The intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of bone level measurements at strategic mini-implants using dental panoramic radiography

Abstract Objectives: This experimental study focused on the intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of vertical bone level (VBL) measurements at strategic mini-implants (MI) using digital panoramic radiographs (PR). Study design: VBLs of 152 MIs for removable partial denture stabilization at 50 randomly chosen PRs from a clinical trial were digitally evaluated by three ratters. Rater deviations exceeding 0.5 mm were re-examined. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was applied to estimate reliability. The smallest detectable change (SDC) was interrelated to the minimal clinically important change of 0.2 mm. Results: The first measurement round revealed intra- and inter-rater ICCs of > 0.8. However, 28 sites (9 %) were unreadable, and 97 sites (32 %) revealed differences between observers of ≥ 0.5 mm. Following a consensus session and re-training, an additional 8 sites were excluded and all remaining VBL differences were ≤ 0.5 mm. Thus, the SDCs with 95 % credibility were improved from 0.73 to 0.31 mm in the intra-rater and from 1.52 to 0.34 mm in the interrater statistics. Given a 50 % credibility for this special setting, both the intra- and inter-rater SDCs were 0.11 mm. Conclusions: Digital PR can be reliably utilized to determine VBLs around MIs under conditions of at least two trained observers, mutual calibration sessions, and exclusion of unquantifiable radiographs. German Clinical Trials Register ID:DRKS00007589, www.germanctr.de

Association between urinary thallium and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between urinary thallium （TL） and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）. MethodsRelated data were collected from the registered participants aged ≥18 years in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2017 to 2020， with th exclusion of the individuals with a lack of liver transient elastography data and urinary TL indicators and those with hepatitis B， hepatitis C or significant alcohol consumption. A total of individuals were divided into NAFLD group and non-NAFLD group. Urinary TL level was quantitatively measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and online solid-phase extraction combined with isotope dilution. The two groups were compared in terms of age， sex， race， marital status， education， family income poverty impact ratio （FMPIR）， body mass index （BMI）， smoking， alcohol consumption， diabetes mellitus （DM）， hypertension （HTN）， hyperlipidemia （HL）， and urinary TL level. The independent-samples t test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups， and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Descriptive analysis， multivariable Logistic regression， restricted cubic spline regression analysis， subgroup analysis， and interaction analysis were conducted to investigate the risk association between urinary TL and NAFLD. ResultsA total of 2 511 individuals were included， with 1 612 （64.20%） in the NAFLD group and 899 （35.80%） in the non-NAFLD group， and the NAFLD group had a significantly higher urinary TL level than the non-NAFLD group ［0.18 （0.11‍ ‍— ‍0.26）μg/L vs 0.16 （0.09 — ‍0.25）μg/L， Z=-2.76， P=0.01］. After adjustment for the covariates of age， sex， race， education， marital status， FMPIR， BMI， smoking， alcohol consumption， DM， HTN， and HL， the urinary TL Q4 group had a significant increase in the risk of NAFLD （odds ratio ［OR］=1.90， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 1.48‍ — ‍2.44， P<0.01）. There was a positive dose-response relationship （P<0.01） and a non-linear relationship （P<0.01） between urinary TL and the risk of NAFLD. A significant interaction was observed between urinary TL and smoking/BMI （P<0.05）. For individuals taking ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime， the risk of NAFLD was increased by 50% for every quartile increase in urinary TL （OR=1.50， 95%CI： 1.24‍ — ‍1.80）， and for individuals taking<100 cigarettes in their lifetime， the risk of NAFLD was increased by 20% for every quartile increase in urinary TL （OR=1.20， 95%CI： 1.03‍ — ‍1.40）； for individuals with a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2， the risk of NAFLD was increased by 30% for every quartile increase in urinary TL （OR=1.30， 95%CI： 1.05‍ — ‍1.70）， with a statistical significance （P<0.05）. ConclusionUrinary TL level is significantly associated with the risk of NAFLD.

Relationship between handgrip strength and inspiratory muscles with the success of the spontaneous breathing trial

Introduction: In critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, the loss of inspiratory and peripheral muscle strength is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and failed weaning. Objective: To determine the relationship between handgrip strength and inspiratory muscle strength with the success of the Spontaneous Breathing Trial in adults with ventilatory support greater than 48 hours. Methodology: Prospective observational cross-sectional study performed at a tertiary hospital in Colombia. Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were measured once a day before Spontaneous Breathing Trial testing. Pearson's test and Cohen's D test were used to analyze correlations. Results: A total of 51 patients were included, 57% male, with a mean age of 51.9±20 years. A positive correlation was identified between Maximal Inspiratory Pressure and grip strength; and a negative correlation between grip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure with the days of stay in the intensive care unit, (r -0.40; p<0.05) and (r -0.45; p<0.05). Conclusions: Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were positively correlated with Spontaneous Breathing Trial success. The importance of these measures to guide ventilator disconnection processes is highlighted.

Introducción: En el paciente críticamente enfermo con ventilación mecánica, la pérdida de la fuerza de los músculos inspiratorios y periféricos se asocia con ventilación mecánica prolongada y destete fallido. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la fuerza de prensión manual y la fuerza de músculos inspiratorios con el éxito de la prueba de respiración espontánea en adultos con soporte ventilatorio mayor a 48 horas. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo observacional de corte transversal realizado en un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia. La fuerza de prensión manual y la presión inspiratoria máxima se midieron una vez al día antes de la prueba de prueba de respiración espontánea. Se utilizaron la prueba de Pearson y la prueba D de Cohen para analizar las correlaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 pacientes, 57 % de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 51,9 ± 20 años. Se identificó una correlación positiva entre Presión Inspiratoria Máxima y fuerza de la mano; y una correlación negativa entre la fuerza de la mano y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima con los días de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, (r -0,40; p < 0,05) y (r -0,45;p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La fuerza de prensión manual y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima se correlacionaron positivamente con el éxito de la Prueba de Respiración Espontánea. Se destaca la importancia de estas mediciones para guiar procesos de desconexión del ventilador.

