having a dedicated midwife to each parturient, free mobility in labour, oral fluid intake in labour and good health worker attitude (p value: 0.002, 0.024, 0.002, 0.0002, 0.0001 and 0.00001 respectively).Conclusions: There is need to continuously enlighten health professionals on aspects of better birth initiatives in order to improve client’s satisfaction.

Parto sob a perspectiva masculina: uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre a vivência dos pais no nascimento / Childbirth from the male perspective: qualitative research on the fathers' experience at birth

OBJETIVO: revelar como foi a vivência do parto para os homens que participaram do nascimento de seus filhos. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa e de campo, tendo como técnica de coleta de dados o grupo focal, no formato virtual, denominado de roda de relato de parto. Os dados foram analisados através do software IRAMUTEQ. RESULTADOS: cinco (05) depoentes participaram da coleta de dados, gerando dez (10) relatos. A partir das análises foram geradas seis classes de palavras, representadas por meio de um filograma das quais se destacaram alguns termos relevantes para o estudo como "participar", "vontade", "possibilidade", "medo", "hospital", "decisão", entre outras. CONCLUSÃO: a participação da figura paterna, no momento do nascimento, assim como em todo o processo gravídico ressignifica a masculinidade e insere o pai em uma posição de protagonismo na vivência da paternidade.

OBJECTIVE: to reveal how the experience was of childbirth for men who participated in the birth of their children. METHOD: a descriptive study, of qualitative and field nature, having as a technique of data collection the focal group, in the virtual format, called the childbirth report circle. The data were analyzed using the IRAMUTEQ software. RESULTS: five (05) deponents participated in data collection, generating ten (10) reports. From the analysis, six classes of words were generated, represented by a phylogram of which some relevant terms stood out for the study such as "participate", "will", "possibility", "fear"," hospital ", and "decision", among others. CONCLUSION: the participation of the paternal figure at the time of birth, as well as in the whole gravidic process resignifies masculinity and inserts the father into a position of protagonism in the experience of paternity.

Desafios da gestão e cuidado em centros de parto normal: estudo qualitativo com enfermeiros obstetras / Challenges of management and care in normal birth centers: qualitative study with obstetric nurses / Retos del manejo y atención en los centros de parto normal: estudio cualitativo con enfermeros obstétricos

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender os desafios para a gestão do trabalho e do cuidado em centros de parto normal por enfermeiras obstétricas. Método: estudo qualitativo realizado em centros de parto normal no Ceará, Brasil. Participaram 13 enfermeiros e coordenadores da assistência obstétrica, por entrevista, no período de abril a julho de 2020. As categorias temáticas foram organizadas no Software Nvivo 12 Pro® e discutidas com referencial teórico-filosófico da Sociologia das Profissões. Resultados: práticas de cuidado, como massagens de conforto, são realizadas associadas aos elementos da gestão do trabalho, como o dimensionamento da equipe de Enfermagem. Evidenciou-se que há habilidades importantes para atuar como autonomia e liderança da equipe de Enfermagem, mas elementos como a frágil confiança e a interação limitam o pleno desenvolvimento das atividades. Considerações finais: existem desafios para a gestão e o cuidado nos centros de parto normal, como a consolidação de autonomia e construção de confiança com a equipe de saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand obstetric nurses' challenges in managing work and care in normal birth centers. Method: A qualitative study was carried out in normal birth centers in Ceará, Brazil. Thirteen nurses and obstetric care coordinators were interviewed between April and July 2020. The thematic categories were organized in Nvivo 12 Pro® software and discussed using the theoretical-philosophical framework of the Sociology of Professions. Results: care practices, such as comfort massages, are carried out in conjunction with elements of work management, such as the sizing of the nursing team. It emerged that there are important skills for acting as autonomy and leadership of the nursing team, but elements such as fragile trust and interaction limit the full development of activities. Final considerations: there are challenges for management and care in normal birth centers, such as consolidating autonomy and building trust with the health team.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender los desafíos para la gestión del trabajo y la atención en los centros de parto normal por parte de las enfermeras obstétricas. Método: estudio cualitativo realizado en centros de parto normal de Ceará, Brasil. Un total de 13 enfermeros y coordinadores de atención obstétrica participaron en entrevistas de abril a julio de 2020. Las categorías temáticas se organizaron en el Software Nvivo 12 Pro ® y se discutieron con el marco teórico-filosófico de la Sociología de las Profesiones. Resultados: las prácticas de cuidado, como los masajes de confort, se realizan asociadas a elementos de la gestión del trabajo, como el dimensionamiento del equipo de enfermería. Se evidenció que existen habilidades importantes para actuar como autonomía y liderazgo del equipo de enfermería, pero elementos como la confianza frágil y la interacción limitan el desarrollo pleno de las actividades. Consideraciones finales: existen desafíos para el manejo y la atención en los centros de parto normales, como la consolidación de la autonomía y la construcción de confianza con el equipo de salud.

