Revelar las vivencias de intervención educativa transcultural de embarazo adolescente en binomio madre-hija un proyecto de vida en comunidad originaria / Reveal the experiences of transcultural educational intervention of adolescent pregnancy in the mother-daughter binomial a life project in the originary community

Introducción: el embarazo adolescente hace referencia a toda gestación que ocurre durante la adolescencia y comprende las mujeres de hasta 19 años. Irrumpe la vida de las adolescentes en momentos que no alcanzan la madurez física ni mental, con carencias nutricionales y enfermedades. Las causas son amplias y complejas, variando entre distintos grupos culturales y étnicos. Para los investigadores es importante conocer la forma de pensar de las jóvenes y madres respecto a embarazos en adolescentes, como construyen los sentidos y significaciones alrededor de embarazos a temprana edad, qué factores intervienen, de qué modo se puede educar a la población joven y adulta ante esta problemática que irrumpe con su proyecto de vida. Material y métodos: enfoque metodológico cualitativo descriptivo, con visión holística histórico-etnográfico, dado que se pretende conocer la manera de pensar de las adolescentes del estado de Guerrero en la región montaña alta ante un embarazo y las posibles causas de la misma. Resultados: el binomio revela que la falta de recursos económicos, educación, costumbres y tradiciones son las principales causas de un embarazo precoz y deserción escolar en la montaña Alta de Guerrero. Consideraciones finales: desde el término EMIC se manifiesta desacuerdo por el embarazo adolescente, se visualiza la incapacidad de las participantes para desarrollar el rol de crianza y educación, se refleja con ETIC la inmadurez física y psicológica de las adolescentes para adquirir la responsabilidad de una mujer adulta, el proyecto de vida se ve estancado en el mismo padrón de los padres.

Introduction: adolescent pregnancy refers to any gestation that occurs during adolescence and includes women up to 19 years of age. It bursts into the lives of adolescents at times when they do not reach physical or mental maturity, with nutritional deficiencies and illnesses. The causes are broad and complex, varying among different cultural and ethnic groups. For researchers, it is important to know the way of thinking of young women and mothers regarding teenage pregnancies, how they build meanings and meanings around early pregnancies, what factors intervene, how the young and adult population can be educated before this problem that bursts with his life project. Material and methods: the present investigation has a descriptive qualitative methodological approach, with a holistic historical-ethnographic vision, since it is intended to know the way of thinking of adolescents from the state of Guerrero in the high mountain region before a pregnancy and the possible causes of it. Results: the binomial reveals that the lack of economic resources, education, customs and traditions are the main causes of early pregnancy and school dropout in the High Mountain of Guerrero. Final considerations: the term EMIC shows disagreement with adolescent pregnancy, the inability of the participants to develop the role of upbringing and education, the physical and psychological immaturity of the adolescents to acquire the responsibility of an adult woman is reflected in ETIC, the life project is stagnated in the same pattern of the parents.

Emic perceptions of age-appropriate parent-child intimate behaviors related to hygiene, affection and privacy

Objective@#A multi-phase, sequential mixed methods study aimed to determine acceptable age-appropriate physical intimate behaviors shared between Filipino parents and children that are related to hygiene, affection and privacy. @*Methods@#Following an exploratory qualitative phase (Phase 1) and an instrumentation phase (Phase 2), the quantitative survey phase (Phase 3) utilized the resultant Filipino Family Behavior Questionnaire (FFBQ). A total of 145 participants from Cabuyao, Laguna and selected urban communities in Metro Manila were comprised of 72 parents and 73 adult children. @*Results@#Parents and adult children view the affection-related behaviors of hugging (magyakapan/ magyapusan) and kissing on the cheeks (humalik sa pisngi) as most acceptable among the list of parent-child intimate behaviors in the FFBQ, and is allowed without any age limit set for children (up to age 18 years). The lowest accepted age-appropriate intimate behaviors were hygiene related, specifically on washing genitalia (median 5 years, range 0,18), co-bathing (3 years, range 0,18), and holding/kissing genitals (0, range 0,17). Generally, adult children accept higher age-limits compared to parent participants. Both groups placed higher age-acceptable limits on mothers compared to fathers. When comparing parent-child pairs, same-gender pairs have significantly higher age-acceptable limits compared to mixed gender pairs. Ranked in order of highest to lowest age-acceptable limits, the most accepted gender pair in performing intimate behavior is mother-daughter; father-son; mother-son; and father-daughter. Perceptions of acceptable age limits were comparable between parents with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) compared to those without ACE, except for hugging between mother-daughter (17.21 vs 18 years, p=0.04) and father-daughter (17.21 vs 14.22 years, p<0.01) as well as co-dressing of mother-son (3.76 vs 2.19 years, p=0.02).For children, differences in perception were noted only for hugging between mother and son (17.95 vs 15.37 years, p<0.01), and kissing on lips between father and son (5.33 vs 8.94 years, p=0.03). Respondents in Phase 4 believe that mothers are seen as nurturing and caring towards children, thus rendering acceptance of higher age limits for engaging in intimate behavior, specifically for hygiene and privacy. Similar-gender pairs tend to be more at ease with each other, hence the persistence of intimate behavior even at older ages. @*Conclusion@#This study was able to identify Filipino intimate behaviors of parents and children including their age-appropriateness. Parents and adult children had similar valuations for healthy boundaries in intimate behavior, as evidenced by the older perceived mean ages for hugging, kissing on the cheek (affection) and co-sleeping (privacy), as well as younger perceived mean ages for hygiene-related intimate behavior such as holding/kissing genitalia, washing genitalia and co-bathing. Parent-child intimate behavior is more acceptable for same-gender pairs, and is least appropriate for older ages in father-daughter pairs. Moreover, adult children appear to be more permissible in exhibiting lower cutoffs for age limits of acceptability compared to parents.

