Academic Honesty and Dishonesty in Different Disciplines and Degrees at the University of Medical Sciences : A Descriptive CrossSectional Study

Introduction : Dishonesty is considered as a basic challenge in ethics of care, which imposes great burden on the Educational System and the Society. Dishonesty is accompanied with negative impacts on all aspect of academic atmosphere. The aim of this cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was to determine dishonesty among 5 majors of study, Undergraduate and Graduate Degrees in School of Nursing and Midwifery. Materials and Methods : 340 Undergraduate and Graduate students completed a questionnaire about all kinds of academic dishonesty and their causes. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics. Result : Suggested lowest levels of dishonesty among students of Midwifery (7.5%) and Anesthesiology (5.3%). Significant relationship was observed between sex and honesty (P<0.001). Also living place and the major had significant relationship with honesty (P<0.001). No significant relationships were found between dishonesty and education level and other demographic characteristics. Conclusions : Many types of cheating are preventable through rules, correct training and educational management, which will eventually promote honesty in the educational system. This reveals the necessity of medical students’ familiarity with ethical codes and faculties’ emphasis on importance and role of ethics in Medical Sciences.

Negacionismo endógeno no jogo acadêmico da Educação Física / Endogenous denialism in the academic game of the Physical Education field / El negacionismo endógeno en el juego académico de la Educación Física

Neste ensaio, desenvolvo o conceito de negacionismo endógeno, um tipo específico de negacionismo científico cultivado dentro do campo acadêmico, que busca deslegitimar pesquisas qualitativas das Humanidades. O texto tem três seções. Na primeira, trato das características do negacionismo vulgar a partir de breve retrospectiva histórica, e destaco as táticas de supressão de termos científicos em prol do controle da narrativa política. Na segunda, discuto casos de fraude acadêmica praticadas contra revistas das Ciências Sociais e Humanas como estratégia intencional de desacreditação da área, e analiso a abjeção ao termo "práticas corporais" como um rastro do negacionismo endógeno no léxico da Educação Física. Na terceira, reflito sobre a relevância da formação editorial em programas de pós-graduação no combate a preconceitos entre áreas do conhecimento. Em conclusão, defendo a desconstrução da retórica da ignorância, mola propulsora de negacionismos de toda ordem, como forma de preservação da pluralidade epistêmica na Educação Física.

In this essay, I develop the concept of endogenous denialism, a specific type of scientific denialism cultivated within the academic field, which aims at delegitimizing the validity of qualitative research in the humanities. The text has three sections. In the first section, I deal with the characteristics of vulgar denialism from a brief historical retrospective, and I highlight the tactics of suppressing scientific terms in favor of the control of the political narrative. In the second section, I discuss cases of academic hoaxes played against Social Sciences and Humanities journals as an intentional strategy to discredit the area and analyze the abjection of the term "physical culture" as a trace of endogenous denialism in the lexicon of physical education field. In the third section, I reflect on the relevance of editorial training in graduate programs to confront prejudice between knowledge areas. In conclusion, I defend the deconstruction of the rhetoric of ignorance, the driving force of all kinds of denialism, as a way of preserving epistemic plurality in the physical education field.

En este ensayo, desarrollo el concepto de negacionismo endógeno; un tipo específico de negacionismo científico cultivado dentro del campo académico, que busca deslegitimar la validez de la investigación cualitativa en las humanidades. El texto tiene tres secciones; en la primera, trato las características del negacionismo vulgar a partir de una breve retrospectiva histórica, y destaco las tácticas de supresión de términos científicos en pro del control de la narrativa política. En la segunda, discuto casos de fraude académico contra revistas de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas como una estrategia intencional de desprestigio del área, y analizo la abyección del término "prácticas corporales" como rastro de un negacionismo endógeno en el léxico de la Educación Física. En la tercera, reflexiono sobre la relevancia de la formación editorial en los programas de posgrado para combatir los prejuicios entre áreas de conocimiento. En conclusión, defiendo la deconstrucción de la retórica de la ignorancia, energía propulsora de todo tipo de negacionismo, como forma de preservar la pluralidad epistémica en la Educación Física.