Vivências de mulheres que experienciaram o nascimento de um filho durante a pandemia da Covid-19 / Experiences of women who experienced the birth of a child during the Covid-19 pandemic / Experiencias de mujeres que vivieron el nacimiento de un hijo durante la pandemia del Covid-19

Objetivo: Aprender como foi experienciar o nascimento de um filho durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Método: estudo qualitativo cujos dados foram coletados em setembro de 2021, mediante entrevistas semi-estruturadas, audiogravadas, com 11 mães e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias, as quais mostram que o nascimento do filho durante a pandemia foi vivenciado de forma restritiva o que suscitou sentimentos como medo, ansiedade, preocupação, frustração, mas também de alívio, felicidade e superação. A possibilidade de usar recursos das mídias sociais para contatos com amigos e familiares constituiu fonte de apoio informacional e emocional. Considerações finais: O apoio da rede social, ainda que de forma virtual, foi fundamental para o enfrentamento das adversidades do período. Entre as estratégias adotadas estão o apoio da família e as redes sociais, de modo a minimizar o isolamento.

Objective: to understand what it was like to experience the birth of a child during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: qualitative study whose data were collected in September 2021, through semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews with 11 mothers and submitted to content analysis, thematic modality. Results: two categories emerged, which show that the birth of the child during the pandemic was experienced in a restrictive way, which aroused feelings such as fear, anxiety, worry, frustration, but also relief, happiness and overcoming. The possibility of using social media resources to contact friends and family was a source of informational and emotional support. Final considerations: The support of the social network, even if it was virtual, was fundamental to face the adversities of the period, some strategies were adopted, such as family support and social networks as a way to minimize isolation.

Objetivo: comprender cómo fue vivir el nacimiento de un niño durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio cualitativo cuyos datos fueron recolectados en septiembre de 2021, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabadas en audio con 11 madres y sometidas a análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías, que muestran que el nacimiento del niño durante la pandemia fue vivido de forma restrictiva, lo que despertó sentimientos como miedo, ansiedad, preocupación, frustración, pero también alivio, felicidad y superación. La posibilidad de utilizar los recursos de las redes sociales para contactar a amigos y familiares fue una fuente de apoyo informativo y emocional. Consideraciones finales: El apoyo de la red social, aunque sea virtual, fue fundamental para enfrentar las adversidades del período, se adoptaron algunas estrategias, como el apoyo familiar y las redes sociales como forma de minimizar el aislamiento.

Parturientes adolescentes em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brasil: características socioeconômicas e obstétricas / Adolescent pregnancy in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil: socioeconomic characteristics, prenatal and obstetric care

