Evaluation of the effect of Muller muscle-conjunctival resection on meibomian glands by meibography

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of upper eyelid ptosis repairwith Muller muscle-conjunctival resection on meibomian gland function and ocular surface parameters. Methods: Thirty-eight patients who underwent ptosis repair with Muller muscle-conjunctival resection were retrospectively reviewed. Meibomian gland loss, Ocular Surface Disease Index OXFORD score, meiboscore, and noninvasive keratograph break-up time were measured preoperatively and at 1st, 3rd, and 6th months postoperatively. Results: Noninvasive keratograph break-up time values decreased significantly at 1st and 3rd months postoperatively compared to the preoperative level, but were similar to the preoperative level at 6th months postoperatively (p<0.001 and p=0.628, respectively). Ocular surface disease index, OXFORD score, meibomian gland loss, and meiboscore values increased significantly in the 1st and 3rd postoperative months compared to the preoperative period, but these values decreased to preoperative levels in the 6th postoperative month (p<0.001 and p>0.05, respectively). Conclusion: There is a transient deterioration in meibography findings and OSDI score in the early postoperative period afterMuller muscle-conjunctival resection. Patients undergoing Muller muscle-conjunctival resection may require topical lubricants, especially in the first 3 postoperative months.

Translation and validation of the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire into Portuguese / Tradução e validação do questionário 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire para a língua portuguesa

ABSTRACT Purpose: Dry eye disease is a multifactorial disease that is very common in clinical ophthalmic practice. The use of validated dry eye questionnaires makes it possible to screen this disease in the general population and assess the prevalence of symptoms and frequency of diagnosis, allowing early and appropriate treatment for this condition. The 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) is a tool that is used to assess the frequency and intensity of ocular discomfort and dryness and the frequency of tearing, which has already been validated in English and Spanish, but not in Portuguese. The aim of this study is to translate and validate the DEQ-5 to Portuguese. Methods: The DEQ-5 was used, consisting of five simple and direct questions: two questions for ocular discomfort, two for ocular dryness, and one for tearing. The initial translation of the English version of the questionnaire into Portuguese was conducted by two Portuguese native-speaking translators, followed by an evaluation and compilation of a single version by an interdisciplinary committee of the translated versions. Furthermore, this version was translated back into English by two individuals whose first language was English, followed by the evaluation and comparison with the original version in English by the same interdisciplinary committee. Afterwards, the final version of the questionnaire was administered to 31 volunteers at two different times. Results: The interobserver reliability of the five questions ranged from 0.584-0.813, and the Pearson correlation from 0.755-0.935, with a p-value of <0.0001. Internal consistency was α=0.887. All questions had moderate to high agreement. Conclusions: The statistical analysis of the collected data found excellent concordance rates (moderate to high for all analyzed questions), allowing the use of the Portuguese version of DEQ-5 in research as a screening test for dry eye disease and tool used to monitor the symptoms.

RESUMO Ojetivos: O olho seco é uma doença multifatorial, muito comum na prática clínica oftalmológica. A utilização de questionários validados de sintomas de olho seco permite rastrear de maneira mais objetiva essa doença na população geral, avaliar a prevalência dos sintomas e frequência de diagnóstico, permitindo o tratamento precoce e adequado dessa condição. O 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) é um questionário em inglês que avalia a frequência e a intensidade do desconforto e ressecamento ocular e a frequência do lacrimejamento, já validado no inglês e espanhol, porém não no português até o presente momento. O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir e validar o questionário DEQ-5 para a língua portuguesa. Métodos: Foi utilizado o questionário DEQ-5, composto por 5 perguntas simples e diretas - 2 relacionadas ao desconforto ocular, 2 ao ressecamento ocular e 1 ao lacrimejamento. Foi realizada a tradução inicial da versão em inglês para o português por dois tradutores de língua materna portuguesa, seguido de uma avaliação e compilação de uma versão única por um comitê interdisciplinar das versões traduzidas. Em seguida, tal versão foi traduzida de volta para o inglês por 2 indivíduos que possuíam o inglês como primeira língua, seguido de avaliação e comparação com a versão original em língua inglesa pelo mesmo comitê interdisciplinar. Após, a versão final do questionário foi aplicada em 31 voluntários em dois momentos differentes. Resultados: A confiabilidade interobservador das 5 perguntas variou de 0,584-0,813 e a correlação de Pearson de 0.755-0.935, sendo o p-valor <0,0001 em todas elas. A consistência interna foi α=0,887. Todas as perguntas apresentaram concordância de moderada a alta. Conclusões: A análise estatística dos dados coletados encontrou ótimos índices de concordância - moderada a alta para todas as questões analisadas -, permitindo o uso do DEQ-5 na língua portuguesa em pesquisas e também como forma de triagem para doença de olho seco e acompanhamento dos sintomas.

Evaluation of childhood cataract characteristics at a tertiary referral center / Características de catarata na infância em um centro de referência terciário

ABSTRACT Purpose: To examine the epidemiological characteristics of children undergoing cataract surgery at a referral center in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, as well as the facts surrounding treatment delays. Methods: In this transversal observational study, 240 operated eyes from 178 children undergoing cataract surgery were reviewed. The following aspects were analyzed: epidemiological and clinical characteristics, parental observations, red reflex test, operated eye, and age at cataract diagnosis and surgery. Results: The mean ages at the first visit and cataract surgery were 48.9 months (SD=50.0 months) and 64.5 months (SD= 55.4 months), respectively. The most critical sign adverted by parents was leukocoria. The red reflex test was performed on two-thirds of the children, with abnormal results in 28.0%. A family history of cataracts was evident in 30 (20,9%) children (n=144). Previous ocular surgery was found in 37 (16,6%) of the eyes (n=223), anterior segment disorders in 20 (9,0%) eyes (n=221), strabismus in 21 (9,5%) of the eyes (n=220), and nystagmus in 38 (24,4%) of the children (n=156). Conclusions: One of the causes for the delay in admission may have been the failure to complete the red reflex. In terms of etiology, heredity was the most crucial component. The presence of strabismus and nystagmus in many of these children points to late diagnosis. The most significant impediments to adequate cataract treatment in children were the lack of referral programs and children's specialized ophthalmologic centers, in addition to the restricted number of support professionals trained in the field and pediatric ophthalmology specialists.