Fuerza prensil y composición corporal en escolares colombianos. Estudio piloto

Introducción: Algunos estudios han encontrado relación entre exceso de peso y baja fuerza de prensión relativa. En países de ingresos socioeconómicos medianos y bajos hay pocas evidencias que evalúen la fuerza prensil y su relación con la composición corporal en población pediátrica. Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación entre la fuerza prensil y la composición corporal de escolares de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio piloto de corte transversal, analítico, correlacional. Participaron niños en edad escolar de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Las principales variables dependientes fueron masa muscular, agua corporal total, proteínas (kg) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. La variable independiente correspondió a la fuerza prensil. Se usó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para explorar la relación entre variables. Resultados: El promedio de la fuerza prensil en el total de la muestra fue de 13,8 ± 3,2 Newton. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas y estadísticamente significativas entre la fuerza prensil y la masa musculoesquelética (r = 0,73), agua corporal total (r = 0,73) y proteínas (r = 0,74). Discusión: Nuestros resultados son consistentes con evidencias previas que identifican a la fuerza prensil como un indicador de la composición corporal, específicamente en las variables de masa musculoesquelética y proteínas. Conclusión: Los niños en el tercil más alto de fuerza prensil presentan los terciles más altos de masa musculoesquelética, agua corporal total y proteínas.

Introduction: Some studies have found a relationship between excess weight and low relative grip strength. In countries with medium and low socioeconomic income, there is little evidence evaluating grip strength and its relationship with body composition in the pediatric population. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between grip strength and body composition of schoolchildren from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical, correlational pilot study was conducted. Schoolchildren from Bucaramanga, Colombia participated. The main dependent variables were muscle mass, total body water, protein (kg), and percentage of body fat. The independent variable corresponded to the prehensile force. Spearman's Correlation Coefficient was used to explore the relationship between variables. Results: The average prehensile force in the total sample was 13.8±3.2 Newton. Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between grip strength and musculoskeletal mass (r=0.73), total body water (r=0.73), and protein (r=0.74). Discussion: Our results are consistent with previous evidence that identifies grip strength as an indicator of body composition, specifically in the variables of musculoskeletal mass and protein. Conclusion: Children in the highest tertile of prehensile strength present the highest tertiles of skeletal muscle mass, total body water, and protein.

La empatía de los enfermeros con los pacientes en los hospitales públicos / Working nurses' empathy with patients in public hospitals / A empatia dos enfermeiros com os pacientes em hospitais públicos

Objetivo: determinar los niveles de empatía en profesionales de enfermería de un hospital de alta complejidad, relacionar la edad con la empatía (y cada una de sus dimensiones), y establecer si existen diferencias entre estos niveles según el tipo de jornada laboral. Método: diseño comparativo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra utilizada (n=271) constituyó el 40,9% del total de profesionales de enfermería. Se estudiaron las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Empatía de Jefferson para Profesionales de la Salud. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos: media y desviación estándar. La asociación entre empatía y edad se estimó mediante ecuaciones de regresión y significancia estadística de los coeficientes de regresión, luego de evaluar el tipo de curva mediante análisis de varianza. Resultados: se identificó el modelo subyacente de las tres dimensiones de la empatía. Los valores de los estadísticos descriptivos observados fueron relativamente bajos en empatía y sus dimensiones. Los niveles de empatía no se asociaron con el rango de edad. No se encontraron diferencias en la empatía entre los tipos de horarios de trabajo. Se encontró variabilidad en las dimensiones: "cuidado compasivo" y "ponerse en los zapatos del paciente". Conclusión: estos resultados muestran que los niveles de empatía observados pueden implicar un desempeño deficiente en el cuidado empático de los pacientes.

Objective: to determine the levels of empathy in professional nurses of a high-complexity hospital, to relate age to empathy (and each one of its dimensions), and to establish if there are differences between these levels according to the type of working schedules. Method: comparative, correlational and cross-sectional design. The sample used (n=271) constituted 40.9% of the total number of nursing professionals. Psychometric properties of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professionals were studied. Descriptive statistics were calculated: mean and standard deviation. The association between empathy and age was estimated using regression equations and statistical significance of the regression coefficients, after evaluating the type of curve using variance analysis. Results: the underlying model of three dimensions of empathy was identified. The values of the descriptive statistics observed were relatively low in empathy and its dimensions. Empathy levels were not associated with the age range. No differences in empathy were found between the types of work schedules. Variability was found in the dimensions: "compassionate care" and "Walking on the patient's shoes". Conclusion: these results show that the levels of empathy observed may imply a deficient performance in empathetic care for patients.

Objetivo: determinar os níveis de empatia em enfermeiros profissionais de um hospital de alta complexidade, relacionar a idade com a empatia (e cada uma das suas dimensões) e verificar se existem diferenças entre esses níveis, de acordo com o tipo de horário de trabalho. Método: delineamento comparativo, correlacional e transversal. A amostra utilizada (n=271) constituiu 40,9% do total de profissionais de enfermagem. Foram estudadas as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Empatia de Jefferson para Profissionais da Saúde. Foram calculadas estatísticas descritivas: média e desvio padrão. A associação entre empatia e idade foi estimada por meio de equações de regressão e significância estatística dos coeficientes de regressão, após avaliação do tipo de curva por meio de análise de variância. Resultados: o modelo subjacente de três dimensões de empatia foi identificado. Os valores das estatísticas descritivas observados foram relativamente baixos em empatia e suas dimensões. Níveis de empatia não foram associados com a faixa etária. Não foram encontradas diferenças de empatia entre os tipos de horários de trabalho. Foi encontrada variabilidade nas dimensões: "cuidado compassivo" e "colocar-se no lugar do paciente". Conclusão: esses resultados mostram que os níveis de empatia observados podem implicar em um desempenho deficiente no atendimento empático aos pacientes.

