Estado nutricional de crianças com microcefalia congênita transmitida pelo vírus Zika / Nutritional status of children with congenital microcephaly transmitted by Zika Virus / Estado nutricional de niños con microcefalia congénita transmitida por el Virus Zika

A microcefalia é uma condição sem tratamento causa alterações de cunho sensorial, cognitivo, motor, auditivo e visual, podendo ser adquirida por meio da infecção congênita pelo vírus Zika. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o estado nutricional, o consumo alimentar e os fatores socioeconômicos que implicam na alimentação das crianças com microcefalia oriunda da infecção pelo Zika Vírus. Este estudo é uma pesquisa de campo descritiva, de delineamento transversal, que foi realizada com dez crianças na faixa etária de 2 a 3 anos. O estado nutricional foi avaliado utilizando balança digital e fita métrica, e os questionários sobre o consumo alimentar e condições socioeconômicas foram respondidos pelos cuidadores das crianças. Os resultados encontrados apresentaram inadequações das seguintes maneiras: 60% na estatura por idade, 50% no peso por idade e 40% no peso por estatura. Sobre a alimentação, 70% tinham uma alimentação inadequada e 60% apresentavam condições socioeconômicas de risco. Perante os achados, é possível interligar os fatores pesquisados com um retardo no desenvolvimento infantil. Portanto, ressalta-se que a microcefalia associada à alimentação inadequada e baixa condição social é capaz de agravar o estado nutricional.

Microcephaly is an untreated condition that leads to sensory, cognitive, motor, auditory and visual changes and can be acquired through congenital infection by the Zika Virus. Hence, this study evaluates the nutritional status, food consumption and socioeconomic factors that affect the nutrition of children with microcephaly transmitted by Zika Virus infection. A descriptive, cross-sectional field research was conducted with ten children aged 2 to 3 years. Nutritional status was assessed using a digital scale and measuring tape. Questionnaires on food consumption and socioeconomic conditions were answered by the children's caregivers. The results found presented the following inadequacies: 60% in height for age, 50% in weight for age, and 40% in weight for height. Regarding nutrition, 70% of the children had inadequate nutrition and 60% lived under risky socioeconomic conditions. Given these findings, the factors researched can be linked with a delay in child development. Therefore, microcephaly associated with inadequate nutrition and low social status can worsen nutritional status.

La microcefalia es una afección no tratada que conlleva cambios sensoriales, cognitivos, motores, auditivos y visuales, y puede adquirirse a través de una infección congénita por el virus Zika. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el estado nutricional, el consumo de alimentos y los factores socioeconómicos que afectan la nutrición de niños con microcefalia provocada por la infección por el virus Zika. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, de enfoque transversal, que se realizó con 10 niños de entre 2 y 3 años. El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante una balanza digital y una cinta métrica, y los cuidadores de los niños respondieron cuestionarios sobre consumo de alimentos y condiciones socioeconómicas. Los resultados encontrados presentaron insuficiencias en los siguientes aspectos: 60% en talla para la edad, 50% en peso para la edad y 40% en peso para la talla. En cuanto a la nutrición, el 70% tenía una nutrición inadecuada y el 60% tenía condiciones socioeconómicas de riesgo. Teniendo en cuenta los hallazgos, es posible relacionar los factores investigados con un retraso en el desarrollo infantil. Por tanto, cabe destacar que la microcefalia asociada a una nutrición inadecuada y un bajo estatus social es capaz de empeorar el estado nutricional.

Food consumption and remote working conditions among Brazilian Primary Schools teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic / Consumo de alimentos y condiciones de trabajo remoto en maestros brasileños de básica durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Introduction: Teaching work, which is characterized by being exhausting, with a significant workload, with synchronous and/or asynchronous remote classes. Objective: To describe associations between the working conditions of school teachers at home and their food consumption during the suspension of face-to-face classes. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study using a self-administered online questionnaire with 15,372 working teachers from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The dependent variables analyzed were the consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods. Independent variables included sociodemographic factors, remote work conditions, understanding of online technologies, computer access, and quality of Internet connection. The Poisson model with robust variance was used to determine the association between working conditions and food consumption. Results: In the analysis of the adjusted multivariate model, there was a significant association between eating habits and the following variables: gender, age, working hours (per week), feelings regarding teachers' work during the pandemic, working hours during the pandemic and quality work internet connection. Our data shows that teachers' remote working conditions are associated with worse food consumption. They also showed that working hours equal to or greater than 40 hours per week, feelings of dissatisfaction with working conditions during the pandemic, increased working hours during the pandemic and poor quality of internet connection were variables correlated with the consumption of unhealthy foods. Conclusions: Remote working conditions during the pandemic influenced primary school teachers' food choices. More studies are needed to delve deeper into issues related to teachers' working conditions and the implications for food choices(AU)

Introducción: La labor docente se caracteriza por ser agotadora, con una importante carga horaria, con clases remotas síncronas y/o asíncronas. Objetivo: Describir la asociación existente entre las condiciones del trabajo remoto de los docentes de la educación básica y el consumo de sus alimentos durante el período de suspensión de las clases presenciales. Métodos: Es un estudio transversal mediante cuestionario en línea autoadministrado con 15.372 docentes activos en Minas Gerais, Brasil. Las variables dependientes analizadas fueron el consumo de los alimentos saludables y de los no saludables. Las variables independientes incluyeron los factores sociodemográficos, las condiciones del trabajo remoto, la comprensión de las tecnologías en línea, el acceso a las computadoras así como la calidad de la conexión a la Internet. Se utilizó el modelo de Poisson con variación robusta para determinar la asociación entre las condiciones del trabajo y el consumo de los alimentos. Resultados: En el análisis del modelo multivariado ajustado hubo una asociación significativa entre los hábitos alimentarios y las siguientes variables: el género, la edad, la jornada laboral semanal, el sentimiento sobre el trabajo durante la pandemia, la jornada laboral durante la pandemia y la calidad de la conexión a la internet. Nuestros datos demuestran que las condiciones del trabajo remoto de los docentes están asociadas con un empeoramiento en el consumo de los alimentos. También mostraron que la jornada laboral igual o superior a unas 40 horas semanales, los sentimientos de insatisfacción con las condiciones laborales, el aumento de la jornada laboral y la mala calidad de la conexión a la Internet durante la pandemia fueron variables correlacionadas con el consumo de alimentos no saludables. Conclusiones: Las condiciones del trabajo remoto durante la pandemia influyeron en las elecciones alimentarias de los docentes de la educación básica. Se necesitan más estudios para profundizar en los aspectos relacionados con las condiciones laborales de los docentes y sus implicaciones en la elección de sus alimentos(AU)

Fatores maternos associados ao consumo usual de alimentos ultraprocessados na gestação / Maternal factors associated with habitual consumption of ultra-processed foods during pregnancy

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação entre as características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e de estilo de vida maternas e o consumo usual de alimentos ultraprocessados. Estudo transversal, n = 784 gestantes, assistidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. A dieta foi estimada utilizando dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas, pelo método de passagens múltiplas. Os alimentos ultraprocessados foram classificados empregando-se a classificação NOVA e seu consumo usual foi expresso como a contribuição no percentual energético total. Modelos de regressão linear ajustados foram empregados para investigar a relação entre as características maternas e o percentual energético proveniente (%E) de ultraprocessados. O %E de ultraprocessados na dieta foi de 32,1%. A idade materna (-0,45 [-0,62; -0,29] p < 0,001), estrato econômico D+E em relação a A+B (-2,95 [-5,59; -0,32] p = 0,03) e sub-relato energético (-6,95 [-8,86; -5,04] p < 0,001) foram inversamente associados ao %E de ultraprocessados, enquanto o índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional (0,41 [0,22; 0,60] p < 0,001) foi diretamente associado. Sugere-se que a idade materna, o estrato econômico, a subnotificação energética e o estado antropométrico pré-gestacional estejam associados ao consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados durante a gestação.