Associação entre os cinco grandes fatores da personalidade e a intenção de corrupção / The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Factors and the Intention of Corruption

Resumo A comportamento corrupto deve ser investigado a partir de diferentes níveis de análise. A nível intraindividual, a personalidade é uma variável relevante para sua compreensão. Objetivo. Na presente pesquisa, buscou-se analisar a influência dos traços de personalidade na intenção de comportamento corrupto a partir do modelo dos cinco grandes fatores da personalidade. Método. Participaram da pesquisa 286 indivíduos com idades entre 18 e 76 anos. Para coleta, foram utilizadas a Escala Reduzida dos cinco grandes fatores da personalidade, a Medida de Intenção de Corrupção e um questionário sociodemográfico. Resultados. Se encontraram correlações positivas entre a intenção de corrupção com as dimensões amabilidade, conscienciosidade e abertura à experiência. Porém, por meio de uma regressão linear múltipla, apenas a conscienciosidade teve efeito significativo. Implicações são discutidas.

Abstract Corruption must be investigated from different levels of analysis. At the intra-individual level, personality is a relevant variable for its understanding. Objective. In the present research, we sought to analyze the influence of personality traits on the intention of corrupt behavior based on the Big Five model of personality. Method. This study included 286 individuals between the ages of 18 and 76. A Reduced Scale of the Big Five personality factors, and a Corruption Intention Measurement scale, along general sociodemographic data were part of the data collection process. Results. Data showed positive correlations between corruption intention and the dimensions of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness. However, using multiple linear regression, only conscientiousness had a significant effect. Implications are discussed.

La Autosuficiencia Inducida Mediante la Manipulación de Dinero Disminuye la Intención y el Comportamiento Deshonesto / Self-Sufficiency Induced by Money Primes Decreases Dishonest Intention and Behavior

Resumen Existe controversia sobre el efecto preconsciente del priming con dinero sobre el comportamiento (Rohrer, Pasher & Harris, 2015). Supuestamente, los evocadores de riqueza mediante técnicas de priming provocan que la gente entre en un estado de autosuficiencia (Vos, Mead & Goode, 2006) en el que optan por comportamientos individualistas y se sienten más capaces. Dicho estado ha sido asociado con un aumento en la intención y conducta deshonesta (Kouchaki, Smith-Crowe, Brief & Sousa, 2013). Para confirmar la robustez de los efectos anteriores se desarrollaron dos experimentos de tres grupos experimentales y un experimento factorial de 3x2 en los que se puso a prueba si la manipulación de dinero afectaba la intención deshonesta, y la conducta deshonesta en una prueba concreta así como en una tarea abstracta. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los puntajes de intención deshonesta (F (2,57)= 0.163, p=.850; η2p=0.06), ni entre los puntajes de deshonestidad concreta (F (2,114)= 0.582, p=0.560; η2p=0.010) ni en los de deshonestidad abstracta (χ2(2)=2.360, p=0.307). Contrariamente a lo esperado, los grupos estimulados con dinero fueron los que reportaron menor intención y conducta deshonesta. Ello podría indicar que el dinero actuó más como un evocador de honestidad o responsabilidad, más que de deshonestidad.

Abstract Effects of money-related primes over behavior seem inconclusive amongst researchers (Rohrer, Pasher & Harris, 2015). According to Vohs, Mead and Goode (2006) money primes induce people into a state of self-sufficiency, in which they prefer actions selected by themselves and feel more capable. Such state has been positively associated to dishonest intention and behavior (Kouchaki, Smith-Crowe, Brief & Sousa, 2013). To confirm the robustness of these effects, we designed two three-group experiments, and a 3x2 factorial experiment, testing if handling money affected dishonest intention, and dishonest behavior on a concrete task as well as on an abstract task. There were no statistically significant differences between dishonest intention scores (F (2,57)= 0.163, p=0.850; η2p=0.06), concrete-task dishonesty scores (F (2,114)= 0.582, p=0.560; η2p=0.010) or abstract-task dishonesty scores (χ2(2)=2.360, p=0.307). Contrary to what was expected, money-primed groups reported a lower dishonest intention and behavior. This could mean that money acted more as a reminder of honesty or responsibility than a reminder of dishonesty.