Correlación entre los Estilos de Aprendizaje Según el Modelo de Felder-Silverman y el Rendimiento Académico de la Asignatura de Morfología y Función en Estudiantes Universitarios / Correlation Between Learning Styles According to the Felder-Silverman Model and the Academic Performance of the Morphology and Function Subject in University Students

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la relación existente entre la tendencia predominante del estilo de aprendizaje, según el modelo de Felder-Silverman, evaluando el rendimiento académico parcial y final de los estudiantes que cursan la asignatura Morfología y Función I. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 231 estudiantes universitarios que ingresaron a las Facultades de Salud y Educación en el primer semestre del año 2019. Para poder evaluar el rendimiento, a los estudiantes se les aplicó el cuestionario de Índice de Estilos de Aprendizaje y se correlacionó con la nota de la prueba teórica 1, la evaluación práctica 1 y el promedio final de la asignatura. Los resultados muestran que el 53,4 % del total de estudiantes evaluados son visuales, para estos estudiantes el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman fue de -0,378 para prueba teórica (p<0,001), -0.467 para evaluación práctica (p<0,001) y -0.500 para el promedio final (p<0,001). Los estudiantes visuales tienen promedio de notas más altos en la prueba teórica y el promedio final comparado con los activos (p<0,05). Se concluyó que la tendencia predominante es el visual, para estos estudiantes existe una correlación inversa y estadísticamente significativa con el rendimiento académico. Además, presentan un promedio de notas significativamente más alto que las otras tendencias.

SUMMARY: The objective if this study was to determine the relation that exists between the predominant tendency of the learning style, according to the Felder-Silverman model, and partial and final academic performance of the students attending the subject Morphology and Function I. A transversal study was carried out among 231 college students who joined the Faculties of Health and Education during the first term of 2019. They received the Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire and it was correlated with the mark of the theoretical test n°1, the practical evaluation n° 1 and the final average of the course. Results showed that 53.4 % of the total numbers of students assessed are visual, for these pupils the Spearman correlation coefficient was -0.378 for the theoretical test (p<0.001),-0.467 for the practical evaluation (p<0.001) and -0.500 for the final average (p<0.001). Visual students have higher average marks in the theoretical test and the final average contrasted with the active ones (p<0.05). We concluded that the predominant tendency is the visual style. For these students there is an inverted and statistically significant correlation with the academic performance. Besides, they show significantly higher average marks than the other tendencies.

Correlation between physical activity practice and mortality from COVID-19: an ecological study / Correlação entre prática de atividade física e mortalidade por COVID-19: um estudo ecológico / Correlación entre la práctica de actividad física y la mortalidad por COVID-19: un estudio ecológico

Background and objective: new population-level studies are needed to better assess the relationship between physical inactivity and mortality from COVID-19. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between population prevalence of physical activity and standardized mortality rates by COVID-19 in Brazilian capital cities and the Federal District. Methods: this is an ecological study, whose analysis is secondary. The prevalence of physical inactivity, insufficient physical activity, and physical activity during free time was obtained from the Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey 2019 (VIGITEL), according to minutes spent on leisure, commuting, and household activities. The COVID-19 mortality data was obtained from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Gripe), adding the accumulated deaths until December 31, 2020. The resident population was estimated from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) for the year 2020. Pearson Correlation evaluated the correlation between the prevalence of different physical activity practices and the standardized mortality rate from COVID-19, in total, and according to age groups. Results: there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.420; p = 0.029) between the overall prevalence of insufficient physical activity and the standardized COVID-19 mortality rate. No correlation was observed between the other prevalence of physical activity and the standardized mortality rate from COVID-19. Conclusion: there was a correlation between insufficient levels of physical activity and the standardized mortality rate from COVID-19 in people living in Brazilian capital cities.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivo: novos estudos em nível populacional são necessários para avaliar a relação entre inatividade física e mortalidade por COVID-19. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre as prevalências populacionais de prática de atividade física e as taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por COVID-19 nas cidades capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo ecológico, cuja análise é secundária. As prevalências de inatividade física, atividade física insuficiente e atividade física no tempo livre foram obtidas do inquérito Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico 2019 (VIGITEL). Os dados de mortalidade por COVID-19 foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe), somando os óbitos acumulados até 31 de dezembro de 2020. A população residente foi estimada a partir do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para o ano de 2020. A Correlação de Pearson avaliou a correlação entre a prevalência de diferentes práticas de atividade física e a taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19, no total e segundo faixas etárias. Resultados: houve correlação significativa positiva (r = 0,420; p = 0,029) entre a prevalência geral de atividade física insuficiente e a taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19. Não foi observada correlação entre as demais prevalências de prática de atividade física e taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19. Conclusão: houve correlação entre os níveis insuficientes de atividade física e a taxa padronizada de mortalidade por COVID-19 em pessoas que vivem nas cidades capitais brasileiras.(AU)

Justificación y objetivo: nuevos estudios a nivel poblacional son necesarios para evaluar la relación entre la inactividad física y la mortalidad por COVID-19. Evaluar la correlación entre la prevalencia poblacional de actividad física y las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad por COVID-19 en las capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal. Métodos: se trata de un estudio ecológico, cuyo análisis es secundario. Las prevalencias de sedentarismo, actividad física insuficiente y actividad física en el tiempo libre se obtuvieron de la Encuesta Telefónica de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección de Enfermedades Crónicas 2019 (VIGITEL). Los datos de mortalidad por COVID-19 se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza (SIVEP-Gripe), sumando las muertes acumuladas hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2020. La población residente se estimó del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para el año. 2020. Pearson Correlation evaluó la correlación entre la prevalencia de diferentes prácticas de actividad física y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19, en total y según grupos de edad. Resultados: hubo una correlación positiva significativa (r = 0,420; p = 0,029) entre la prevalencia general de actividad física insuficiente y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19. No se observó correlación entre la otra prevalencia de actividad física y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19. Conclusión: hubo una correlación entre los niveles insuficientes de actividad física y la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por COVID-19 en personas que viven en las capitales brasileñas.(AU)