RESUMO Objetivos: Rever características epidemiológicas de crianças submetidas a cirurgia de catarata, em centro de referência no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e fatos associados a atrasos no tratamento. Métodos: Um total de 240 olhos submetidos a cirurgia de catarata, em 178 crianças, foram revisados neste estudo transversal observacional. Os seguintes aspectos foram analisados: características clínicas e epidemiológicas, sinais apontados pelos pais, teste do reflexo vermelho, olho operado e idade no diagnóstico e na cirurgia. Resultados: A média de idades na primeira visita e cirurgia de catarata foi de 48.9 meses (DP=50,0 meses) e 64.5 meses (DP=55.4 meses), respectivamente. O sinal mais importante apontado pelos pais foi a leucocoria. O teste do reflexo vermelho foi realizado em dois terços das crianças com resultados anormais em 28%. Histórico familiar de catarata foi evidente em 30 (20,9%) crianças (n=144). Os achados mais prevalentes em termos de histórico de problemas oculares foram: cirurgias oculares prévias em 37 (16,6%) olhos (n= 223), alterações do segmento anterior em 20 (9,0%) olhos (n=221), estrabismo em 21 (9,5%) olhos (n=220) e nistagmo em 38 (24,4%) crianças (n=156). Conclusões: Uma das causas para o atraso na admissão pode ter sido a falha em realizar o teste do reflexo vermelho, apesar de não ter sido possível verificar se todas as crianças foram submetidas ao exame. A hereditariedade foi o fator mais importante quanto à causa da catarata nessas crianças. A presença de estrabismo e nistagmo mais uma vez aponta para o diagnóstico tardio. Ausência de programas de referência e centros oftalmológicos especializados em crianças, além do número restrito de profissionais de apoio treinados na área e especialistas em oftalmologia pediátrica, foram as barreiras mais importantes para o tratamento adequado da catarata em crianças.

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. From a rheumatology and ophthalmology point of view / Penfigoide ocular cicatrizal, enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico integral entre el oftalmólogo y el reumatólogo

ABSTRACT Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is a chronic, immune-mediated, bullous, cicatricial disease within the spectrum of mucocutaneous membranous pemphigoids (MMP). Although the diagnosis is often ophthalmological, due to the autoimmune nature of the pathology, it requires a joint approach with rheumatologists and immunologists. The objective of this narrative review was to explore the evidence available in the literature from 2000 to 2020 with respect to clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The clinical presentation varies widely, from mild cases with slow progression of years of progression, to severe cases with a torpid and rapidly progressive evolution to fibrosis, refractory to multiple treatments. A com plete evaluation of the patient will help guide the diagnosis. The gold standard for diagnosis is conjunctival biopsy with direct immunofluorescence, although on occasions it can be reached if the symptoms are characteristic. Treatment is local and systemic according to its severity and evolution. The evidence on topical and systemic therapeutics is obtained mainly from uncontrolled observational and experimental studies. Immunomodulatory therapy has made it possible to preserve vision and, in many cases, prevent sequelae. The evolu tion is linked to the early diagnosis and immunosuppressive treatment, so it is essential to be aware of this disease, the diagnostic methods, as well as the immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies available.

RESUMEN El penfigoide ocular cicatrizal (POC) es una enfermedad crónica, inmunomediada ampollar, mucosinequiante, comprendida dentro del espectro de penfigoides membranosos mucocutáneos (PMM). El diagnóstico es, con frecuencia, oftalmológico, pero debido al carácter autoinmune de la patología, requiere el abordaje en conjunto con reumatólogos e inmunólogos. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue explorar la evidencia disponible en la literatura, desde el año 2000 hasta el 2020, en lo que respecta a sus manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. La presentación clínica varía ampliamente, desde casos leves con progresión lenta de años de evolución hasta casos severos con evolución tórpida y rápidamente progresiva a la fibrosis, refractarios a múltiples tratamientos. Una evaluación completa del paciente ayudará a guiar el diagnóstico. El estándar de oro diagnóstico es la biopsia conjuntival con inmunofluorescencia directa, si bien en ocasiones puede diagnosticarse por la clínica característica. El tratamiento es local y sistêmico de acuerdo con su severidad y evolución. En los últimos 20 anos, la evidencia sobre los tratamientos tópicos y sistêmicos corresponde en su mayoría a estudios observacionales y experimentales no controlados. Los métodos de tratamiento inmunomoduladores han permitido preservar la visión y, en muchos casos, prevenir secuelas. La evolución está ligada al diagnóstico temprano y a los tratamientos disponibles, por lo que es fundamental el conocimiento de esta patología, los métodos diagnósticos y los tratamientos inmunomoduladores e inmunosupresores.