Some correlates of academic dishonesty among undergraduates in Ogun state, Nigeria / Algunas correlaciones de deshonestidad académica entre estudiantes universitarios en el estado de Ogun, Nigeria

The purpose of the study is to examine factors associated with academic dishonesty among serial-academically frustrated students in Ogun State, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty undergraduates registered with the academic empowerment programme at a private university in Nigeria were purposively selected for this study. The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 21 years. Both the independent and dependent variables were measured with standardised instruments. The results showed that the independent variables jointly and relatively had significant influence on academic dishonesty among the sampled undergraduates. The result also showed gender difference in academic self-efficacy, locus of control and academic dishonesty but had no significant difference on motivation and academic dishonesty among male and female respondents. Implications for this study include the need to encourage character strength and development for enhancing the overall positive classroom behaviours, which eventually lead to successful academic achievement. University school counsellors should be saddled with the responsibility of nurturing the healthy development of all students.

El propósito de este estudio es examinar algunos factores (autoeficacia académica, motivación, lugar de control y género) asociados con la deshonestidad académica. Se seleccionaron 250 participantes de ambos sexos (76% hombres y 24% mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 21 años utilizando la técnica de muestreo intencional. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la escala general de autoeficacia, la escala de motivación académica, la escala de locus de control académico y la escala de deshonestidad académica. Se realizaron coeficientes de correlación, análisis de regresión y pruebas t. Autoeficacia académica, locus de control y motivación relacionada con la deshonestidad académica. Hubo una diferencia de género en la autoeficacia académica, el lugar de control y la deshonestidad académica. Los resultados y las implicaciones se discuten más a fondo.

Aproximaciones Psicosociales a la Corrupción: Una Revisión Teórica / Psychosocial Approaches to Corruption: A Theoretical Review / Aproximações Psicossociais à Corrupção: uma Revisão Teórica

Resumen La corrupción es una práctica extendida en las sociedades actuales que, a pesar de su relevancia social, se ha estudiado desde postulados mayoritariamente economicistas. Se revisó y analizó de manera crítica este fenómeno desde distintos aportes de la psicología social, tanto en el ámbito anglófono como latinoamericano. En el primer caso, se destaca la in fluencia del comportamiento de los iguales y las normas sociales, las percepciones de riesgo, el papel de las emociones, la ética comportamental y la relación de la corrupción con el poder. Por su parte, los modelos latinoamericanos centran su interés en la influencia de las estructuras supraindividuales, como los valores éticos y las instituciones, en la conducta de los individuos. Se propone que la investigación apunte hacia el estudio de los principales factores psicosociales de manera sistemática y hacia la formulación de marcos teóricos específicos que expliquen este fenómeno social.

Summary Corruption is widespread in current societies; despite its social relevance, it has been studied mostly from economic per spectives. The article reviews and critically analyzes corruption from different social psychology approaches, both in the Anglophone and Latin American settings. Regarding the former, the article highlights the influence of peer behaviors and social norms, risk perceptions, the role of emotions, behavioral ethics and the relationship of corruption to power Regarding the latter, the Latin American models focus on the influence of supra-individual structures such as ethical values and institutions on the individual's conduct. It is proposed that research on this topic look systematically at the main psychosocial factors to formulate specific theoretical frameworks that explain this social phenomenon.

Resumo A corrupção é uma prática estendida nas sociedades atuais que, apesar de sua relevância social, tem sido estudada a partir de princípios predominantemente economicistas. Revisa-se e analisa-se de maneira crítica esse fenômeno a partir de diferentes contribuições da psicologia social, tanto no âmbito anglo-saxão quanto no latino-americano. No primeiro caso, destaca-se a influência do comportamento dos iguais e das normas sociais, as percepções de risco, o papel das emoções, a ética comportamental e a relação da corrupção com o poder. Por sua vez, os modelos latino-americanos focam seu interesse na influência das estruturas supraindividuais, como os valores éticos e as instituições, no compor tamento dos indivíduos. Propomos que a pesquisa aponte ao estudo dos principais fatores psicossociais de maneira sistemática e à formulação de referenciais teóricos específicos que expliquem esse fenômeno social.

On building the dishonesty disciplinary mechanism in China's hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

The basic principles of dishonesty disciplinary mechanism are called into play tO probe into such issues as the necessity and key points of building such a mechanism in China's hospitals.The paper focused on ascertaining government leadership,designating key regulators of hospital dishonesty,formulating the regulations for hospital dishonesty recognition and accountability,penalty system for hospital dishonesty,information disclosure system for hospital dishonesty behavior.In addition,it covered such aspects as the incentives and education measures for hospital credit,and building supportive measures for hospitals dishonesty disciplinary mechanism.