Nivel de actividad física y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en estudiantes universitarios / Physical Activity Level and Health-Related Quality of Life in University Students

Introducción. La etapa universitaria trae consigo una serie de experiencias y retos nuevos, por lo que existen diferentes factores que alteran los niveles generales de actividad física y de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Esta investigación buscó establecer la relación entre el nivel de actividad física y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en los estudiantes pertenecientes a la facultad de educación de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Medellín. Método. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo con un alcance correlacional con un total de 252 estudiantes pertenecientes a la facultad de educación de una universidad de Medellín, seleccionados de forma aleatoria a partir de un muestreo probabilístico estratificado; se aplicó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ-SF) y el de Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la salud (SF-36).Resultados. Se encontró que la mayoría de los estudiantes (60,3%) tienen un nivel moderado de actividad física y que, a mejor nivel de actividad física, mejor es la percepción frente a la evolución declarada de la salud. No se hallaron asociaciones significativas entre el nivel de actividad física y las dimensiones de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Conclusiones. El nivel de actividad física tiende a ser independiente de las dimensiones de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud

Introduction. The university stage brings with it a series of new experiences and challenges, so there are different factors that alter the general levels of physical activity and the health-related quality of life. This research sought to establish the relationship between the level of physical activity and the health-related quality of life in students belonging to the faculty of education of a private university in the city of Medellín.Method. A quantitative study with a correlational scope was carried out, with a total of 252 students belonging to the faculty of education of a university in Medellin, which were selected randomly from a stratified probabilistic sampling; the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) and the of Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-36) were applied.Results. It was found that most of the students (60.3%) have a moderate level of physical activity and that, the better the level of physical activity, the better the perception of the declared evolution of health. No significant associations were found between the level of physical activity and the dimensions of the quality of life related to health.Conclusions. The level of physical activity tends to be independent of the dimen-sions of health-related quality of life

Correlation between mental quality and training intensity in university swimmers / Correlação entre qualidade mental e intensidade de treinamento de nadadores universitários / Correlación entre la calidad mental y la intensidad del entrenamiento en nadadores universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction: We should pay attention to physical and psychological training still in the growth phase of athletes to ensure a better overall performance quality. Psychological training can be an effective tool to improve the technical level and skills of swimming. Objective: This paper discusses the relationship between mental health education and training intensity in college swimmers. Methods: The mental health of professional swimmers in college sports is explored with study subjects undergoing a 10-week training trial. The comparison of clinical effects between various psychological training modalities and swimmers' self-management is analyzed. In a second step, this paper performs statistics and analysis on the questionnaire and experimental data. Results: The exercise ability of the control group was significantly improved after relaxation training, tension training, and thought control training (P<0.05). The results showed that the learning effect of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Psychological training and self-regulation in training have a good effect on improving the mental quality of competitive sports players. This approach improves athletes' performance more effectively than other approaches. The psychological self-regulation training method is one that swimming coaches should pay attention to and advocate vigorously. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Devemos prestar atenção aos exercícios físicos e psicológicos ainda na fase do crescimento dos atletas para garantir uma melhor qualidade geral de seu desempenho. O treinamento psicológico pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para melhorar o nível técnico e as habilidades da natação. Objetivo: Este artigo discute a relação entre educação em saúde mental e intensidade de treinamento nos nadadores universitários. Métodos: A saúde mental de nadadores profissionais em esportes universitários é explorada com os sujeitos do estudo sendo submetidos a um teste de treinamento de 10 semanas. A comparação dos efeitos clínicos entre diversas modalidades de formação psicológica é executada e analisa-se a autogestão dos nadadores. Num segundo momento, este artigo realiza estatísticas e análises sobre o questionário e dados experimentais. Resultados: A capacidade de exercício do grupo controle foi significativamente melhorada após o treinamento de relaxamento, treinamento de tensão e treinamento de controle de pensamento (P<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que o efeito de aprendizagem do grupo experimental foi significativamente melhor do que o do grupo controle (P<0,05). Conclusão: O treinamento psicológico da autorregulação no treinamento tem um bom efeito na melhoria da qualidade mental dos jogadores esportivos competitivos. Essa abordagem melhora o desempenho do atleta de forma mais eficaz do que outras abordagens. O método de treinamento psicológico da autorregulação é um método que os treinadores de natação devem prestar atenção e defender vigorosamente. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Debemos prestar atención al entrenamiento físico y psicológico todavía en la fase de crecimiento de los deportistas para garantizar una mejor calidad general de su rendimiento. El entrenamiento psicológico puede ser una herramienta eficaz para mejorar el nivel técnico y las habilidades de natación. Objetivo: Este trabajo analiza la relación entre la educación en salud mental y la intensidad del entrenamiento en nadadores universitarios. Métodos: Se explora la salud mental de los nadadores profesionales de deportes universitarios con sujetos de estudio sometidos a una prueba de entrenamiento de 10 semanas. Se realiza la comparación de los efectos clínicos entre varias modalidades de entrenamiento psicológico y se analiza la autogestión de los nadadores. En un segundo paso, este documento realiza estadísticas y análisis sobre el cuestionario y los datos experimentales. Resultados: La capacidad de ejercicio del grupo de control mejoró significativamente tras el entrenamiento de relajación, el entrenamiento de tensión y el entrenamiento de control del pensamiento (P<0,05). Los resultados mostraron que el efecto de aprendizaje del grupo experimental fue significativamente mejor que el del grupo de control (P<0,05). Conclusión: El entrenamiento psicológico de la autorregulación en el entrenamiento tiene un buen efecto en la mejora de la calidad mental de los jugadores deportivos de competición. Este enfoque mejora el rendimiento de los atletas de forma más eficaz que otros enfoques. El método de entrenamiento de autorregulación psicológica es uno de los que los entrenadores de natación deberían prestar atención y defender enérgicamente. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Association of intraperitoneal pressure and clinical symptoms in peritoneal dialysis patients / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To explore the association between the intraperitoneal pressure (IPP) and clinical symptoms in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Methods:It was a cross-sectional study. PD patients of Peking University First Hospital from January 1, to October 31, 2021, were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criterion. The gold standard—Durand method was used to measure the IPP of PD patients for 2 L intraperitoneal volume, and clinical and laboratory data were collected. According to whether the IPP ≥ 18 cmH 2O or not, the participants were divided into elevated IPP group and normal IPP group. A self-designed semi-quantitative questionnaire was used to investigate the frequency and degree of five clinical symptoms, including abdominal distension, bloating, acid reflux, hiccup and chest tightness or suffrage, as well as the degree of symptom relief after emptying peritoneal dialysate. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between each variable and intraperitoneal pressure. Results:A total of 194 PD patients were enrolled, with age of (51.6±12.9) years old. Of them, there were 123 males (63.4%), 71 females (36.6%) and 60 patients (30.9%) with diabetes. The median dialysis vintage was 24.0 (10.0, 54.0) months. The IPP was (16.2±4.3) cmH 2O, and 70 (36.1%) patients had elevated IPP. Correlation analysis results showed that IPP was positively correlated with body weight ( r=0.23, P<0.001), body mass index ( r=0.41, P<0.001), body surface area ( r=0.15, P=0.030), triglyceride ( r=0.22, P=0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( r=0.20, P<0.001), and negatively correlated with diabetes ( r=-0.14, P=0.034) and serum calcium ( r=-0.15, P=0.034). There was no significant correlation between IPP and the total frequency score of five clinical symptoms ( r=0.122, P=0.092). The frequency of stomach distension in elevated IPP group was significantly higher than that in normal IPP group ( P=0.002), and there were no significant differences in the degree and relief degree of stomach distension between the two groups (all P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the extent, frequency and degree of relief of other four clinical symptoms between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The increased IPP has little correlation with clinical symptoms, suggesting that it may be unreliable to adjust the infusion volume only by the subjective feeling of patients. It is necessary to monitor IPP as an objective variable.