Issues related to artificial intelligence research in ophthalmology / 中华眼底病杂志

At present, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various ophthalmological diseases, but there are still many problems. Due to the lack of standardized test sets, gold standards, and recognized evaluation systems for the accuracy of AI products, it is difficult to compare the results of multiple studies. When it comes to the field of image generation, we hardly have an efficient approach to evaluating research results. In clinical practice, ophthalmological AI research is often out of touch with actual clinical needs. The requirements for the quality and quantity of clinical data put more burden on AI research, limiting the transformation of AI studies. The prediction of systemic diseases based on fundus images is making progressive advancement. However, the lack of interpretability of the research lower the acceptance. Ophthalmology AI research also suffer from ethical controversy due to unconstructed regulations and regulatory mechanisms, concerns on patients' privacy and data security, and the risk of aggravating the unfairness of medical resources.

The current situation of teleophthalmology on national telemedicine center from 2015 to 2021 / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To observe the demographic data, disease composition and convenience of remote consultation in ophthalmology.Methods:A retrospective study. From 2015 to 2021, the demographic data, changing trends, disease classification of teleconsultation patients, and hospitals participating in teleconsultation, and the waiting time of patients for teleconsultation was analyzed retrospectively; remote consultation physician level composition and other data was analyzed.Results:During the 7-year period, 1 216 patients with remote consultation were obtained through the platform of the telemedicine center. Among them, there were 680 males and 536 females; the average age was 50.8 years. In 2016 and 2017, the number of patients participating in telemedicine consultations reached a peak of 260 and 221 cases, respectively. Among the ophthalmic diseases, there were 490 cases (40.30%, 490/1 216) of retinal and optic nerve-related diseases, 212 cases (17.43%, 212/1 216) of ocular trauma. 678 cases (56.27%, 678/1 205) of remote consultation waiting time were less than 24 hours, 991 cases (82.24%, 991/1 205) were less than 48 hours. Among the physicians who participated in the remote consultation, there were 733 chief physicians (60.3%, 733/1 216) and 466 deputy chief physicians (38.3%, 466/1 216).Conclusions:During the seven-year period from 2015 to 2021, there are relatively few patients with ophthalmology teleconsultation; retinal and optic nerve-related diseases accounted for a high proportion. Remote consultation has high convenience.

Assessment of short-term intraocular pressure parameters in phakic and pseudophakic patients with primary open-angle glaucoma / Avaliação dos parâmetros de curto prazo da pressão intraocular em pacientes fácicos e pseudofácicos com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate intraocular pressure peaks in phakic and pseudophakic patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Method: Overall, 40 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were assessed. Of these, 20 patients were phakic and 20 pseudophakic. One eye (randomly selected) was included in the study. All patients underwent the intraocular pressure curves test, followed by the water-drinking test. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the phakic and pseudophakic patients regarding the mean of the peaks in the intraocular pressure curves (p=0.045). A statistically significant intergroup difference was noted regarding the intraocular pressure peaks in the water-drinking test, with higher values observed in the phakic patients (p 0.004). Conclusion: The intraocular pressure peaks in the water-drinking test and intraocular pressure curves were higher in the phakic group than in the pseudophakic group.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar picos de pressão intraocular em pacientes fácicos e pseudofácicos com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto no teste de sobrecarga hídrica. Método: Quarenta pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto foram avaliados; vinte eram fácicos e vinte eram pseudofácicos. Um olho (selecionado aleatoriamente) foi incluído no estudo, todos os pacientes foram submetidos às curvas da pressão intraocular imediatamente após o teste de sobrecarga hídrica. Resultados: Observou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significante na média dos picos nas curvas da pressão intraocular para os pacientes fácicos e pseudofácicos (p=0,045). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos picos da pressão intraocular no teste de sobrecarga hídrica entre os grupos, sendo observados valores mais altos nos pacientes fácicos (p=0,004). Conclusão: Os picos da pressão intraocular no teste de sobrecarga hídrica foram maiores no grupo fácico que no grupo pseudofácico.

Efficacy of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in a private tertiary hospital: 10-year experience / Eficácia de sondagem para obstrução congênita de ducto nasolacrimal em hospital terciário privado: 10 anos de experiência

ABSTRACT Objetive: To evaluate the success rate of initial and repeated probing as treatment approach for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in children between 2 and 46 months. Methods: A restrospective review of 73 children diagnosed with CNLDO who underwent probing of the NLD from March 2010 to 2020 was conducted. Data were colected from Hospital Oftalmológico de Anápolis in Anápolis, Goiás. Results: The procedure was performed in 90 eyes. The study sample was constituted of 36 males and 37 females. Bilateral involvement occurred in 18 (24.6%) children whereas 55 (75.3%) of them were unilaterally affected. The age ranges of the patients were divided into 4 groups: A - up to 6 months old (5.5% of the eyes), B - 7 to 12 months (27.5%), group C - 13 to 24 months (39.5%) and group D - older than 24 months (26.4%). The mean age of the sample was 18.6 months. Initial probing obtained an overall success rate of 88.8% and group B showed the best percentage (96%) from all age ranges. The second intervention had a lower outcome, successfuly in 55.5% of the cases. Conclusion: All age ranges showed high success rates for initial probing, although there was a decrease in subsequent procedures outcomes. Our results demonstrate that the success rate for primary probing is not affected by age.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a taxa de sucesso de sondagem inicial e de repetição como abordagem de tratamento para obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal em crianças entre 2 e 46 meses. Métodos: conduziu-se uma revisão retrospectiva de 73 crianças diagnosticadas com obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal que se submeteram à sondagem do ducto nasolacrimal de março de 2010 a 2020. Os dados foram coletados no Hospital Oftalmológico de Anápolis em Anápolis, Goiás. Resultados: o procedimento foi realizado em 90 olhos. A amostra do estudo constitui-se em 36 pacientes do sexo masculino e 37 do sexo feminino. O acometimento foi bilateral em 18 crianças, enquanto 55 (75,3%) delas foram afetadas de forma unilateral. Os pacientes foram divididos em 4 grupos, de acordo com a faixa etária: A- até 6 meses de vida (5,5% dos olhos); B- 7 a 12 meses (27,5%); grupo C- 13 a 24 meses (39,5%) e grupo D- mais que 24 meses (26,4). A média de idade de amostra foi de 18,6 meses. A sondagem inicial teve uma taxa de sucesso global de 88,8%, e o grupo B mostrou a melhor porcentagem (96%) de todas as faixas etárias. A segunda intervenção teve uma taxa de sucesso menor, de 55,5% dos casos. Conclusão: todas as faixas etárias mostraram altas taxas de sucesso na sondagem, embora tenha havido um decréscimo nos resultados dos procedimentos subsequentes. Nossos resultados demonstram que a taxa de sucesso na sondagem primária não é afetada pela idade