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as características socioeconômicas e obstétricas de parturientes adolescentes e suas complicações sobre a saúde materna e neonatal. Trata-se de uma análise de dados da linha de base da coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil conduzida no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, estado do Acre. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar características das puérperas adolescentes com as adultas e modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para avaliar fatores associados. Entre as puérperas estudadas, 26,2% (IC95%: 24,0-28,4) eram adolescentes. Os fatores associados ao parto na adolescência foram ter nove anos ou menos de estudo (RPaj:1,36; IC95%: 1,14-1,61), pertencer aos menores quartis do índice de riqueza (1° quartil: RPaj:1,40; IC95%: 1,08-1,80) (2° quartil: RPaj:1,37; IC95%: 1,08-1,74), ser primigesta (RPaj:3,69; IC95%: 2,98-4,57), baixo IMC pré-gestacional (RPaj:1,28; IC95%: 1,04-1,57), infecção urinária na gravidez (RPaj:1,25; IC95%: 1,07-1,46) e menos de seis consultas de pré-natal (RPaj:1,42; IC95%: 1,21-1,66). Pobreza, baixa escolaridade, primigestação, baixo IMC pré-gestacional, infecção urinária na gestação e menor número de consultas de pré-natal foram associados ao parto na adolescência em município da região Norte do Brasil.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics of adolescent mothers and the complications they cause to maternal and neonatal health. This baseline data analysis of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort was conducted in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to compare characteristics of adolescent and adult postpartum women, and multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to assess associated factors. Among the postpartum women, 26.2% (95%CI: 24.0-28.4) were adolescents. Factors associated with childbirth in adolescence included: nine years or less of schooling (adjPR:1.36; 95%CI: 1.14-1.61), belongs to the lowest quartiles of the wealth index (1st quartile: adjPR:1.40; 95%CI: 1.08-1.80) (2nd quartile: adjPR:1.37; 95%CI: 1.08-1.74), primigravidae (adjPR:3.69; 95%CI: 2.98-4.57), low pre-pregnancy BMI (adjPR:1.28; CI95%: 1.04-1.57), urinary tract infection during pregnancy (adjPR:1.25; CI95%: 1.07-1.46) and less than six prenatal consultations (adjPR:1.42; 95%CI: 1.21-1.66). Poverty, little schooling, primigravidae, low pre-pregnancy BMI, urinary tract infection during pregnancy and few prenatal consultations were associated with childbirth during adolescence in a municipality in the Northern region of Brazil.

Prevalence and factors associated with the perception of perineal laceration: a cross-sectional study with data from the Nascer no Brasil Survey, 2011 and 2012 / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la percepción de laceración perineal: estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nascer no Brasil, 2011 y 2012 / Prevalência e fatores associados à percepção da laceração perineal: estudo transversal com dados do Inquérito Nascer no Brasil, 2011 e 2012

Abstract Objective: To describe the prevalence of perineal laceration, based on the self-reported perception of postpartum women, and to analyze factors associated with its occurrence in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 23,894 postpartum women, excluding twin pregnancies, cesarean sections, and births with episiotomies, between 2011 and 2012. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of association between the event and maternal, fetus/newborn, obstetric and clinical management characteristics were estimated in hierarchical Poisson regression models. Results: Out of 4,606 postpartum women, 49.5% (95%CI 46.1;42.9) self-reported perineal laceration. Being an adolescent (PR = 1.12; 95%CI 1.02;1.25), primipara (PR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.33;1.63), having had excessive gestational weight gain (PR = 1.17; 95%CI 1.07;1.29) and having undergone the Kristeller maneuver (PR = 1.18; 95%CI 1.08;1.29) increased the proportion of the outcome. Conclusion: The results found call for prenatal care and adjustments to childbirth care so as to be in accordance with current recommendations.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de laceración perineal, a partir de la percepción autoinformada de puérperas, y analizar los factores asociados a su aparición en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal entre 2011 y 2012, con 23.894 puérperas, excluyendo embarazos gemelares, cesáreas y partos con episiotomías. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) de la asociación entre el evento y las características maternas, feto/recién nacido, obstétricas y de manejo clínico en modelos de regresión jerárquica de Poisson. Resultados: Entre 4.606 mujeres en posparto, el 49,5%(IC95%:46,1;42,9) informó laceración perineal. Ser adolescente (RP = 1,12; IC95% 1,02;1,25), primipara (RP = 1,47; IC95% 1,33;1,63), haber tenido aumento excesivo de peso gestacional (RP = 1,17; IC95% 1,07;1,29) y haber sido sometido a la maniobra de Kristeller (RP = 1,18; IC95% 1,08;1,29) aumentó la proporción de resultados. Conclusión: Los resultados encontrados requieren atención prenatal y ajustes en la atención del parto de acuerdo con las recomendaciones actuales.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência da laceração perineal segundo a percepção autorrelatada da puérpera, e analisar os fatores associados à sua ocorrência no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido em 23.894 puérperas, excluindo-se gestações gemelares, cesarianas e partos com episiotomias entre 2011 e 2012. Razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) da associação entre o evento e as características maternas, feto/recém-nato, obstétricas e manejo clínico foram estimadas em modelos de regressão de Poisson hierarquizados. Resultados: Entre 4.606 puérperas, 49,5% (IC95% 46,1;42,9) autorrelataram laceração perineal. Ser adolescente (RP = 1,12; IC95% 1,02;1,25), primípara (RP = 1,47; IC95% 1,33;1,63), ter tido ganho de peso gestacional excessivo (RP = 1,17; IC95% 1,07;1,29) e ter sido submetida à manobra de Kristeller (RP = 1,18; IC95% 1,08;1,29) elevaram a proporção do desfecho. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados demandam atenção pré-natal e adequações na assistência ao parto conforme recomendações vigentes.