Abstract The scope of the study was to investigate the relationship between maternal sociodemographic, obstetric and lifestyle characteristics and the habitual consumption of ultra-processed foods. It included a cross-sectional study of n = 784 pregnant women attended by the Unified Health System. Diet was estimated using two 24-hour recall surveys, using the multiple-pass method. Ultra-processed foods were classified using the UN NOVA food classification and their habitual consumption was expressed as the contribution to the total energy percentage. Adjusted linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship between maternal characteristics and the percentage of energy (%E) derived from ultra-processed foods. The %E of ultra-processed foods in the diet was 32.1%. Maternal age (-0.45[-0.62; -0.29] p < 0.001), economic bracket D+E in relation to A+B (-2.95[-5.59; -0.32] p = 0.03) and energy underreporting (-6.95[-8.86; -5.04] p < 0.001) were inversely associated with the %E of ultra-processed foods, whereas the pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) (0.41[0.22; 0.60] p < 0.001) was directly associated. This would suggest that maternal age, economic status, energy underreporting and pre-gestational anthropometric status are associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods during pregnancy.

Hábitos alimentarios asociados a la emergencia sanitaria Covid-19 en adultos chilenos / Eating habits associated with the Covid-19 health emergency in Chilean adults

Introducción. El brote de COVID-19 generó cambios significativos en los hábitos alimentarios asociados a las medidas de confinamiento y distanciamiento social. Objetivo. Evaluar los hábitos alimentarios asociados a la emergencia sanitaria COVID-19 en adultos chilenos durante el año 2020. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en adultos chilenos seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se utilizó una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos, que incluyó preguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, ingesta habitual de alimentos y percepción de cambios de hábitos alimentarios durante el confinamiento. Resultados. Participaron 4.346 adultos chilenos con una edad promedio de 35,8 ± 13,9 años, predominantemente residentes urbanos (94,3%) y mujeres (75,1%). Se observó un aumento en el abastecimiento de alimentos en los hogares durante el confinamiento. La mayoría de los participantes manifestó que mantuvo o aumentó el consumo de verduras, frutas, lácteos, pescado y legumbres. Sin embargo, la ingesta de alimentos saludables no alcanzó las recomendaciones nutricionales establecidas. Adicionalmente, se encontró un aumento en el consumo de dulces. Conclusiones. Este estudio revela los efectos del confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19 en los hábitos alimentarios de los adultos chilenos, donde un porcentaje considerable de la población no cumplió con las recomendaciones de una dieta equilibrada según las guías alimentarias chilenas. El aumento en el consumo de algunos alimentos poco saludables puede tener implicaciones en la salud y el estado nutricional. Es necesario fomentar una alimentación equilibrada durante situaciones de crisis como esta pandemia(AU)

Introduction. The COVID-19 outbreak has led to significant changes in dietary habits due to confinement and social distancing measures. Objective. To assess the dietary habits associated with the COVID-19 health emergency among Chilean adults during the year 2020. Materials and methods. An observational, descriptive, and cross- sectional study was conducted on Chilean adults selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A survey validated by expert judgment was used, including questions on sociodemographic characteristics, usual food intake, and perceived changes in dietary habits during confinement. Results. A total of 4,346 Chilean adults participated in the study, with an average age of 35.8 ± 13.9 years, predominantly urban residents (94.3%), and female (75.1%). An increase in household food supplies during confinement was observed. Most participants reported maintaining or increasing their consumption of vegetables, fruits, dairy, fish, and legumes. However, the intake of healthy foods did not meet the established nutritional recommendations. Additionally, there was an increase in the consumption of sweets. Conclusions. This study reveals the effects of COVID-19 confinement on the dietary habits of Chilean adults, where a considerable percentage of the population did not comply with the recommended balanced diet according to Chilean dietary guidelines. The increased consumption of some unhealthy foods may have implications for health and nutritional status. It is essential to promote balanced eating during crisis situations like this pandemic(AU)

Un programa informático en la web para la evaluación dietética en Costa Rica / A web-based software for dietary assessment in Costa Rica

Introducción. La medición del consumo de alimentos es un importante indicador del estado nutricional de las personas; sin embargo, el proceso no es fácil y puede tener un nivel de error inaceptable. La incorporación de nuevas tecnologías pueden facilitar el proceso y minimizar el error. Objetivo. Desarrollar un programa informático en la web para nutricionistas que permita el ingreso de datos de consumo de alimentos con un recordatorio de 24 horas o de los 7 días anteriores, el análisis de la ingesta de energía y nutrientes y su comparación con las ingestas recomendadas; con el fin de minimizar el error en la recopilación y análisis de los datos. Materiales y métodos. Primero, se determinaron las características importantes que debe tener el programa, el cual fue elaborado posteriormente con los lenguajes de programación de Python y Javascript y con un patrón de diseño modelo-vista-controlador. Simultáneamente se crearon tres bases de datos, uno con el valor nutritivo de los alimentos, otro con datos de tamaños de porción de los mismos y otro con las recomendaciones nutricionales. Una vez elaborado, el programa fue sometido a una serie de pruebas para evaluar tanto su facilidad de uso como la exactitud de los cálculos. Resultados. Se describen las 9 etapas del programa y se justifica su diseño con evidencias de la literatura científica. Conclusiones. Se desarrolló el programa en la web, 'Dietnóstico', que permite la recolección y análisis de datos de consumo de alimentos. Una vez validado, el programa estará disponible para nutricionistas a usar en la atención nutricional y la investigación(AU)