Use of automated quantitative pupillometric evaluation for monitoring the severity of diabetic retinopathy / Uso da pupilometria quantitativa automatizada no monitoramento da severidade da retinopatia diabética

ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the use of automated quantitative static and dynamic pupillometry in screening patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and different stages of diabetic retinopathy. Method: 155 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus group) were included in this study and another 145 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals to serve as the control group. The diabetes mellitus group was divided into three subgroups: diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy (No-diabetic retinopathy), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Static and dynamic pupillometry were performed using a rotating Scheimpflug camera with a topography-based system. Results: In terms of pupil diameter in both static and dynamic pupillometry (p<0.05), statistically significant differences were observed between the diabetes mellitus and control groups and also between the subgroups No-diabetic retinopathy, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy subgroups. But it was noted that No-diabetic retinopathy and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy groups have showed similarities in the findings derived from static pupillometry under mesopic and photopic conditions. The two groups also appeared similar at all points during the dynamic pupillometry (p>0.05). However, it could be concluded that the proliferative diabetic retinopathy group was significantly different from the rest of the subgroups, No-diabetic retinopathy and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy groups, in terms of all the static pupillometry measurements (p<0.05). The average speed of dilation was also significantly different between the diabetes mellitus and control groups and among the diabetes mellitus subgroups (p<0.001). While weak to moderate significant correlations were found between all pupil diameters in static and dynamic pupillometry with the duration of diabetes mellitus (p<0.05 for all), the HbA1c values showed no statistically significant correlations with any of the investigated static and dynamic pupil diameters (p>0.05 for all). Conclusion: This study revealed that the measurements derived from automated pupillometry are altered in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The presence of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy does not have a negative effect on pupillometry findings, but with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, significant alterations were observed. These results suggest that using automated quantitative pupillometry may be useful in verifying the severity of diabetic retinopathy.

RESUMO Objetivos: Procuramos avaliar o uso da pupilometria estática e dinâmica quantitativa automatizada na triagem de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e em di­ferentes estágios de retinopatia diabética. Métodos: Cento e cinquenta e cinco pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (grupo com diabetes mellitus) foram incluídos neste estudo e outros 145 controles saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo para server como grupo controle. O grupo com diabetes mellitus foi dividido em três subgrupos: diabetes mellitus sem retinopatia diabética (retinopatia não diabética), retinopatia diabética não proliferativa e retinopatia diabética proliferativa. A pupilometria estática e dinâmica foi realizada utilizando uma camera rotative Scheimpflug com um sistema baseado em topografia. Resultados: Em termos de diâmetro da pupila, tanto na pupilometria estática quanto na dinâmica (p<0,05), foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos diabetes mellitus e controle e também entre os subgrupos retinopatia não diabética, retinopatia diabética não proliferativa e retinopatia diabética proliferativa. Mas foi observado que os grupos de retinopatia não diabética e retinopatia diabética não proliferativa mostraram semelhanças nos achados derivados da pupilometria estática em condições mesópicas e fotópicas. Os dois grupos também pareciam semelhantes em todos os pontos durante a pupilometria dinâmica (p>0,05). No entanto, pode-se concluir que o grupo de retinopatia diabética proliferative foi sugnificativamente diferente do restante dos subgrupos, retinopatia não diabética e retinopatia diabética não proliferativa, em termos de todas as medidas de pupilometris estática (p<0,05). A velocidade média de dilatação também foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos diabetes mellitus e controle, e entre os subgrupos diabetes mellitus (p<0,001). Enquanto correlações significativas fracas a moderadas foram encontradas entre todos os diâmetros da pupila na pupilometria estática e dinâmica com a duração do diabetes mellitus (p<0,05 para todos), os valores de HbA1c não mostraram correlações estatisticamente significantes com nenhum dos diâmetros da pupila estática e dinâmica investigados (p>0,05 para todos). Conclusão: Este estudo revelou que as medidas derivadas da pupilometria automatizada estão alteradas em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. A presença de retinopatia diabética não proliferativa não afeta negativamente os achados pupilomé­tricos, mas com a retinopatia diabética proliferative, alterações significativas foram observadas. Estes resultados sugerem que o uso da pupilometria quantitativa automatizada pode ser útil na verificação gravidade da retinopatia diabética.

Manifestaciones clínicas y evolución a largo plazo de tres casos de rosácea ocular atendidos en un hospital de alta especialidad del sureste de México / Clinical manifestations and long-term outcomes in three ocular rosacea cases treated at a highly specialized hospital in southeast México

La rosácea es una alteración cutánea crónica que se ha asociado con factores etiológicos inespecíficos y diversas manifestaciones sistémicas. La rosácea cutánea suele evolucionar a rosácea ocular del 6 al 72 % de los pacientes. Al no existir criterios específicos que la caractericen, la rosácea ocular implica un reto diagnóstico. Para fortalecer la sospecha diagnóstica temprana, se presentan tres casos de pacientes con evolución clínica distinta, pero que tuvieron en común el retraso diagnóstico, lo que se tradujo en manifestaciones graves y daño ocular extenso.

Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder that has been associated with unspecific etiological factors and diverse systemic manifestations. Cutaneous rosacea usually evolves to ocular rosacea in 6 to 72% of patients. In the absence of specific criteria to characterize this pathology, ocular rosacea can mean a diagnostic challenge. To strengthen early diagnostic suspicion, we present three cases of patients with different clinical evolution who had in common diagnostic delay resulting in severe manifestations and extensive ocular damage.

Análise do ensino da oftalmoscopia direta nos cursos de graduação em Medicina do Estado de Mato Grosso / Analysis of direct ophthalmoscopy teaching in Medical graduation courses of Mato Grosso State

Resumo Objetivo: o ensino da oftalmoscopia direta vem recebendo menos atenção na graduação, o que resulta em médicos sem confiança para realizá-la. Diante disso, foi analisada a autopercepção dos acadêmicos dos cursos de medicina de Mato Grosso sobre a oftalmoscopia direta e os principais fatores responsáveis pela insegurança em executá-la. Métodos: foi realizada a revisão bibliográfica nas bases Pubmed, Scielo e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, sendo construído um questionário aplicado, pelo método bola de neve e após parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética, a acadêmicos de medicina do Mato Grosso que estavam cursando regularmente o quinto ou sexto ano do curso. A análise estatística foi realizada no software SPSS 20, considerando intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: verificou-se que a proporção de acadêmicos que tiveram aulas sobre a oftalmoscopia direta foi superior em universidades públicas (p < 0,001); que a maioria dos alunos não acredita que suas escolas forneçam as condições adequadas para o aprendizado do exame (p = 0,001); que 10,5% se consideram conhecedores da teoria e prática da oftalmoscopia direta (p = 0,004); que a falta de treinamento durante a graduação é o principal fator que dificulta o aprendizado do exame; e que isso resulta em falta de confiança em realizar o mesmo. Conclusão: a oftalmoscopia direta não tem recebido a devida importância durante a graduação em medicina no estado de Mato Grosso. Com tais resultados, pode-se tomar medidas que melhorem o ensino-aprendizado da técnica, o que posteriormente trará benefício para a população.

Abstract Objective: direct ophthalmoscopy teaching is receiving less attention during graduation, which results in doctors without confidence to perform the exam. Therefore, the self-perception of students from medical schools of Mato Grosso about the direct ophthalmoscopy and the main factors responsible for the insecurity on performing it was analyzed. Methods: a literature review was done using the databases Pubmed, Scielo and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, then a questionnaire was applied, through the snowball method and after favorable assent of the Ethics Committee, to medical students from Mato Grosso who were regularly enrolled in the fifth or sixth year of the course. Statistical analysis was performed on the SPSS 20 software, considering a confidence interval of 95%. Results: it was verified that the proportion of students that have had classes about direct ophthalmoscopy was superior in public schools (p < 0,001); that the majority of students does not believe that their schools provide adequate conditions for learning the exam (p = 0,001); that 10,5% considerate themselves knowledgeable about theory and practice regarding direct ophthalmoscopy (p = 0,004); that few training during graduation is the main factor that hinders learning the exam; and that this results in underconfidence at performing it. Conclusion: direct ophthalmoscopy is not receiving the deserved importance during medical graduation in the state of Mato Grosso. With these results, measures can be taken to improve the teaching-learning process of the technique, which can bring benefit to the population.

Lack of association between provocative test-based intraocular pressure parameters and functional loss in treated glaucoma patients / Falta de associação entre parâmetros de pressão intraocular obtidos pelo teste de sobrecarga hídrica e dano funcional em pacientes com glaucoma