Características de la atención prenatal y su asociación con el lugar y tipo de parto de mujeres peruanas / Characteristics of prenatal care and its association with the place and type of delivery of peruvian women

Resumen OBJETIVO: Establecer la asociación entre las características de la atención prenatal y el lugar y tipo de finalización del embarazo de mujeres peruanas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, analítico y transversal, de enfoque cuantitativo, efectuado a partir del análisis de una base secundaria de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2021 en la que participaron mujeres peruanas que cumplieron los criterios de selección. La asociación se evaluó mediante regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron los datos de 17,371 mujeres peruanas. El 5.55% de los partos fueron domiciliarios y el 33.75% culminaron por cesárea. La probabilidad de parto domiciliario se incrementó ante la carencia de control prenatal (p < 0.001; razón de prevalencia ajustada (RPa): 5.23), haber recibido información de sus derechos (p < 0.001; RPa:1.27) y debido a la atención encargada a enfermeras (p < 0.001; RPa:5.06) o promotores de salud (p < 0.001; RPa:1.39). La finalización del embarazo mediante cesárea fue mayor cuando la primera atención prenatal se inició durante el primer trimestre (p < 0.001; RPa:1.22), con examen de sangre (p = 0.004; RPa:1.19), escucha de latidos fetales (p = 0.001; RPa:1.48), pruebas para sífilis (p < 0.001; RPa:1.09) y VIH (p < 0.001; RPa:1.45), prescripción de hierro (p < 0.001; RPa:1.18), información para su alimentación (p < 0.001; RPa:1.21), control por parte del médico (p < 0.001; RPa:1.37) o técnico en enfermería (p < 0.001; RPa:1.26). CONCLUSIÓN: Se identificaron lascaracterísticas de la atención que determinaron el tipo y lugar de finalización del embarazo.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the characteristics of prenatal care and the place and type of abortion in Peruvian women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational, analytical and cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, carried out from the analysis of a secondary database of the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) of the year 2021, in which Peruvian women who met the selection criteria participated. The association was assessed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Data from 17,371 Peruvian women were analyzed. A total of 5.55% of deliveries were home births and 33.75% were caesarean sections. The odds of home delivery were increased by lack of prenatal care (p < 0.001; adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 5.23), having received information about their rights (p < 0.001; aPR: 1.27), and having received care from nurses (p < 0.001; aPR: 5.06) or community health workers (p < 0.001; aPR: 1.39). Termination of pregnancy by cesarean section was higher when the first prenatal care visit was initiated during the first trimester (p < 0.001; RPA: 1.22), with blood testing (p = 0.004; RPA: 1.19), fetal heart rate monitoring (p = 0.001; RPA: 1. 48), testing for syphilis (p < 0.001; RPa:1.09) and HIV (p < 0.001; RPa:1.45), prescription of iron (p < 0.001; RPa:1.18), information on nutrition (p < 0.001; RPa:1.21), monitoring by physician (p < 0.001; RPa:1.37) or nurse. CONCLUSION: Characteristics of care that determined the type and location of pregnancy termination were identified.