Introduction. Assessment of food consumption is an important indicator of a person's nutritional status; however, it is not a simple process and can involve an unacceptable level of error. The application of new technologies in this process can lead to improvements and the minimization of error. Objective. To develop a computer program in the web, for nutritionists that allows the input of food consumption data using a 24- hour recall or a recall of food consumption during the 7 previous days, the analysis of energy and nutrient intake and its comparison with recommended intakes with the aim of minimizing the error involved in the collection and analysis of food consumption data. Materials and methods. The first stage was to define important characteristics to include in the programme which was developed using the programming languages of Python and Javascript and using a model-view-controller design pattern. At the same time, three databases were created: one with the nutritional value of foods, another with portion sizes of the foods and a third with the nutritional recommendations. Once created, several trials were conducted on the programme to test the operations from a user point of view, and the accuracy of the calculations. Results. The 9 stages of the software are described and its design is justified with evidence from the scientific literature. Conclusions. The program 'Dietnóstico' for use in the web, allows the collection and analysis of food consumption data. Once validated, it will be available for nutritionists involved in nutrition counselling and research(AU)

Descripción de la ingesta de energía según grado de procesamiento de los alimentos. Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19 / Description of energy intake by degree of food processing. National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019

Introducción. A nivel mundial los niños, niñas y adolescentes lideran el consumo de productos ultraprocesados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la ingesta de energía según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos por grupo etario, en la población urbana mayor de 2 años de la Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, con datos de la 2da Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, en una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de Argentina. A partir de la información recopilada con el recordatorio de 24 horas, se analizó la ingesta diaria de energía, para cada grupo etario, de 1) alimentos sin procesar o mínimamente procesados; 2) ingredientes culinarios procesados; 3) alimentos procesados, y 4) productos ultraprocesados. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 15 444 individuos mayores de 2 años, los alimentos mínimamente procesados representaron el 34,5 % de la energía diaria; los productos ultraprocesados, el 26,0 %; los alimentos procesados, el 23,0 %, y los ingredientes culinarios, el 16,6 %. El porcentaje de energía aportada por ultraprocesados es mayor en niños, niñas y adolescentes que en los adultos (p <0,01), mientras que para alimentos procesados e ingredientes culinarios la tendencia es opuesta (p <0,01). Las galletitas, los amasados de pastelería, las bebidas azucaradas y las golosinas representaron dos tercios de la energía aportada por ultraprocesados. Conclusión. Los niños, niñas y adolescentes de entornos urbanos de la Argentina presentan la mayor ingesta de energía a partir de productos ultraprocesados. Las políticas alimentarias deben contemplar la situación de cada grupo etario para promover una alimentación más saludable.

Introduction. Worldwide, children and adolescents lead the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The objective of this study was to describe the energy intake by the degree of food processing by age group in the urban population over 2 years of age in Argentina. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2nd National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019 conducted using a multistage probability sample from urban areas of Argentina. Data were collected from a 24-hour recall and were analized, for each age group, the daily energy intake from 1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods; 2) processed culinary ingredients; 3) processed foods; and 4) ultra-processed foods. A descriptive, statistical analysis was performed. Results. In 15 444 individuals older than 2 years, minimally processed foods accounted for 34.5% of daily energy; ultra-processed foods, 26.0%; processed foods, 23.0%; and culinary ingredients, 16.6%. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods is higher in children and adolescents than in adults (p < 0.01), while the trend is the opposite from processed foods and culinary ingredients (p < 0.01). Cookies, pastries, sweetened beverage and confectionery accounted for two-thirds of the energy contributed by ultra-processed foods. Conclusion. Children and adolescents in urban areas in Argentina showed the highest energy intake from ultra-processed. Food policies should consider the characteristics of each age group to promote a healthier diet.

Momentos alimentarios y consumo de productos ultraprocesados durante el día, Antioquia, Colombia / Food moments and comsumption of ultraprocessed products during the day, Antioquia, Colombia

Introducción. La acelerada transición nutricional en Latinoamérica ha modificado los patrones alimentarios, favoreciendo dietas con mayor participación de productos industrializados y alto aporte de nutrientes relacionados con enfermedades crónicas como grasas (saturadas, trans), sodio, azúcar libre y densidad de energía. Objetivo. Describir los momentos alimentarios de consumo de productos comestibles ultraprocesados (PCUP) durante el día en Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal, usando datos de consumo de alimentos del Perfil Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia 2019 y del Perfil de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de Medellín 2015, en población general, muestra de 13494 individuos. Los alimentos se clasificaron según NOVA y se agruparon en subcategorías. Se calculó la media de energía consumida y su desviación estándar (confianza del 95%) para las categorías NOVA y subcategorías, además su distribución en los momentos alimentarios. Resultados. Para la población de Medellín (capital de Antioquia), en promedio el 54,7% de la energía venia de alimentos no procesados, 17,3% de ingredientes culinarios, y 20,4% de PCUP. En la población de Antioquia, 56,0% de la energía se obtuvo de alimentos no procesados, 18,8% de ingredientes culinarios y 17,0% de PCUP. En los momentos alimentarios principales (desayuno, almuerzo y cena) los alimentos no procesados tienen mayor aporte energético. Mientras que los momentos alimentarios con mayor porcentaje de energía proveniente de PCUP fueron la media mañana, el algo y la merienda. Conclusiones. Para los antioqueños el mayor riesgo de consumo de PCUP relacionados con la obesidad y las enfermedades crónicas se presenta entremedio de las comidas principales(AU)

Introduction. The accelerated nutritional transition in Latin America has modified dietary patterns, favoring diets with a greater participation of industrialized products and a high contribution of nutrients related to chronic diseases such as fats (saturated, trans), sodium, free sugar, and energy density. Objective. To describe the dietary moments of consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during the day in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study using food consumption data from the Food and Nutrition Profile of Antioquia 2019 and the Food and Nutrition Security Profile of Medellín 2015, in general population, sample of 13,494 individuals. Foods were classified according to NOVA and grouped into subcategories. The mean energy consumed and its standard deviation (95% confidence), were calculated for the NOVA categories and subcategories, as well as its distribution at feeding times. Results. for the population of Medellín (capital of Antioquia), on average 54.7% of the energy came from unprocessed foods, 17.3% from culinary ingredients, and 20.4% from UPF. In the population of Antioquia, 56.0% of the energy was obtained from unprocessed foods, 18.8% from culinary ingredients, and 17.0% from UPF. At the main eating moments (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) unprocessed foods have a greater energy contribution. While the food moments with the highest percentage of energy coming from UPF were mid-morning snacks and snacks. Conclusions. For Antioqueños the greatest risk of consuming UPFs related to obesity and chronic diseases occurs between main meals(AU)

La pandemia de COVID-19 y el cumplimiento de las guías alimentarias en una comunidad universitaria de Chile / COVID-19 pandemic and adherence to food- based dietary guidelines in a Chilean university community