ABSTRACT Purpose: To correlate provocative test-based intraocular pressure (IOP) variation parameters (fluctuation and peak) with functional status, and to compare these IOP parameters between treated eyes with asymmetric primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: A prospective observational study including consecutively treated patients with primary open-angle glaucoma was performed. Subjects with ocular diseases other than glaucoma or previous incisional glaucoma surgery were excluded. The primary inclusion criteria were 33 visual field tests and 32 years of follow-up, without any changes on current medical regimen. Long-term intraocular pressure parameters were acquired via isolated intraocular pressure measurements from the patients' last 5 office visits. To evaluate provocative test-based intraocular pressure parameters, all patients were submitted to a water drinking test. Initially, the partial correlation coefficients between each intraocular pressure variation parameter and visual field mean deviation were calculated, adjusting for the baseline intraocular pressure and number of antiglaucoma medications. In addition, each intraocular pressure parameter was compared between eyes with better visual field mean deviation and fellow eyes with worse visual field mean deviation in patients with asymmetric visual field loss (defined as an inter-eye visual field mean deviation difference of at least 3 dB). Results: A total of 87 eyes (87 patients; mean age, 61.9 ± 12.5 years; 59.8% women) with primary open-angle glaucoma were included. The patients underwent a median of 5 visual field tests, with a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 1.4 years. Neither long-term nor water-drinking test intraocular pressure variation parameters were significantly associated with visual field mean deviation values (p30.117). In the subgroup with asymmetric visual field loss (64 eyes of 32 patients; mean age, 65.0 ± 11.4 years), neither long-term water-drinking test intraocular pressure variation parameters differed significantly between eyes with better and worse visual field mean deviation (p30.400). Conclusion: Our results indicate that neither long-term intraocular pressure variation parameters nor stress test-derived intraocular pressure metrics, as assessed by the water-drinking test, appear to correlate with the visual field status or differ significantly between eyes with asymmetric visual field damage, suggesting that other factors may explain such functional asymmetry, and that the water-drinking test does not add significant information to these cases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Correlacionar os parâmetros de variação da pressão intraocular (flutuação e pico) com o dano funcional em pacientes tratados com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto, e comparar esses parâmetros de pressão intraocular entre olhos com dano funcional assimétrico. Métodos: Estudo observacio nal prospectivo foi realizado incluindo consecutivamente pa cientes tratados com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto. Foram excluídos indivíduos com outras doenças oculares que não o glaucoma ou cirurgia prévia incisional de glaucoma. Os principais critérios de inclusão foram: 33 testes de campo visual e 32 anos de acompanhamento, sem quaisquer alterações no regime medicamentoso atual. Parâmetros de pressão intraocular de longo prazo foram obtidos através de medidas de pressão intraocular isoladas de cada consulta (as últimas 5 consultas de cada paciente foram consideradas para análise). Para avaliação dos parâmetros de pressão intraocular de curto prazo, todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de sobrecarga hídrica. Ini cialmente, calculamos os coeficientes de correlação parcial de cada parâmetro de variação da pressão intraocular com o nível de dano funcional, baseado no índice Mean Deviation (MD), ajustando para a pressão intraocular basal e o número de medicações antiglaucomatosas. Além disso, comparamos cada parâmetro de pressão intraocular entre os olhos com melhor e pior nível de dano funcional em pacientes com perda de campo visual assimétrica (definida como diferença no índice mean deviation entre os olhos de pelo menos 3 dB). Resultados: Foram incluídos 87 olhos (87 pacientes) com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto. A idade média foi de 61,9 ± 12,5 anos e 59,8% eram mulheres. Em geral, os pacientes foram submetidos a 5 testes (mediana) de campo visual, com um seguimento médio de 4,3 ± 1,4 anos. Nem os parâmetros de variação da pressão intraocular de longo prazo nem aqueles obtidos pelo teste de sobrecarga hídrica se correlacionaram significativamente com o nível de dano no campo visual (p30,117). No subgrupo com perda de campo visual assimétrica (64 olhos de 32 pacientes; idade média, 65,0 ± 11,4 anos), nem os parâmetros de variação da pressão intraocular de longo prazo nem os obtidos pelo teste de sobrecarga hídrica diferiram significativamente entre olhos com melhor e pior nível de dano funcional (p3 0,400). Conclusão: Nossos resultados indicam que não apenas parâmetros de variação da pressão intraocular de longo prazo, mas também medidas de pressão intraocular derivadas do teste de sobrecarga hídrica, não parecem se correlacionar com o nível de dano do campo visual, nem diferem significativamente entre olhos com nível de dano funcional assimétrico. Esses achados sugerem que outros fatores poderiam explicar essa assimetria funcional e que o teste de sobrecarga hídrica não acrescenta informações significativas a esses casos.

Effect of accelerated corneal crosslinking on ocular response analyzer waveform-derived parameters in progressive keratoconus / Efeito do crosslimking corneano acelerado nos parâmetros derivados da forma de onda do analisador de resposta ocular no ceratocone progressivo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of accelerated corneal crosslinking on corneal biomechanics with an ocular response analyzer in patients with progressive keratoconus. Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 eyes of 45 patients with progressive keratoconus who underwent accelerated corneal crosslinking were evaluated with ocular response analyzer waveform parameters before and one year after corneal crosslinking. Paired two-tailed Student's t-test was performed to compare the parameters before vs. after corneal crosslinking. Results: Mean patient age was 17.6 ± 3.6 (range 9-25) years. A significant increase was observed in p1 area, p2 area, h2, and dive2 values. No significant difference in corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, or other waveform-derived parameters was observed at one year postoperatively. Conclusion: For estimating the effect of accelerated corneal crosslinking on corneal biomechanics, parameters such as p1 area, p2 area, h2, and dive2 are more sensitive than corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor. These results may help us to find out which corneal crosslinking method is most effective for stiffening the cornea.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do cross-linking corneano acelerado na biomecânica corneana com analisador de resposta ocular em pacientes com ceratocone progressivo. Métodos: Neste estudo retrospectivo, 50 olhos de 45 pacientes com ceratocone progressivo submetidos à cross-linking corneano acelerado foram avaliados com os parâmetros da forma de onda do analisador de resposta ocular antes e um ano após o tratamento com cross-linking corneano. O teste t de Student pareado bicaudal foi realizado para comparar os parâmetros antes e depois do cross-linking corneano. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 17,6 ± 3,6 (variação de 9 a 25) anos. Um aumento significativo foi observado nos valores de p1area, p2area, h2 e dive2. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada na histerese da córnea, fator de resistência da córnea ou outros parâmetros derivados da forma de onda foi observada em um ano de pós-operatório. Conclusão: Para estimar o efeito do cross-linking corneano acelerado na biomecânica corneana, parâmentros como p1area, p2area, h2 e dive2 são mais sensíveis que histerese da córnea e fator de resistência corneana. Esses resultados podem nos ajudar a descobrir qual método cross-linking corneano é mais eficaz no enrijecimento da córnea.