Vertical posture and perineal tears in humanized childbirths / Postura vertical y desgarros perineales en partos humanizados

Abstract Objectives: to determine the association between vertical childbirth posture and grade II or higher perineal tears in women attended under a humanized model. Methods: 715 clinical records of humanized deliveries attended between 2016 and 2022 in Viña del Mar, Chile, were studied using bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression. Results: 64.1% of the women presented perineal lesions, mainly low grade (51.2%). Second degree tears or more represented 12.2% (mostly grade II), with very few grade III tears (0.7%) and zero grade IV tears. Vertical postures, compared to horizontal ones, were significantly associated with the presence of grade II tears or more (p=0.02), even after adjusting for maternal and neonatal variables (OR=2.31, CI95%=1.11-4.81). Of the latter, parity and size of the newborn were the factors most associated with this type of injury. Conclusion: humanized childbirths in general present less frequency and severity of perineal injuries than what is reported in traditional care; however, upright postures, compared to horizontal ones, were significantly associated with the presence of grade II or higher tears.

Resumen Objetivos: determinar la asociación entre postura de parto vertical y desgarros perineales grado II o más en mujeres atendidas bajo el modelo humanizado. Métodos: se estudiaron 715 registros clínicos de partos humanizados atendidos entre 2016 y 2022 en Viña del Mar, Chile, mediante análisis bivariado y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: el 64.1% de las mujeres presentó lesiones perineales, principalmente de bajo grado (51.2%). Los desgarros de segundo grado o más representaron un 12.2% (mayoritariamente grado II), siendo muy escasos los desgarros grado III (0.7%) y nulos los desgarros grado IV. Las posturas verticales, en comparación a las horizontales, se asociaron significativamente a la presencia de desgarros grado II o más (p=0.02), incluso luego de ajustar por variables maternas y neonatales (OR=2.31, IC95%=1.11-4.81). De estas últimas, la paridad y la talla del recién nacido fueron los factores que más se asociaron con este tipo de lesiones. Conclusión: los partos humanizados en general presentan una menor frecuencia y gravedad de lesiones perineales que lo reportado en atenciones tradicionales, no obstante, las posturas verticales, en comparación a las horizontales, se asociaron significativamente a la presencia de desgarros grado II o más.

Use of information and communication technologies by pregnant women for their empowerment in the parturium-puerperal process / Uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación por parte de mujeres embarazadas para su empoderamiento en el proceso parturio-puerperal / Uso de tecnologias da informação e comunicação pela gestante para seu empoderamento no processo parturitivo-puerperal

ABSTRACT Objective To understand the meaning of information and communication technologiy use by pregnant women for their empowerment in the parturition-puerperal process. Method This is qualitative research, with a Grounded Theory theoretical-methodological framework in the Straussian version. Data collection took place in two maternity wards in homes in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with theoretical sampling of 15 in-depth interviews with postpartum women, from July to November 2019. Data analysis was carried out concomitantly with collection, through open, axial and selective coding/integration, using the paradigmatic model. Results The central phenomenon entitled "Expressing the meaning of information and communication technologiy use for the empowerment of women in the birth process and breastfeeding" was constructed with four related categories: "Noticing gaps in prenatal care"; "Needing to confirm information from information and communication technologies with healthcare professionals"; "Empowering themselves for work, childbirth, and breastfeeding"; and "Highlighting women as leading actors". Conclusion Information and communication technologiy use as complementary preparation for the parturition and puerperal process is significantly positive and essential for pregnant women. The search for these technologies encourages autonomy and empowerment, and is necessary, mainly, to fill gaps left by insufficient prenatal appointment time. Despite being part of everyday life, healthcare professionals continue to be irreplaceable in monitoring and welcoming these pregnant women. However, they need to adapt to reduce the possible negative impacts of these technologies and to make advances in the care process.