Introducción. La pandemia de SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 y las restricciones sanitarias afectaron la disponibilidad, acceso y consumo de alimentos, impactando la alimentación y el estado nutricional. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de la pandemia SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 sobre el cumplimiento de las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos de Chile, en una comunidad universitaria, antes y durante la pandemia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva con 427 participantes. Se aplicó una encuesta online con preguntas basadas en los mensajes de las GABA. La encuesta se validó por juicio de expertos y análisis psicométrico, evaluando la concordancia con el estadístico de Kappa (K=89,95) y la confiabilidad con el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (=0,97). Se fijó como período antes de la pandemia al tiempo anterior a marzo del año 2020, y durante la pandemia, entre marzo del 2020 y octubre del 2021. Para medir los cambios antes y durante la pandemia se aplicó el test de simetría considerando un p <0,05 con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, mediante el software estadístico STATA versión 16. Resultados. Se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos antes y durante la pandemia en los mensajes relacionados con el estado nutricional (p=0,000), consumo semanal de: productos de pastelería (p=0,0040), cecinas y embutidos (p=0,0034), frituras (p=0,0070), legumbres (p=0,0000), aguas (p=0,0000) y lectura e información nutricional de los productos (p=0,0000). Conclusiones. La pandemia de SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 generó cambios en la alimentación y estado nutricional respecto a los mensajes de las guías. Se precisan políticas alimentarias y estrategias educativas en alimentación y en nutrición para emergencias sanitarias(AU)

Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic, as well as health restrictions, impacted food availability, access and consumption, affecting dietary habits and nutritional status. Objective. To determine the effect of the SARS-CoV-2/ COVID-19 pandemic on the adherence to Chilean Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, within a university community, both before and during the pandemic. Materials and methods. A retrospective cohort study involving 427 participants was conducted. An online survey was administered, with questions based on the FBDGs' messages. The survey was validated through expert judgment and psychometric analysis, and agreement was assessed using the Kappa statistic (K = 89.95) while reliability was determined using the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient ( = 0.97). The period before the pandemic was defined as the time prior to March 2020, and the pandemic period was set between March 2020 and October 2021. Changes before and during the pandemic were measured using the symmetry test, considering a p value of <0.05 and a 95% confidence level, using the STATA 16 statistical software. Results. Statistically significant changes were observed before and during the pandemic in messages related to nutritional status (p = 0.000), weekly consumption of bakery products (p = 0.0040), cold meats (p = 0.0034), fried foods (p = 0.0070), legumes (p = 0.0000), water (p = 0.0000), and messages related to reading and nutrition information of products (p = 0.0000). Conclusions. The pandemic led to dietary changes in relation to FBDGs messages. Food policies and food and nutrition education strategies are required to address health emergency contexts(AU)

Seguridad alimentaria, consumo y COVID-19: un estudio observacional en estudiantes universitarios / Food Safety, Consumption and COVID-19: an Observational Study among University Students

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar el grado de seguridad y de inseguridad alimentaria de estudiantes universitarios y sus hogares en período de pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional con 110 estudiantes universitarios de la facultad de nutrición de la región Xalapa de la Universidad Veracruzana (UV), mediante una encuesta en línea en la que reportaron información individual y de los integrantes de sus hogares. La encuesta en línea se alojó en la plataforma del sistema de encuestas de la Coordinación Universitaria de Observatorios (CUO) de la UV y se aplicó durante el mes de noviembre de 2020. Resultados: Debido a la situación de pandemia, la mitad de los encuestados refirió que sus gastos en alimentación disminuyeron, esto también se vio afectado debido a que, en este período, en el 15.4% de los hogares, entre 1 y 2 integrantes del hogar perdieron su empleo o la fuente de ingresos. Se identificó una prevalencia de hogares en seguridad alimentaria de un 82.72 %, un 12.73% de inseguridad leve y 4.55 % de inseguridad moderada; 83.6% de los hogares presentaron alteraciones leves en su dieta; casi la mitad (45%) mantuvo el mismo patrón de consumo de alimentos procesados y ultra procesados. Conclusiones: Se necesita promover intervenciones educativas en el contexto universitario que favorezcan hábitos saludables de los estudiantes y un acceso a productos nutritivos y variados, y con ello procurar una mejor seguridad alimentaria.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the degree of security and food insecurity of university students and their homes in the period of the COVID-19pandemic. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out with 110 university students from the faculty of nutrition in the Xalapa region of the Universidad Veracruzana (UV), through an online survey in which they reported individual information and information on their household members. The online survey was hosted on the platform of the survey system of the University Coordination of Observatories (CUO) of the UV and was applied during november 2020. Results: Due to the pandemic situation, half of the respondents reported that their food expenses decreased,this was also affected because, in this period, in 15.4% of households, between 1 and 2 household members lost their job or source of income. A prevalence of households in food safety of 82.72% was identified, 12.73% mild insecurity and 4.55% moderate insecurity; 83.6% of the households presented slight alterations in their diet; almost half (45%) maintained the same pattern of consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods. Conclusions: It is necessary to promote educational interventions in the university context that favor healthy habits of students and access to nutritious and varied products, and with this, seek better food safety.

Consumo alimentario en mujeres embarazadas, mujeres que dan de lactar y niños de 0 a 5 años. Centros de salud ciudad de La Paz - área urbana, 2018 / Food consumption in pregnant women, breastfeeding women and children from 0 to 5 years old. La Paz city health centers - urban area, 2018

OBJETIVO: Determinar el consumo de alimentos en mujeres embarazadas, mujeres que dan de lactar y niños de 0 a 5 años, atendidos en Centros de Salud de Primer Nivel en la ciudad de La Paz en el mes de septiembre de 2018. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudió transversal descriptivo correlacional en 126 mujeres embarazadas, 120 mujeres que dan de lactar, 105 niños de 0 a 5 meses y 117 niños de 6 a 60 meses, que asistieron a consulta en Centros de Salud. Se aplicó el método de Recordatorio de 24 Horas (R24H) para determinar el consumo de alimentos, método antropométrico para la evaluación nutricional. RESULTADOS: La ingesta promedio en mujeres embarazadas 1999 kcal y mujeres que dan de lactar 1943 Kcal, es menor a la recomendada; inadecuada en grasas, calcio y zinc; suficiente en proteínas, hidratos de carbono, vitaminas A y C; el hierro es deficiente en embarazadas. Los niveles de adecuación de la dieta en niños de 6 a 23 meses en calcio 88,3%, hierro 75%. De 24 a 60 meses en: calorías 86,3%, grasas 46,9% y zinc 50,6%. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo promedio observado en mujeres y niños es inferior a las recomendaciones nutricionales. El estado nutricional no corresponde al exceso o déficit en la ingesta. La ingesta deficiente de micronutrientes, es debida al consumo insuficiente de verduras y frutas.

Características associadas ao consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ultraprocessados por adolescentes em uma região metropolitana brasileira / Characteristics associated with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods in one Brazilian metropolitan region

Resumo Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo analisar as características sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida associadas ao consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ultraprocessados (AUP) por adolescentes da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória - Espírito Santo, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos entre 2016 e 2017. Adotou-se a regressão logística para a análise multivariada. Participaram do estudo 2285 adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos. O maior consumo de alimentos minimamente processados foi associado ao trabalho remunerado do adolescente (OR=1,27; IC95%: 1,04-1,56), a alta renda familiar (OR=1,5; IC95%=1,10-2,17) e a prática de atividade física (OR=1,9; IC95%=1,45-2,63). A cor da pele parda/preta (OR=1,3; IC95%=1,02-1,61) e o hábito de comer enquanto navega na internet (OR=1,4; IC95%=1,02-1,88) aumentaram as chances de consumir os AUP. Estar matriculados em escolas particulares e no terceiro/quarto ano do ensino médio reduziram em 41,7% e 37,2%, respectivamente, o consumo dos AUP. Conclui-se que o maior poder aquisitivo e a prática de atividade física influenciaram o alto consumo dos alimentos minimamente processados. Por outro lado, se declarar da cor da pele parda/preta e a utilização da internet ao comer aumentam as chances para a maior ingestão dos AUP.