Applications of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of eye diseases / 中华眼底病杂志

Ophthalmic imaging examination is the main basis for early screening, evaluation and diagnosis of eye diseases. In recent years, with the improvement of computer data analysis ability, the deepening of new algorithm research and the popularization of big data platform, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has developed rapidly and become a hot topic in the field of medical assistant diagnosis. The advantage of AI is accurate and efficient, which has great application value in processing image-related data. The application of AI not only helps to promote the development of AI research in ophthalmology, but also helps to establish a new medical service model for ophthalmic diagnosis and promote the process of prevention and treatment of blindness. Future research of ophthalmic AI should use multi-modal imaging data comprehensively to diagnose complex eye diseases, integrate standardized and high-quality data resources, and improve the performance of algorithms.

Translation and validation of the Portuguese version of a dry eye disease symptom questionnaire / Tradução e validação da versão em português de um questionário para sintomas de olho seco

ABSTRACT Purposes: A symptom questionnaire is an important tool used to quantify and qualify the impact of a disease on a patient's related quality of life and to estimate the prevalence of a certain condition within a population. Ophthalmologists frequently encounter patients with dry eye disease (DED), and therefore, evaluating the symptoms reported by these patients influences diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and evaluations of disease progression. The latest consensus on dry eye (Dry Eye Workshop, DEWS), published in 2007, led to the standardization of several questionnaires and a better understanding of the prevalence, severity, and overall effect of DED on the patient's quality of life. Methods: In this study, we translated into Portuguese a symptom questionnaire from DEWS that has already been used in several other population-based studies. For subsequent validation, the translated questionnaire was applied by two independent observers to a population of 30 subjects, and the results were compared in a concordance analysis. Results: The processes of translating to Portuguese and back translating the dry eye symptom questionnaire were conducted without difficulty. The high-correlation coefficients obtained when comparing the results of the initial application and the re-administration of this questionnaire to a sample of 30 individuals indicated excellent concordance with regard to results, repeatability, and reliability. Conclusions: This translated and validated questionnaire can be applied to a larger population with the intent to determine the prevalence of DED symptoms in the overall Brazilian population, as well as in distinct regions of the country.

RESUMO Objetivos: A aplicação de questionários sobre os sintomas é uma forma de quantificar e qualificar o impacto de uma determinada doença na qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores e ainda de estimar a prevalência de uma determinada condição na população estudada. O olho seco é uma condição ocular muito prevalente na prática oftalmológica e a avaliação dos sintomas reportados pelos pacientes é uma importante ferramenta propedêutica e de acompanhamento terapêutico e evolução da doença. De acordo com o último consenso sobre olho seco (Dry Eye Worshop, DEWS) publicado em 2007, diversos questionários foram padronizados e tem sido utilizados para o melhor entendimento sobre a prevalência, gravidade e impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Métodos: Foi realizada a tradução para o português de um dos questionários de sintomas reportado no DEWS, seguido de sua validação. Trata-se de um questionário de sintomas de olho seco já utilizado em diversos outros estudos populacionais. O questionário traduzido foi aplicado em uma população de 30 indivíduos por dois observadores diferentes e os resultados foram comparados para verificação de concordância. Resultados: O processo de tradução e contra tradução do questionário de sintomas de olho seco para a língua portuguesa foi realizada sem dificuldades. A análise dos resultados obtidos na aplicação teste e re-teste do questionário em uma amostra de 30 indivíduos apresentou coeficientes de correlação altos demonstrando excelente concordância de resultados, reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade. Conclusões: A tradução e validação deste questionário permitirá sua aplicação em estudos de prevalência dos sintomas de olho seco na população brasileira, bem como comparação em diversas regiões do país.

Applications of ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases / 中华眼底病杂志

Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFA) is a novel breakthrough in ocular fundus imaging technology, which can capture a single, high-resolution, 200° wide image of the ocular fundus that traditional fluorescein angiography cannot reach. This technology has important impacts on the screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow-up of vascular diseases involving peripheral retina (such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, uveitis and so on).

Analysis of meibomain gland change and ocular surface condition in age-related cataract population / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Meibomain gland is a specially differentiated sebaceous gland lying in the tarsus of upper and lower eyelid.The morphological changes of the gland is associated with a variety of ocular surface diseases.Studying the relationship of morphological and functional change of meibomain gland with ocular surface is of great significance.Objective This study was to observe the change of morphology,structure and function of meibomain gland over aging and investigate the assocation of meibomain gland abnormality with ocular surface.Methods A prospectively cases-observational study was performed.Ninety-three eyes of 93 patients with age-related cataract aged 45 and older were enrolled in Shanxi Eye Hospital from March to September 2016 under the informed consent.The patients were divided into 45 to 59-year group and ≥60-year group according to age or meibomian gland loss ≥ 1/3 group and meibomian gland loss ＜ 1/3 group.The ocular anterior segment,lid margin,meibomian gland orifices and lipids traits were examined by slit-lamp microscope.The ocular surface symptoms were assessed and scored by Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scale.The break-up time of tear film (BUT),tear meniscus height,meibomian gland dropout degree,conjunctival hyperemia and corneal fluorescence staining scores were measured using ocular surface analyzer.Results No dry eye symptom was complained in all the subjects,and their OSDI scores were ＜12.No abnormal changes at the lid margin and the muco-cutaneous junction were observed.No abnormality of the meibomian gland orifices,the lipids traits and drainage was observed under the slit-lamp microscope.BUT was shortened in 42 eyes (45.16％);tear meniscus height was lowed in 52 eyes (55.91％);meibomian gland loss range was ≥1/3 in 58 eyes (62.27％).The meibomian gland loss scores were 1.65±0.79 in the 45 to 59-year group and 1.86±0.72 in the ≥60-year group,showing an insignificant difference between them (t =1.301,P =0.197).But when coming to the correlation analysis,a positive correlation was found between meibomian gland loss scores and age (rs =0.323,P=0.002),and no correlations were seen between age and BUT or tear meniscus height (rs =0.154,P =0.141;rs=-0.024,P =0.821).In addition,meibomian gland loss scores showed a negative correlation with mean BUT (rs =-0.251,P =0.015).The eye number of BUT abnormality in the meibomian gland loss ≥ 1/3 group was more than that in meibomian gland loss ＜1/3 group (P =0.018).Conclusions Meibomian gland loss is more serious over aging in middle aged and elderly population,and serious meibomian gland loss increases the risk of tear film instability.The early meibomain gland dysfunction-like signs occur prior to symptoms,which should raise concern in clinical work.