RESUMEN Objetivo Comprender el significado del uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación por parte de las mujeres embarazadas para su empoderamiento en el proceso parto-puerperal. Método Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, con un marco teórico-metodológico de la Teoría Fundamentada en su versión straussiana. La recolección de datos se realizó en dos maternidades de domicilios de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, con muestreo teórico de 15 entrevistas en profundidad a puérperas, de julio a noviembre de 2019. El análisis de los datos se realizó de manera concomitante con la recolección, a través de métodos abiertos, axiales. y codificación/integración selectiva, utilizando el modelo paradigmático. Resultados El fenómeno central titulado "Expresar el significado del uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación para el empoderamiento de las mujeres en el proceso de parto" se construyó con cuatro categorías relacionadas: "Percibir brechas en la atención prenatal"; "Necesidad de confirmar información proveniente de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación con los profesionales de la salud"; "Empoderarte para el trabajo, el parto y la lactancia"; y "Destacar a las mujeres como leading actors". Conclusión El uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación como preparación complementaria al proceso de parto y puerperal es significativamente positivo y esencial para las mujeres embarazadas. La búsqueda de estas tecnologías fomenta la autonomía y el empoderamiento, y es necesaria, principalmente, para llenar los vacíos que deja el tiempo insuficiente de consulta prenatal. A pesar de ser parte de la vida cotidiana, los profesionales de la salud siguen siendo insustituibles en el seguimiento y acogida de estas mujeres embarazadas. Sin embargo, necesitan adaptarse para reducir los posibles impactos negativos de estas tecnologías y avanzar en el proceso de atención.

RESUMO Objetivo compreender o significado do uso de tecnologias da informação e comunicação pela gestante para seu empoderamento no processo parturitivo-puerperal. Método pesquisa qualitativa, com referencial teórico-metodológico da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, na versão Straussiana. A coleta de dados ocorreu em duas maternidades em domicílios de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com amostragem teórica de 15 entrevistas em profundidade com puérperas, no período de julho a novembro de 2019. A análise dos dados foi realizada concomitantemente à coleta, por meio da codificação aberta, axial e seletiva/integração, com a utilização do modelo paradigmático. Resultados construiu-se o fenômeno central intitulado "Expressando o significado do uso das tecnologias da informação e comunicação para o empoderamento da mulher no processo parturitivo" com quatro categorias relacionadas: "Percebendo lacunas no acompanhamento pré-natal"; "Necessitando confirmar as informações das tecnologias da informação e comunicação com os profissionais de saúde"; "Empoderando-se para o trabalho de parto, o parto, e a amamentação" e "Evidenciando a mulher como protagonista". Conclusão o uso das tecnologias da informação e comunicação como preparo complementar ao processo parturitivo e puerperal é significativamente positivo e essencial para as gestantes. A busca por essas tecnologias estimula a autonomia e o empoderamento, e faz-se necessário, principalmente, para sanar lacunas deixadas pelo tempo insuficiente das consultas de pré-natal. Apesar de fazerem parte do cotidiano, os profissionais de saúde continuam sendo insubstituíveis no acompanhamento e acolhimento dessas gestantes. Porém, necessitam adaptar-se para reduzir os possíveis impactos negativos dessas tecnologias, e para galgarem avanços no processo de cuidar.

The effect of mindfulness-based childbirth education intervention on fear of childbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the effect size of mindfulness-based childbirth education on the fear of childbirth. METHODS: In this study, the meta-analysis method, one of the methods of synthesising quantitative research, was used. EBSCO, PubMed, Google Scholar, WOS, and CINAHL databases were used to determine the studies to be included in the meta-analysis. The keywords such as "mindfulness", "fear of childbirth", "mindfulness-based childbirth", "mindfulness education" and "childbirth" were searched in the international literature. Four experimental studies published between 2013 and 2022 that aimed to determine the effect of mindfulness-based childbirth education on the fear of childbirth, had a full text available and met the inclusion criteria, were included in the study. RESULTS: On the analysis of the data, mindfulness-based childbirth education was found to be effective in reducing the fear of childbirth (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.117, 95%CI: −1.049: −0.419, p<0.001, I2=36.98%). The results of this meta-analysis indicated that mindfulness-based education provided to pregnant women was found to be effective in reducing the fear of childbirth. CONCLUSION: Mindfulness-based childbirth education is considered to be used as an effective non-pharmacological midwifery and nursing intervention in reducing the fear of childbirth in pregnant women. This review was preregistered on PROSPERO (Ref No: CRD42022316472).