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics associated with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods (UPFs) by adolescents in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória, in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The data were obtained between 2016 and 2017. Logistic regression was adopted for the multivariate analysis. A total of 2,285 adolescents aged between 15 and 19 participated in the study. Greater consumption of minimally processed foods was associated with the adolescent doing paid work (OR=1.27; 95%CI=1.04-1.56), a high family income (OR=1.5; 95%CI=1.10-2.17), and engagement in physical activity (OR=1.9; 95%CI=1.45-2.63). Having brown/black skin (OR=1.3; 95%CI=1.02-1.61) and the habit of eating while surfing the web (OR=1.4; 95%CI=1.02-1.88) increased the chances of consuming UPFs. Being enrolled in a private school and being in the third/fourth year of high school reduced UPF consumption by 41.7% and 37.2%, respectively. It is concluded that greater purchasing power and engagement in physical activity influenced the consumption of minimally processed foods. On the other hand, self-reporting as brown/black and internet use increased the chances of greater UPF consumption.

Situação socioeconômica, tempo de tela e de permanência na escola e o consumo alimentar de crianças / Socioeconomic status, screen time, and time spent at school, and children's food consumption

Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a associação de fatores sociodemográficos e estilo de vida com consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados (INMP), ultraprocessados (AUP) e frutas e hortaliças. Trata-se de estudo transversal com 403 crianças de 4 a 7 anos de uma coorte retrospectiva. Variáveis sociodemográficas e estilo de vida foram investigadas através do questionário sociodemográfico. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por três registros alimentares. Empregaram-se análises de regressão linear bivariadas e multivariadas para analisar as associações. Crianças com menor renda apresentaram maior consumo de alimentos INMP e menor consumo de AUP. Menor tempo de permanência na escola associou-se ao menor consumo de alimentos INMP e maior consumo de AUP. Crianças com maior tempo de tela e com pais de menor escolaridade, consumiram menos frutas e hortaliças. Fatores sociodemográficos desfavoráveis se associaram ao melhor perfil de consumo de alimentos segundo o nível de processamento, exceto para frutas e hortaliças. O maior tempo de permanência na escola e menor tempo de tela contribuíram para uma alimentação mais saudável.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the association of sociodemographic factors and lifestyle with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed (INMP) foods, ultra-processed foods (UPFs), and fruits and vegetables. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 403 children, aged 4 to 7 years, from a retrospective cohort. Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were investigated using a sociodemographic questionnaire. Food consumption was assessed by three food records. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to analyze associations. Children with lower income had a higher consumption of INMP foods and a lower consumption of UPFs. A shorter time spent at school was associated with a lower consumption of INMP foods and a higher consumption of UPFs. Children with more screen time and less educated parents consumed less fruits and vegetables. Unfavorable sociodemographic factors were associated with a better profile of food consumption according to the level of processing, except for fruits and vegetables. The longer time spent at school and a shorter screen time contributed to a healthier diet.

A introdução precoce de sucos pode influenciar desfechos antropométricos e consumo alimentar em idade pré-escolar? / Does early fruit juice introduction influence anthropometric outcomes and food consumption at preschool age?

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do consumo de sucos antes dos 6 meses de idade no Índice de Massa Corporal para Idade (IMC/I) e no consumo alimentar em pré-escolares. Estudo longitudinal com amostra composta por mães e seus filhos (n=103) entre 6 meses e 3 a 6 anos. Peso e estatura foram aferidos e convertidos para o escore z de IMC/I. Para avaliar o consumo alimentar, foi utilizado o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Infantil. Testes de Qui-Quadrado e t de Student foram utilizados para comparação entre os grupos. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros antropométricos entre pré-escolares que receberam ou não suco antes dos seis meses. Aquelas que tiveram introdução de suco mais precoce (≤150 dias de vida) apresentaram consumo mais frequente (≥1x/dia) de suco artificial (63,8% versus 35,7%; p=0,028) e biscoito recheado (21,3% versus 14,3%; p=0,001) na idade pré-escolar. Crianças que receberam suco do tipo artificial antes dos 6 meses tiveram maior prevalência de consumo de refrigerante entre 1 e 4x/semana (69,2% versus 27,4%; p=0,014) e menor prevalência de consumo de achocolatado pelo menos 1x/dia (38,5% versus 69,4%; p=0,027). Sendo assim, crianças com introdução precoce de suco apresentaram maior consumo de alimentos doces e bebidas açucaradas em fase pré-escolar.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of fruit juice consumption before 6 months of age on Body Mass Index-for-age (BMI-for-age) and food consumption in preschoolers. We conducted a longitudinal study with mothers and their children (n=103) at 6 months and 3-6 years. Weight and height were measured and converted into BMI-for-age z-scores. Food consumption was analyzed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire for Children. Groups were compared using the chi-squared and Student's t-tests. No differences in anthropometric measurements were found at preschool age between children who had been given fruit juice before 6 months and those who had not. Consumption of artificial juice (≥once/day) and sandwich cookies at preschool age was higher in children with early introduction of fruit juice (≤150 days of life) (63.8% versus 35.7%; p=0.028 and 21.3% versus 14.3%; p=0.001, respectively). The prevalence of the consumption of soda (1 to 4 times/week) and chocolate milk (at least once/day) was higher in children who had been given artificial juice before 6 months (69.2% versus 27.4%; p=0.014 and 38.5% versus 69.4%; p=0.027, respectively). It can be concluded that the consumption of sweet foods and sugary beverages was higher in children with early introduction of fruit juice.