Imaging performance and quantitative analysis of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope for cystoid macular edema / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Cystoid macular edema (CME) is caused by many fundus diseases.The noninvasive clinical diagnosis methods for CME are conventional color fundus photography up to now.However,these images can not display the CME range well.Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) based retinal imaging can provide clear picture with high contrast.However,whether cSLO imaging is feasible in the quantitative assessment of CME remains unclear.Objective This study was to image the boundary of CME and assess the quantification of CME image from cSLO imaging technology.Methods A series case-observational study was designed.This study protocal was approved by Ethic Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital.cSLO based retinal imaging technology was carried out on consecutive 24 eyes of 24 patients with clinically diagnosed and OCT confirmed CME in Beijing Tongren Eye Center from August to December 2015 under the informed consent of each individual.The radial scan range was 45°× 45 ° and the line scan level was 49 at macula area.The pseudocolar image,green light reflective image (532 nm) and infrared reflective image (785 nm) were collected.The imaging was analyzed by EasyScan software (version 1.2.2).Fundus color photography and SD-OCT were carried out in each patient.The images were graded by specialists according to the SD-OCT cross sectional results.Results The primary causes of CME included epiretinal membrane (10 eyes),branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) (6 eyes),central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) (4 eyes),diabetic retinopathy (DR) (3 eyes) and CRVO with BRVO (1 eye).A CME image was exhibited on the fundus color photogram with the obscure boundary;while the clear range of CME was displayed by the cSLO imaging.The mean score of CME from pseudocolar image,green light reflective image and infrared reflective image was 3.21±0.78,2.67±0.96 and 2.54±0.83,respectively,which was significantly higher than 1.33±0.82 from the fundus color photography (all at P＜0.01).Conclusions In CME patients,the imaging quality from cSLO-based retinal imaging technology is better than that from traditional fundus color photography.Combined with SD-OCT sectional scan analysis,cSLO-based retinal imaging technology may offer a method to observe and record more fundus details for CME diagnosis.

Improve our understanding of ocular fundus diseases with ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography / 中华眼底病杂志

Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFA) can obtain very wide retinal images (up to 200°), and is a very helpful tool to detect peripheral retinal lesions which cannot be found by other imaging methods. Analyzing the characteristics of the UWFA images may improve our understanding, treatment outcomes and management strategies of ocular fundus diseases. However this technology is still in its premature stage, there is still a lot of work to be done to improve its clinical application and study the characteristics and clinical meanings of these peripheral retinal lesions.

Estudo comparativo entre o teste fenol vermelho e o teste de schirmer no diagnóstico da síndrome do olho seco / Comparative study between phenol red thread test and the Schirmer's test in the diagnosis of dry eyes syndrome

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a concordância entre o teste fenol vermelho e o teste de Schirmer para quantificação lacrimal junto a um questionário para detectar sintomas de olho seco. Métodos: No total, 49 pacientes participaram do estudo. Cada participante teve um olho examinado pelos dois testes. Os sintomas de olho seco foram avaliados através de 5 perguntas. Os dados foram coletados e depois analisados pelo método de estatísticas Kappa para avaliar a concordância entre os testes. Resultados: A sintomatologia foi positiva em 65,3%(32) pacientes. Em grupos de idade, pacientes com 60 anos ou mais tiveram sintomatologia em 70,5% das vezes, enquanto no grupo de 40-59 anos foram positivos 59,3%. O teste de Schirmer foi positivo para olho seco em 51%(25) dos pacientes, enquanto o teste fenol vermelho foi positivo em 65,3%(32). O valor de Kappa entre os testes foi de 0.548, demonstrando uma concordância moderada entre eles. Conclusão: A realização do questionário sintomático evidenciou uma maior sintomatologia de olho seco nos pacientes de maior idade. O valor de Kappa resultou em uma concordância moderada, considerada relevante, principalmente pelo fato de nenhum dos dois testes ser o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de olho seco e pela variabilidade de resultados que os testes podem trazer.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the correlation between phenol red test and Schirmer tear test on tear quantification together with a questionnaire to detect symptoms of dry eye. Methods: A total of 49 patients were enrolled at this study. Each participant had its eyes examined by the two tests.The dry eye symptoms were evaluated by a total of 5 questions.The data were collected and analysed by Kappa statistical method to check the concordance between the tests. Results: A sum of 65.3% of the patients referred dry eye symptoms. When grouping them by age, 70.5% of the patients older than 60 years had symptoms, while in the group of 40-59 years, 59.3% reported symptoms. Schimer tear test was positive for dry eye in 51%(25) of the patients, against 65.3%(32) in the phenol red test. Kappa value between the tests were 0.548, which indicates a moderate agreement of the them. Conclusion: The symptomatic questionnaire showed a higher frequency of dry eye in the elderly. Kappa value displayed an moderate agreement, which is relevant, specially because neither of the tests are the gold standard for the diagnosis of dry eye, and for the variability of results that testing can bring.