Asociación entre tiempo de uso de teléfono celular, nivel de actividad física y rendimiento académico en universitarios / Association between time spent on a cell phone, physical activity level, and academic performance in college students

Introducción: El aumento del uso de teléfono celular y la baja actividad física en universitarios se han asociado a un bajo rendimiento académico. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre tiempo de uso del teléfono celular, el nivel de actividad física y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de alcance correlacional y temporalidad longitudinal. Participaron 36 estudiantes universitarios, a quienes se evaluó durante un semestre, el tiempo que destinaron al uso de teléfono celular, a través de la aplicación "Moment" y la actividad física mediante la aplicación "Pacer". Se registró el rendimiento académico con el promedio de notas. Resultados: Durante el semestre, los hombres realizaron mayor actividad física y utilizaron por mayor tiempo el teléfono. En periodos de evaluación, las mujeres tuvieron mayor actividad física y menor uso del teléfono celular (p=0,019 y p=0,033, respectivamente). Además, los hombres que tuvieron mejores notas promedio hacían un menor número de pickups diarios (p=0,032). Conclusiones: Los hombres universitarios son físicamente más activos y usan más el celular durante el semestre, aunque en periodo de evaluaciones las mujeres tienden a ser más activas y usar menos tiempo su celular. Los universitarios que usan menos el teléfono celular tienen mejor rendimiento académico.

Introduction: Low academic performance of college students has been associated with an increase in time spent on cell phones and a low physical activity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between time spent on cell phones, physical activity level, and academic performance in college students. Materials and methods: A study with a correlational and longitudinal temporality approach. During a semester, 36 college students were assessed on the time they spent using cell phones and their physical activity levels through the Moment and Pacer applications, respectively. Academic performance was monitored through report cards. Results: Men engaged in more physical activity and used cell phones more frequently during the analyzed period, while women showed higher physical activity levels and lower cell phone usage during evaluation periods (p=0.019 y p=0.033, respectively). Also, men who had better grade averages showed lower number of daily pickups (p=0.032). Conclusions: College men show higher physical activity levels and longer cell phone usage during the semester, while women tend to be more active and use their cell phones less frequently during evaluation periods. College students who use cell phones less regularly also have a better academic performance.

Socioeconomic development and colorectal cancer mortality in a state of the Brazilian Legal Amazon from 2005 to 2016 / Desenvolvimento socioeconômico e mortalidade por câncer colorretal em uma unidade federativa da Amazônia Legal, de 2005 a 2016