Are smartphones a tool to cope with the fear of childbirth? The correlation between the fear of loss of connection and the fear of childbirth

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: With the spread of smartphones, they have become an indispensable part of life, and nomophobia (No-Mobile-Phone Phobia) has emerged. METHODS: The present research is a cross-sectional study and was conducted with 3,870 primiparous pregnant women between April and May 2022. The research data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Nomophobia Questionnaire, and Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire. RESULTS: The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire score of the pregnant women who participated in the study was 22.3% (n=863) had a clinical fear of childbirth and 19.5% (n=753) had extreme nomophobia. Considering the correlation of the Nomophobia Questionnaire and Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire scores with other variables, it was found that the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire scores increased with the increasing Nomophobia Questionnaire total score (p=0.000, r=236) and the Nomophobia Questionnaire total score and fear of childbirth increased with an increase in the daily phone usage time. It was also revealed that women who had smartphone applications related to fetal development had higher nomophobia levels (p=0.0001), while they had a lower fear of childbirth. CONCLUSION: This study found that one in every five pregnant women was extremely nomophobic and had a clinical fear of childbirth and that nomophobia and the fear of childbirth were correlated at the clinical level. In this regard, women should prefer face-to-face communication rather than smartphones throughout the pregnancy period.

Robson classification to evaluate cesarean section rates in a public hospital: a cross-sectional study / Classificação de Robson para avaliação das taxas de cesárea em um hospital público: estudo transversal

Abstract Objectives: this study describes the occurrence of cesarean sections according to the Robson Classification in a public hospital in southern Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted. Women who underwent vaginal delivery or cesarean section at the study location (gestational age >20 weeks and/or fetuses weighing > 500 g) were included. Stillbirths were excluded. Sociodemographic and obstetric data from July to November 2018 were retrospectively collected from medical records. Chi-square and linear trend tests were used for data analysis. The Robson Classification was analyzed according to World Health Organization recommendations, and the reasons for cesarean section were described. Results: the sample consisted of 1,531 women. The cesarean section rate was 39.1% (n=598). A greater incidence of cesarean sections was identified among women with no previous vaginal births, older women, those with higher educational levels, and those with more previous cesarean sections. Groups 1, 2 and 5 of the Robson Classification stood out for presenting cesarean section rates of 16%, 56.9% and 66.2%, respectively, and for totaling 60.3% of births by cesarean section in the studied institution. Conclusions: the percentage of cesarean sections found was greater than that reported in studies conducted in other countries. Groups 1 to 5 of the Robson Classification presented rates lower than values found in national literature. Groups 1, 2 and 5 should be prioritized for management and care interventions aiming to reduce cesarean rates.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a ocorrência de cesáreas conforme a Classificação de Robson em hospital público no sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal retrospectivo. Foram incluídas mulheres com parto vaginal ou cesárea assistidos na instituição (idade gestacional >20 semanas e/ou fetos com peso >500g) e excluídos nascimentos de feto morto. Dados sociodemográficos e obstétricos de julho a novembro de 2018 foram coletados retrospectivamente dos prontuários. Para análise utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e teste de tendência linear. A Classificação de Robson foi analisada conforme recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, e foram descritas as justificativas de cesárea. Resultados: amostra de 1.531 mulheres, com percentual de cesárea de 39,1% (n=598). Identificou-se maior ocorrência de cesarianas entre mulheres com maior faixa etária, nível de escolaridade e número de cesarianas prévias, e sem partos vaginais prévios. Os Grupos 1, 2 e 5 da Classificação de Robson destacaram-se por apresentar, respectivamente, os percentuais de cesárea de 16%, 56,9% e 66,2%, e por totalizar 60,3% dos nascimentos por via cirúrgica. Conclusões: neste estudo, os percentuais de cesárea dos grupos da Classificação de Robson foram maiores quando comparados a estudos internacionais. Os Grupos 1 a 5 apresentaram valores menores em relação ao panorama nacional. Os Grupos 1, 2 e 5 destacaram-se como prioritários para intervenções assistenciais e de gestão.