Caracterização do ambiente alimentar de uma universidade pública do estado do Rio de Janeiro / Characterization of the food environment in a public university of Rio de Janeiro State

Resumo Introdução O ambiente alimentar pode influenciar as escolhas alimentares e de bebidas pela população e seu estado nutricional. Objetivo Caracterizar o ambiente alimentar dos campi de universidade federal do Rio de Janeiro. Método Estudo transversal com estabelecimentos que comercializavam alimentos e bebidas dentro dos campi da universidade. A avaliação do ambiente alimentar foi realizada com a aplicação de um instrumento para coleta das informações: tipo de estabelecimento, alimentos/preparações, modalidade, características, cardápio e informações nutricionais, promoções, propagandas, disponibilidade de alimentos/bebidas, variedade e preço. Os alimentos e preparações observados, a presença de estratégias como informação nutricional, propagandas e promoções foram classificados em facilitadores/ barreiras para alimentação saudável, de acordo com o Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Resultados Participaram do estudo cinco estabelecimentos, quatro eram comerciais e um o restaurante universitário (RU). Todos os estabelecimentos aceitavam dinheiro e cartão, havia cardápio e preço na maioria. Nenhum apresentava informação nutricional. A oferta de frutas/hortaliças foi encontrada em quatro estabelecimentos. A disponibilidade de edulcorante artificial foi encontrada em todos os locais. Observou-se grande variedade de balas (8 ± 7,1), refrigerantes (9 ± 3,7), chocolate (8 ± 7,1), biscoito salgado (8 ± 12,3) e doce (7 ± 9,1). Frutas apresentaram preço médio superior, R$ 3,83, quando comparadas aos salgados, R$ 2,85 e biscoitos, R$ 1,50. Conclusão O ambiente alimentar universitário apresentou maior oferta de alimentos não saudáveis, apresentando barreiras na promoção de práticas alimentares mais adequadas.

Abstract Background The food environment can influence food and beverage choice by the population and their nutritional status. Objective To characterize the food environment of campuses at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Method A cross-sectional study of food and beverage establishments within the university was carried out. The assessment of the food environment was performed with the application of an instrument to collect information: type, food or preparations, mode, characteristics, menu and nutritional information, promotions, advertisements, availability of food or drinks, variety, and price. The observed foods and preparations, the presence of an approach such as nutritional information, advertisements, and promotions were classified as facilitators/barriers for healthy eating, according to the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. Results Of the 5 establishments that participated, 4 were commercial and 1 was a university restaurant (RU). All establishments accepted cash and cards, and most had a menu and price. None had nutritional information. The supply of fruits and vegetables was found in 4 establishments. The availability of artificial sweetener was found in all locations. A wide variety of candies (8 ± 7.1), soft drinks (9 ± 3.7), chocolate (8 ± 7.1), salted biscuits (8 ± 12.3), and sweets (7 ± 9.1) were observed. Fruits had a higher average price, R$3.83, when compared to savory foods, R$ 2.85, and biscuits, R$ 1.50. Conclusion The university food environment presented a greater offer of unhealthy foods, presenting barriers to the promotion of more appropriate eating practices.

Changes in the frequency of food consumption by adults/elderly according to food insecurity: evidence from a longitudinal study in the northeastern semi-arid region, Brazil, 2011-2014 / Mudanças na frequência do consumo alimentar de adultos/idosos segundo a situação de insegurança alimentar: evidências a partir de um estudo longitudinal no semiárido nordestino, Brasil, 2011-2014

ABSTRACT Objective: To prospectively analyze changes in the frequency of individual food consumption of adults/elderly people according to different food insecurity outcomes over time. Methods: Population-based longitudinal study carried out in 2011 (358 individuals) and 2014 (301 individuals) in a municipality in the northeastern semi-arid region. The frequency of food consumption of 37 foods in adults/elderly was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and food insecurity using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Differences in the proportion of frequency of consumption of each food at baseline (2011) and follow-up (2014) were calculated according to longitudinal categories of change in food insecurity. The McNemar test for paired samples was applied to estimate differences between 2011 and 2014. Results: Among the individuals studied, 38.9% and 30.6% were classified in food security and food insecurity in the two periods (2011 and 2014), respectively, and 23.2% changed from food insecurity in 2011 to food security in 2014. Increase in the frequency of food consumed in the three groups of food insecurity outcomes. Only in the food insecurity group at both times, an increase in the consumption frequency of soft drinks and industrialized juices was observed. In the three groups, when comparing 2011 and 2014, there was an increase in the consumption of local agricultural foods, such as mangoes, sweet potatoes and a decrease in the consumption of pumpkin. Conclusion: Overcoming food insecurity results in positive changes in food consumption, and seasonality is a factor that promotes and limits food consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar prospectivamente mudanças na frequência do consumo alimentar individual de adultos/idosos segundo diferentes desfechos de insegurança alimentar no tempo. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal de base populacional realizado em 2011 (358 indivíduos) e 2014 (301 indivíduos) em um município do semiárido nordestino. Foi avaliada a frequência de consumo alimentar de 37 alimentos em adultos/idosos por Questionário de Frequência Alimentar e a insegurança alimentar pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. Foram calculadas as diferenças na proporção da frequência de consumo de cada alimento no baseline (2011) e follow-up (2014) segundo categorias longitudinais de mudança na insegurança alimentar. Foi aplicado o teste de McNemar para amostras pareadas para estimar diferenças entre 2011 e 2014. Resultados: Dentre os indivíduos estudados, 38,9% e 30,6% foram classificados em segurança e insegurança alimentar nos dois tempos (2011 e 2014), respectivamente, e 23,2% mudaram da insegurança alimentar em 2011 para segurança alimentar em 2014. Houve aumento na frequência dos alimentos consumidos nos três grupos de desfechos da insegurança alimentar. Apenas no grupo insegurança alimentar nos dois tempos, observou-se aumento na frequência alimentar de refrigerantes e sucos industrializados. Nos três grupos, ao comparar 2011 e 2014, houve aumento no consumo de alimentos da vocação agrícola local, como manga, batata-doce e diminuição do consumo de jerimum/abóbora. Conclusão: A superação da insegurança alimentar resulta em mudanças positivas no consumo de alimentos, e a sazonalidade é um fator promotor e limitante do consumo de alimentos.

Estado nutricional e fatores associados à prevalência de obesidade entre escolares das redes pública e privada de ensino fundamental de Maceió, Alagoas / Nutritional status and factors associated with the prevalence of obesity among schoolchildren from public and private elementary schools in Maceio, Alagoas / Estado nutricional y factores asociados a la prevalencia de obesidad entre escolares de enseñanza básica pública y privada de Maceió, Alagoas

Resumo Objetivou-se classificar o estado nutricional e investigar os fatores associados à prevalência de obesidade entre escolares do ensino fundamental público e privado de Maceió. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 1.510 alunos (9,8±0,5 anos) de escolas públicas (n=931) e privadas (n=579). Obtiveram-se dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, antropométricos e dietéticos. O estado nutricional foi estabelecido por antropometria segundo os critérios da OMS. A obesidade foi definida por IMC-para-idade >2 z. A medida de associação foi a razão de prevalência (RP) e respectivo IC95%, calculados por regressão de Poisson. Apenas 1,2% dos investigados apresentaram déficit estatural. A prevalência de obesidade foi maior entre os alunos da rede privada (22,1% vs. 10,3%; RP=2,14; IC95%=1,66-2,76). Na análise bruta associaram-se à obesidade: menor número de moradores no domicílio; comprar lanche na cantina da escola; não ser usuário de programas assistenciais do governo; maior consumo de alimentos não saudáveis; e pertencer à escola privada. Na análise ajustada, apenas esta última variável manteve-se associada (p<0,05), possivelmente, pelo fato de a maioria dos demais preditores ocorrer com maior frequência no âmbito dos estabelecimentos particulares. A obesidade é o principal agravo nutricional encontrado entre os alunos do ensino fundamental de Maceió, condição que se associa, de forma independente, ao fato de pertencer à escola privada.