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the correlation between colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates and socioeconomic factors in the five mesoregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and Center-South) of the state of Mato Grosso, from 2005 to 2016. Methods: Ecological study that considered deaths from CRC (C18 to C21) of residents of the state. Mortality rates were standardized by the direct method, using the world standard population. For the analysis of socioeconomic factors, the Firjan Municipal Development Index (IFDM) and its components (education, income and employment and health) were used. Means of mortality rates and socioeconomic factors between the mesoregions were tested using ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between mortality rates due to CRC and these factors. Results: In the period from 2005 to 2016, 1,492 deaths from CRC were registered in the state of Mato Grosso. The Southwest mesoregion had the highest average for both the crude rate and standardized CRC mortality rates (3.47 and 3.86 deaths/100,000 inhabitants, respectively). There was a significant correlation between mortality rates from the disease with the following indicators: Overall IFDM for the North, Southeast and Center-South mesoregions; education for the North and Southeast mesoregions; income and employment for the North and Center-South mesoregions; and health for the North, Southeast and Center-South mesoregions. Conclusion: There was a correlation between CRC mortality rates and better socioeconomic development in the state.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre as taxas de mortalidade por câncer colorretal (CCR) e os fatores socioeconômicos nas cinco mesorregiões (norte, nordeste, sudeste, sudoeste e centro-sul) do estado de Mato Grosso, de 2005 a 2016. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que considerou os óbitos por CCR (C18 a C21) de residentes do estado. As taxas de mortalidade foram padronizadas pelo método direto, utilizando-se a população padrão mundial. Para a análise dos fatores socioeconômicos, foram usados o Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal Geral (IFDM) e seus componentes (educação; renda e emprego; saúde). Foram testadas as médias das taxas de mortalidade e dos fatores socioeconômicos entre as mesorregiões por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA), e empregou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para análise da correlação entre as taxas de mortalidade por CCR e esses fatores. Resultados: No período de 2005 a 2016, foram registrados 1.492 óbitos por CCR no estado de Mato Grosso. A mesorregião com a maior média tanto da taxa bruta quanto da taxa padronizada de mortalidade por CCR foi a sudoeste (3,47 e 3,86 óbitos/100 mil habitantes). Houve correlação significante entre as taxas de mortalidade por CCR com os seguintes indicadores: IFDM geral para as mesorregiões norte, sudeste e centro-sul; educação para as mesorregiões norte e sudeste; renda e emprego para as mesorregiões norte e centro-sul; e saúde para as mesorregiões norte, sudeste e centro-sul. Conclusão: Houve correlação da taxa de mortalidade de CCR com melhor desenvolvimento socioeconômico no estado.

Correlación entre casos de varicela y búsquedas en Google en Perú

Resumen Con el objetivo de determinar la correlación entre los casos de varicela notificados en Perú y las búsquedas sobre varicela realizadas en Google a nivel nacional y por regiones se realizaron análisis de correlación de Spearman para las semanas epidemiológicas del 2016 al 2019, así como antes y después de la introducción de la vacuna para varicela en el Perú. A nivel nacional, se encontró una alta correlación antes del inicio de la vacunación (Rho 0,778, p = 0,001) y moderada durante el periodo de vacunación (Rho 0,441, p = 0,001). Algunas regiones tuvieron una correlación baja o muy baja y dejaron de ser estadísticamente significativas luego de la introducción de la vacuna en el Perú. Además, el cambio en la estacionalidad de la varicela durante el periodo de vacunación también tuvo un impacto en las búsquedas que realiza la población en Google.

Abstract In order to determine if there is a correlation between chickenpox cases reported in Peru and the chickenpox searches carried out on Google at national level and by regions, Spearman's correlation analyzes were carried out for the epidemiological weeks from 2016 to 2019, as well as before and after the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine in Peru. At the national level, a high correlation was found before the start of vaccination (Rho 0.778, p = 0.001) and moderate during the vaccination period (Rho 0.441, p = 0.001), some regions had a low or very low correlation and stopped to be statistically significant after the introduction of the vaccine in Peru. In addition, the change in the seasonality of chickenpox during the vaccination period also had an impact on the searches carried out by the population on Google.

Relationship between fibular head height and varus knee osteoarthritis occurrence and severity / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To explore the correlation between fibular head height and varus knee osteoarthritis occurrence and severity.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 618 participants (618 knees, 184 males and 434 females, mean age 61.12±10.98 years) who underwent standard weight-bearing full-leg radiographs and were diagnosed as non-knee osteoarthritis or varus knee osteoarthritis from January 2019 to June 2019. Knee osteoarthritis was diagnosed according to Kellgren-Lawrence grading: 0-I grades were diagnosed as non-osteoarthritis, II-IV grades were diagnosed as osteoarthritis. Joint line convergence angle (JLCA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) and hip-knee-ankle angle were measured on X-rays to reflect varus deformity. The fibular head height was defined as the vertical distance from upper edge of fibular head to lateral tibial plateau. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to Kellgren-Lawrence grading. Differences of age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, varus deformity (JLCA, MPTA and hip-knee-ankle angle) between Kellgren-Lawrence 0-IV grades were compared. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to analyze the correlation between fibular head height and Kellgren-Lawrence grades. Pearson's correlation analysis was used for the correlation among fibular head height, JLCA, MPTA and hip-knee-ankle angle, and the main factor of JLCA, MPTA and hip-knee-ankle angle was extracted by factor analysis. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the correlation between fibular head height and varus deformity score.Results:There were 68, 66, 97, 98, 289 participants in Kellgren-Lawrence grades 0-IV respectively that was 134 participants were diagnosed as non-osteoarthritis and 484 participants were diagnosed as osteoarthritis. Fibular head height and MPTA showed a decreasing trend ( F=129.076, 24.875; P<0.001) while JLCA and hip-knee-ankle angle showed an increasing trend ( F=414.346, 105.996; P<0.001) with the increase in Kellgren-Lawrence grading. Age, body mass index and fibular head height are influencing factors of Kellgren-Lawrence grading with OR(95%CI) were 1.116(1.093, 1.141), 1.363(1.060, 1.754), 0.617(0.575, 0.662) . Fibular head height was negatively correlated with JLCA and hip-knee-ankle angle ( r=-0.641, -0.478; P<0.001) , respectively, and positively correlated with MPTA ( r=0.320, P<0.001). There were significant correlations between age, fibular head height and the varus deformity score ( β=0.274, -0.457; P<0.001). Conclusion:Fibular head height of patients with varus knee osteoarthritis is lower than that of non-osteoarthritis. In addition to age and body mass index, fibular head height is a risk factor for varus knee osteoarthritis occurrence. The smaller the fibular head height is, the more serious the osteoarthritis severity and varus deformity are.