Abstract The objective was to classify the nutritional status and investigate the factors associated with the prevalence of obesity among students from public and private elementary schools in Maceio. This is a cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 1510 students (9.8 ± 0.5 years) from public (n=931) and private (n=579) schools. Socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric and dietary data were obtained. Nutritional status was defined by anthropometry according to WHO criteria. Obesity was defined as BMI-for-age >2 z. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio (PR) and respective 95% CI, calculated by Poisson regression. Only 1.2% of those investigated had stunting. The prevalence of obesity was higher among students from the private network (22.1% vs. 10.3%; PR=2.14; 95%CI=1.66; 2.76). In the crude analysis, obesity was associated with lower number of residents at home, buying snacks at school canteens, not being a user of government assistance programs, greater consumption of unhealthy foods and attending a private school. In the adjusted analysis, only this last variable remained associated (p<0.05), possibly due to the fact that most of the other predictors occurred more frequently in the context of private establishments. Obesity is the main nutritional disorder found among elementary school students in Maceio, a condition that is independently associated with attending a private school.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo clasificar el estado nutricional e investigar los factores asociados a la prevalencia de obesidad entre estudiantes de escuelas públicas y privadas de Maceió. Se trata de un estudio transversal con una muestra aleatoria de 1510 estudiantes (9,8 ± 0,5 años) que asisten a escuelas públicas (n = 931) y privadas (n = 579), del que se obtuvieron datos socioeconómicos, demográficos, antropométricos y dietéticos. El estado nutricional se definió por antropometría según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). La obesidad se definió como IMC para la edad > 2 z. La medida de asociación fue la razón de prevalencia (PR) y su IC 95 %, calculada por regresión de Poisson. Solo el 1,2 % de los investigados presentaba baja estatura para la edad y la prevalencia de obesidad fue mayor entre estudiantes de la red privada (22,1 % vs. 10,3 %; RP = 2,14, IC 95% : 1,66; 2,76). En el análisis crudo estaban asociados con la obesidad el menor número de integrantes de la familia, comprar almuerzo en la cantina de la escuela, no ser usuarios de programas de asistencia del Gobierno, mayor consumo de alimentos no saludables y la asistencia a escuela privada. En el análisis ajustado, solo esta última variable se mantuvo asociada (p < 0,05). La obesidad es el principal problema nutricional entre los alumnos de enseñanza básica de Maceió, condición que se asocia de forma independiente al hecho de asistir a una escuela privada.

Ansiedade e comportamento alimentar de estudantes de diferentes áreas de uma Universidade do sul catarinense / Anxiety and eating behavior of students from different areas of a University of southern catarinense / Ansiedad y comportamiento alimentario de estudiantes de diferentes áreas de un Universidad catarinense del sur

Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a ansiedade e a alimentação em estudantes de diversas áreas da graduação de uma Universidade do Sul Catarinense. Método: A pesquisa aconteceu durante o primeiro semestre de 2023. Para a obtenção de dados foi elaborado um questionário pelas pesquisadoras responsáveis via Google Forms ®. Foram realizadas perguntas sobre as condições socioeconômicas dos estudantes, estado de ansiedade, hábitos alimentares, dados como peso e altura e informações sobre o comportamento alimentar. Resultados: Observou-se uma amostra de 85 universitários das três áreas da graduação pesquisadas. Foi aplicado um questionário para verificar o estado nutricional dos estudantes, questões relacionadas com ansiedade, bem como alimentação, comportamento alimentar e comer compulsivamente. Identificou-se que 58,82% (n=50) do IMC dos universitários foi adequado/eutrófico, 78,82% (n=67) se sentiam ansiosos no dia a dia e 82,35% (n=70) relatam que a ansiedade tem relação com o comer compulsivo. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a ansiedade e o comer compulsivo são prejudiciais tanto para a saúde do estudante quanto para seu desempenho em seus estudos, bem como sua saúde física e mental.

Objective: to analyze the relationship between anxiety and eating in students from different areas of graduation at a University in Southern Santa Catarina. Method: The research took place during the first semester of 2023. To obtain data, a questionnaire was prepared by the responsible researchers via Google Forms ®. Questions were asked about the students' socioeconomic conditions, state of anxiety, eating habits, data such as weight and height, and information about eating behavior. Results: A sample of 85 university students from the three undergraduate areas surveyed was observed. A questionnaire was applied to verify the nutritional status of students, issues related to anxiety, as well as food, eating behavior and compulsive eating. It was identified that 58.82% (n=50) of the BMI of university students was adequate/eutrophic, 78.82% (n=67) felt anxious in their daily lives and 82.35% (n=70) reported that anxiety is related to compulsive eating. Conclusion: It is concluded that anxiety and compulsive eating are harmful both for the student's health and for their performance in their studies, as well as their physical and mental health.

Objetivo: analizar la relación entre la ansiedad y la alimentación en estudiantes de diferentes áreas de graduación de una Universidad del Sur de Santa Catarina. Método: La investigación se desarrolló durante el primer semestre de 2023. Para la obtención de datos se elaboró un cuestionario por parte de los investigadores responsables a través de Google Forms®. Se realizaron preguntas sobre las condiciones socioeconómicas de los estudiantes, estado de ansiedad, hábitos alimentarios, datos como peso y talla e información sobre la conducta alimentaria. Resultados: Se observó una muestra de 85 estudiantes universitarios de las tres carreras encuestadas. Se aplicó un cuestionario para verificar el estado nutricional de los estudiantes, temas relacionados con la ansiedad, así como la alimentación, conducta alimentaria y alimentación compulsiva. Se identificó que el 58,82% (n=50) del IMC de universitarios fue adecuado/eutrófico, el 78,82% (n=67) se sintió ansioso en su cotidiano y el 82,35% (n=70) refirió que la ansiedad está relacionada con la alimentación compulsiva. Conclusión: Se concluye que la ansiedad y la alimentación compulsiva son perjudiciales tanto para la salud del estudiante como para su desempeño en sus estudios, así como su salud física y mental

Prácticas de autocuidado al momento de comprar víveres y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 de familias de la ciudad de La Paz y El Alto, 2021 / Self-care practices when buying grocery and frequency of food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic of families in the city of La Paz and El Alto, 2021

OBJETIVO: determinar las prácticas de autocuidado al momento de comprar víveres y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 de familias de la ciudad de La Paz y El Alto, 2021. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo observacional serie de casos, 179 adultos de la ciudad de El Alto y 237 de la ciudad de La Paz. Se utilizó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y para describir las prácticas de autocuidado al momento de comprar víveres se tomó como criterio las recomendaciones para la compra de víveres según la OMS ante el COVID-19. RESULTADOS: el 42.5% tienen un consumo menos de 2 porciones de verduras y frutas, el 38.5% de la ciudad de El Alto y el 36.7% de la ciudad de La Paz tienen una frecuencia diaria de consumo de verduras y frutas. El 24.6% manifiestan rara vez haber consumido palta, el 35.8% consume pescado de 1 a 3 veces al mes. El 35.2% declaran evitar aglomeraciones cuando va al mercado o tiendas para la compra de alimentos. El 66% lleva desinfectante y uso de mascarilla para ir al mercado o tienda. El 60.9% siempre se lava las manos y realiza desinfección de alimentos cuando regresa del mercado o tienda. CONCLUSIONES: A medida que avanza la edad la cantidad de fruta, verduras, frutos secos, prebióticos y probióticos se consume menos. Algunas medidas de bioseguridad al momento de comprar alimentos no se cumplen.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the self-care practices when buying groceries and the frequency of food consumption in times of the COVID-19 pandemic of families in the city of La Paz and El Alto, 2021. MATERIALS AND METHOD: a descriptive observational case series study was carried out, 179 adults from the city of El Alto and 237 from the city of La Paz. A food consumption frequency survey was used and to describe self-care practices when buying groceries, the recommendations for the purchase of groceries according to the WHO against COVID-19 were taken as criteria. RESULTS: 42.5% have a consumption less than 2 servings of vegetables and fruits, 38.5% of the city of El Alto and 36.7% of the city of La Paz have a daily frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruits. 24.6% say they have rarely consumed avocado, 35.8% consume fish 1 to 3 times a month. 35.2% state that they avoid crowds when they go to the market or stores to buy food. 66% carry disinfectant and wear a mask to go to the market or store. 60.9% always wash their hands and disinfect food when they return from the market or store. CONCLUSIONS: as age advances, the amount of fruit, vegetables, nuts, prebiotics and probiotics is consumed less. Some biosecurity measures when buying food are not followed.

Different levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet that do not change the risk of breast cancer in western women

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm in women globally. Healthy eating, a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet (MD), has been associated with a lower risk of developing BC, although this relationship remains inconclusive. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between MD adherence and the risk of BC development. A case-control study was carried out with 181 women divided into two groups: with BC (n= 90) and without breast cancer (WBC) (n= 91). Clinical and reproductive aspects were investigated through interviews, and food consumption was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Adherence to the MD was evaluated using the MD score. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS® software, with p<0.05. The results showed that the main type of breast carcinoma was invasive ductal carcinoma, positive for oestrogen or progesterone receptors. The mean MD score was 4.08 ± 1.61 and 4.22 ± 1.69 among women with BC and without BC, respectively, with no difference between the groups. The risk assessment of BC with respect to adherence to MD showed no significant difference after adjustments were made in the logistic regression models. In conclusion, this study showed that women with and without breast cancer had "medium adherence" to MD, with no difference between the groups. In the group of women investigated, adherence to MD did not affect the risk of developing the disease.

El cáncer de mama (CM) es la neoplasia más frecuente entre las mujeres del mundo, y la alimentación saludable, característica del patrón de la dieta mediterránea (DM), se ha asociado con un menor riesgo de desarrollar CM, aunque esta relación sigue sin ser concluyente. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre la adherencia a la DM y el riesgo para el desarrollo de CM. Estudio de casos y controles realizados con 181 mujeres divididas en dos grupos: con cáncer de mama (n=90) y sin cáncer de mama (SCM; n= 91). Los aspectos clínicos y reproductivos se evaluaron a través de una entrevista; consumo de alimentos a través del cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ) y adherencia a la dieta mediterránea evaluada según la puntuación de DM. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software SPSS®, considerando valores significativos de p<0,05. Los resultados mostraron que el principal tipo de carcinoma de mama fue el carcinoma ductal invasivo, positivo para el receptor de estrógenos y progesterona. La puntuación media de DM fue de 4,08 ± 1,61 entre las mujeres con CM y de 4,22 ± 1,69 entre las que no tenían la enfermedad, sin diferencia entre los grupos. La evaluación del riesgo de CM en relación con la adherencia a la DM mostró que, después de ajustes en los modelos de regresión logística, no hubo diferencia significativa. En conclusión, el estudio muestra que las mujeres con y sin CM tuvieron "adherencia media" a la DM, sin diferencia entre los grupos. También mostró que, en el grupo de mujeres investigadas, la adherencia a la DM no influyó en el riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Dietary intake and eating behavior in the Chilean population during the COVID-19 lockdown

Lockdown and social distancing due to COVID-19 affected the mental health and lifestyle of the population. However, there is insufficient evidence of alterations in eating behavior. Our study seeks to describe the relationship between eating behavior and eating habits among Chilean adults during the confinement period. A sample of 760 Chilean subjects was analyzed, who answered surveys using Google Forms, considering demographic characteristics, social distancing, dietary habits and EB. More than half of the participants consider that their dietary intake increased during confinement. Changes in dietary intake were analyzed according to food group, and a decrease in the consumption of fish, fruits and dairy products was observed, while legumes, processed foods and soft drinks showed an increase, which represents risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. When analyzing eating behavior, a greater difficulty in stopping eating was observed when faced with external stimuli; increased intake associated with complex emotional situations, and when isolating the group that decreased their intake of unhealthy foods, a greater ability to limit their intake for weight control was reported. Our results are similar to other studies, and they reinforce that confinement is related to eating behavior, leading to changes in eating habits, which indicates that, at the public health level, post-pandemic nutritional strategies, should be focused on regulating eating behavior in order to guide habits towards healthy eating.

El confinamiento y distanciamiento social debido al COVID-19 afectó la salud mental y hábitos de vida de la población. Sin embargo, no existe suficiente evidencia de alteraciones en la conducta alimentaria (CA). Nuestro estudio busca establecer la relación entre la conducta alimentaria y los hábitos alimentarios en adultos chilenos durante el periodo de confinamiento. Se analizó una muestra de 760 sujetos chilenos, quienes contestaron encuestas mediante Google Forms, considerando características demográficas, distanciamiento social, hábitos dietéticos y (CA). Más de la mitad de los participantes considera que su ingesta alimentaria aumentó durante el confinamiento. Se analizó los cambios en ingesta según grupo de alimentos, y se observó una disminución en la ingesta de pescados, frutas y lácteos, mientras que legumbres, alimentos procesados y bebidas azucaradas presentaron un aumento, lo cual representa factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Al analizar la CA se observó una mayor dificultad para dejar de comer frente a estímulos externos, aumento de la ingesta asociado a situaciones emocionales complejas, y al aislar al grupo que disminuyó su ingesta de alimentos no saludables se reportó una mayor capacidad para limitar la ingesta para el control del peso. Nuestros resultados son similares con otros estudios, y refuerzan que el confinamiento se relaciona con la CA, conduciendo a cambios en los hábitos de alimentación, lo cual nos indica que, a nivel de salud pública, las estrategias nutricionales post-pandemia, deben estar enfocadas en regular la CA con el objetivo de guiar los hábitos a una alimentación saludable.