Excursión diafragmática en adultos sanos: valores de normalidad. Estudio de prevalencia analítica / Diaphragmatic Excursion in Healthy Adults: Normal Values. Analytical Prevalence Study

Introducción: la excursión diafragmática por ultrasonido es una herramienta que permite valorar adecuadamente al paciente con patología crítica de la vía aérea, con derrame pleural y lesiones neurovasculares que generan patrones restrictivos sobre el tórax. Realizar la valoración dinámica del diafragma antes y después de un procedimiento permite conocer los cambios en la historia natural de la enfermedad. Por esto, es primordial conocer los valores de normalidad de la población de estudio, y cómo interfiere con las demás variables antropométricas de los pacientes. Materiales y métodos: estudio de prevalencia analítico para la medición de variables normales de la excursión diafragmática y la correlación con variables antropométricas de pacientes sin patología pulmonar o diafragmática. Resultados: muestra aleatoria simple de 50 diafragmas con una distribución del 68 % de mujeres, con edad media de 39 años y una mediana del perímetro abdominal de 78 cm. El grosor del diafragma fue de 3,4 mm en inspiración y 2,6 mm en espiración. La media de la excursión diafragmática fue de 15 mm. La correlación de Kendall entre la excursión y las variables antropométricas tuvo un valor de rho= 0,94 (Spearman). Conclusiones: los valores de normalidad de la excursión diafragmática son muy variables según la población estudiada, con relación clínica entre las variables antropométricas. Esto nos permite recomendar practicar una valoración dinámica del diafragma antes y después de cada procedimiento para evaluar los cambios significativos en los valores de excursión diafragmática.

Introduction: diaphragmatic excursion by ultrasound is a tool that allows to properly assess the patient with critical pathology of the airway, with pleural effusion and neurovascular injuries that generate restrictive patterns on the chest. Performing dynamic evaluation of the diaphragm before and after a procedure allows us to know the changes in the natural history of the disease. For this reason, it is essential to know the normal values of the study population, and how it interferes with the other anthropometric variables of the patients. Materials and methods: analytical prevalence study for the measurement of normal excursion variables and the correlation with anthropometric variables of patients without pulmonary or diaphragmatic pathology. Results: simple random sample of 50 diaphragms with a distribution of 68% of women, with a mean age of 39 years and a median of the abdominal perimeter of 78 cm. The thickness of the diaphragm was 3.4 mm on inspiration and 2.6 mm on expiration, with a mean diaphragmatic excursion of 15 mm. The Kendall correlation between the excursion and the anthropometric variables had a value of rho = 0.94. Conclusions: the normal values of the diaphragmatic excursion are highly variable according to the population studied, with a clinical relationship between the anthropometric variables. This allows us to recommend that we should always perform a dynamic assessment of the diaphragm before and after each procedure in order to evaluate significant changes in diaphragmatic excursion values.

The correlations between traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis and its pathological types / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective@#To investigate the interaction between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL) and pathological types of HNL, so as to discover the distribution rule of TCM syndromes for indiction of intervention of HNL.@*Methods@#A total of 166 patients with HNL were included. The baseline data of the patients, clinical feature, the four diagnosis information of TCM and histopathological of cervical lymph node were collected. The syndromes of TCM were judged. The pathological types were confirmed by cervical lymph node biopsy. The Multi-way ANOVA was used to analyze the correlation between traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of HNL and its pathological types.@*Results@#Among the 166 patients, the ratio of different types are as follow: wind-heat and phlegm-toxin syndrome (57.83%, 96/166), heat-toxin exuberance syndrome (34.34%, 57/166), and phlegm and blood stasis syndrome (7.83%, 13/166). The pathological types include proliferative type (57.83%, 96/166), necrotizing type (35.54%, 59/166), and xanthomatous type (6.63%, 11/166). There were significant differences in targeted lymph node diameter, pain scores, body temperature (F value were 3.737, 34.484, 34.805, all Ps<0.05), while the difference of WBC (F=1.194, P>0.05) among three TCM Syndrome types were notsignificant. There were significant differences in pain scores, body temperature (F value were 12.153, 25.931, all Ps<0.05), but not for the targeted lymph node diameter, WBC (F value were 2.249, 0.671, all Ps>0.05) among three pathological types. The corresponding analysis result showed that, on point sets, wind-heat and phlegm-toxin syndrome were correlated with proliferative type, heat-toxin exuberance syndrome correlated with necrotizing type, and phlegm and blood stasis syndrome correlated with xanthomatous type (χ2=235.100, P<0.001).@*Conclusions@#There is a close correlation between syndrome types of TCM and pathological types of HNL. The pathological change of wind-heat and phlegm-toxin syndrometends toproliferative type, heat-toxin exuberance syndrome tends to necrotizing type, and phlegm and blood stasis syndrome tends to xanthomatous type.

Pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas: confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores / Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures: intra- and inter-rater reliability

Introdução: Pressões estáticas ventilatórias máximas são mensuradas pelo manômetro/ manovacuômetro, expressam a força dos músculos ventilatórios em cmH2O. Objetivos: Verificar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores das PImáx e PEmáx. Métodos: Constituiu-se amostra randomicamente (n=70). Dois examinadores independentes, executaram três medições intradia (consistência interna) e duas interdias (estabilidade). O instrumento utilizado para medir as PImáx e PEmáx foi um manovacuômetro digital MDV®300 (MDI/Brasil) de intervalo operacional de ±300 cmH2O. Calcularam-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e o erro típico da medida, a significância adotada foi de P ≤ 0,05 e o pacote estatístico usado foi SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Consistência interna: intra examinador PImáx CCI = 0,97 e ETM(ETM%) = 6,71(6) e PEmáx CCI = 0,95 e ETM(ETM%) = 10,92(8); interexaminadores da PImáx CCI = 0,98 e ETM(ETM%) = 5,41(5) e PEmáx CCI = 0,96 e ETM(ETM%) = 8,82(7). Estabilidade: intra examinador da PImáx CCI = 0,95 e ETM (ETM%) = 7,92(7) e PEmáx CCI = 0,93 e ETM(ETM%) = 12,34(9); interexaminadores da PImáx CCI = 0,96 e ETM(ETM%) = 6,36(6) e PEmáx CCI = 0,93 e ETM(ETM%) = 11,75(9). Todas as análises estatísticas foram (P = 0,0001). Conclusão: PImáx e PEmáx têm confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores adequada à prática clínica. (AU)

Introduction: Maximal static respiratory pressures, measured using a manometer, express the strength of respiratory muscles in cmH2O. Objective: To assess the intra- and inter-rater reliability of MIP and MEP. Methods: A random sample was used (n=70). Two independent raters performed three intraday (internal consistency) and two interdays (stability) measurements. The instrument used to measure the MIP and MEP was a digital manometer MDV®300 (MDI/Brazil), with a pressure range of ±300 cmH2O. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated, the significance was P ≤ 0.05 and the statistical package used was SPSS 20.0. Results: Internal consistency: intra-rater MIP ICC = 0.97 and SEM (SEM%) = 6.71(6) e MEP ICC = 0.95 and SEM(SEM%) = 10.92(8); inter-rater MIP ICC = 0.98 and SEM(SEM%) = 5.41(5) and MEP ICC = 0.96 and SEM(SEM%) = 8.82(7). Stability: intra-rater MIP ICC = 0.95 and SEM (SEM%) = 7.92(7) and MEP ICC = 0.93 and SEM(SEM%) = 12.34(9); inter-rater MIP ICC = 0.96 and SEM(SEM%) = 6.36(6) and MEP ICC = 0.93 and SEM(SEM%) = 11.75(9). All statistical analyses were (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: MIP and MEP have adequate intra-and inter-rater reliability for clinical practice. (AU)

Correlación entre características psicosociodemográficas con la tasa de mortalidad y letalidad por COVID-19 según región en Chile / Correlation between psycho-socio-demographic variables and COVID-19's mortality and case fatality rate for each region in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: El nuevo coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, con su respectiva enfermedad, COVID-19, es la razón de la pandemia declarada el 11 de marzo 2020 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. En Chile, hasta el 1° de mayo 2020, se tenía un total de 17.008 contagiados y 234 fallecidos por COVID-19. Sin embargo, esta cifra varía de región en región del mismo país. Además, cada una de ellas, ya era distinta antes de la pandemia, por sus características psicosociales. OBJETIVO: determinar la correlación entre características psicosociodemográficas con la tasa de mortalidad y letalidad por COVID-19 según región chilena durante marzo y abril 2020. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio correlacional; la población y muestra correspondió a la población chilena proyectada para 2020 según Censo chileno 2017; se utilizó como fuente las bases de datos ministeriales chilenas; se tabularon y analizaron los datos calculando coeficiente de correlación de Pearson mediante Microsoft Excel® y XLSTAT®. Resultados: destacó que la variable con mayor correlación con la tasa de mortalidad fue el ingreso medio mensual de ocupados con coeficiente correlacional de 0,430; y con letalidad, fue la incidencia de pobreza en la población con coeficiente correlacional de 0,468. DISCUSIÓN: Es importante seguir investigando sobre determinantes sociales que inciden en la pandemia, tanto en contagiados como fallecidos, para finalmente poder establecer relaciones significativas y focalizar, tanto medidas de promoción de salud y prevención de COVID-19, como medidas de apoyo y protección psicosocial

INTRODUCTION: The newly discovered coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, with its respective disease, COVID-19, is the cause of the pandemic that was declared on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization. On May 1st 2020, Chile exhibited a total of 17.004 confirmed cases and 234 deaths for COVID-19. However, these rates differ from one region of the country to another. Furthermore, due to their psychosocial characteristics, each region was already different before the pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the correlation between psycho-socio-demographic variables and COVID-19's mortality and case fatality rate, for each chilean region, during March and April 2020. METHODOLOGY: A correlational study was carried out. The sample corresponded to the projected Chilean population of 2020, based on the 2017 Chilean Census. The sources of data were the Chilean ministerial databases. Through the use of Microsoft Excel® and XLSTAT®, this data was tabulated, analyzed, and then employed to calculate Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: One main find was that the average monthly income of the employed presented the highest correlation with the mortality rate, mounting to a correlation coefficient of 0,430. Regarding the case fatality rate, the most significant correlation was exhibited by the incidence of poverty in the population, with a correlation coefficient of 0,468. DISCUSSION: It is important to continue investigating about social determinants that affect the pandemic, regarding both infected and deceased people, in order to establish significant relationships that will help focalize health promotion and COVID-19 prevention efforts, as well as psychosocial support and protection measures.

Use of the National Health Information Database for Estimating Town-Level Mortality in Korea: Comparison with the National Administrative Data, 2014–2017

BACKGROUND: This study addressed town-level mortality rates using the National Health Information Database (NHID) of the National Health Insurance Service in Korea in comparison with those derived from the National Administrative Data (NAD) of the Ministry of Interior and Safety. METHODS: We employed the NHID and NAD between 2014 and 2017. We compared the numbers of population and deaths at the national level between these two data sets. We also compared the distribution of the town-level numbers of population and deaths of the two data sets. Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the relation between the NHID and NAD in the town-level numbers of population and deaths, crude mortality rate, and standardized mortality ratio (SMR). RESULTS: The numbers of population and deaths in the NHID were almost identical to those in the NAD, regardless of gender. The distribution of the town-level numbers of population and deaths was also similar between the two data sets during the entire study period. Throughout the study period, the Pearson correlation coefficients between the two databases for the town-level numbers of population and deaths and the crude mortality rate were 0.996 or over. The correlation coefficients for the SMR ranged from 0.937 to 0.972. CONCLUSION: Town-level mortality showed significant correlation and concordance between the NHID and NAD. This result highlights the possibility of producing future analyses of town-level health-related indicators in Korea, including the mortality rate, using the NHID.