Investigación Cualitativa: Enfoque Emic-Etic / Qualitative Research: Emic-Etic Approach

El presente documento, es un ensayo reflexivo cuyo objetivo es analizar la "Investigación Cualitativa desde el enfoque Emic-Etic". Para ello, se exploran los conceptos de investigación cualitativa y la relación con los términos Emic y Etic, así como, la importancia de la misma en el quehacer científico del investigador. Se utilizó la investigación documental exhaustiva, para el análisis hermenéutico de diversas publicaciones científicas relacionadas con la temática de estudio. Se concluye, que la investigación cualitativa sustenta su visión metodológica en base al enfoque Emic-Etic, donde interactúan las versiones y opiniones de los participantes y el investigador respecto a los hechos y fenómenos de estudio, para construir la realidad de manera cooperativa.

This document is a reflexive essay whose objective is to analyze the "Qualitative Research from the Emic-Etic approach". For this, the concepts of qualitative research and the relation with the terms Emic and Etic are explored, as well as the importance of the same in the scientific work of the researcher. We used exhaustive documentary research for the hermeneutic analysis of various scientific publications related to the subject of study. It is concluded that the qualitative research supports its methodological vision based on the Emic-Etic approach, where the versions and opinions of the participants and the researcher interact with respect to the facts and phenomena of study, to construct reality in a cooperative way.

Experimental studies of ischemia postconditioning alleviated lung injury after limb ischemia reperfusion in rats / 天津医药

Objective To observe the effects of ischemic postconditioning (I-postC) on lung injury after limb ischemia reperfusion (LIR) in rats, and to investigate the protective effect and the mechanisms. Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups:control group (group Control), ischemia-reperfusion group (group IR) and ischemic postcondi?tioning group (group I-postC). Referring to routine method in our department, the model rats underwent 4-hour ischemia and 4-hour reperfusion of hind limbs were made. In group Control, the rubber band around the limb was loose,which did not block the blood flow. Rats in group I-postC were given repeated 3 times of 5 min ischemia-5 min reperfusion, and then did perfusion 4 h before reperfusion. The blood and lung samples were collected for detecting arterial gas of partial pressure of oxygen [p(O2)] and partial pressure of carbon dioxide [p(CO2)]. The plasma and lung tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were detected. The morphological changes of lung tissue were ob?served under light microscope and electron microscope. Results It was found that after suffering from ischemia-reperfu?sion, levels of p(O2) and p(CO2) decreased significantly. The activity of SOD in plasma and lung tissues decreased, but XOD and MDA increased significantly (P<0.05). With microscope, lung interstitial vascular dilation, infiltration of neutrophils, the width of the alveolar space, alveolar septal thickening and alveolar exudate were found. Compared with IR group, it was found that p(O2) and p(CO2) increased significantly in group I-postC. The activity of SOD in plasma and lung tissues in?creased, but XOD and MDA decreased significantly(P<0.05). The mild damage of pathological changes were found. Conclu?sion Ischemic postconditioning can reduce the lung injury after limb ischemia reperfusion in rats, which may be related to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

Studying personality and personality disorders among people in the Caribbean advocating for an emic-etic approach / Estudio sobre personalidad y trastornos de personalidad entre las personas del Caribe: en defensa de un enfoque émico-ético

This article discusses issues relevant to the examination of personality and personality disorder in contexts, such as the Caribbean, which are under-represented in this scholarship. The article argues that because normal personality is the standard against which definitions of non-normality (and at the extreme, disorder) are derived, a crucial first step in identifying personality disorder is clear and culturally relevant definitions of normal personality. Two key conceptual perspectives on personality development and manifestation are presented, followed by a brief exploration, using the etic traits approach, of the problematic nature of any one perspective on normal personality. The article argues for the need for combined emic-etic approaches to understanding normal and non-normal personality, particularly in under-represented contexts such as the Caribbean. It ends by offering concrete suggestions on developing, in the Caribbean, programmes of research committed to these tasks.

Este artículo aborda cuestiones pertinentes al examen de la personalidad y los trastornos de la personalidad en contextos, tales como el Caribe, que están insuficientemente representadas en esta área de estudios. El artículo argumenta que como la personalidad normal es el estándar frente el cual se derivan las definiciones de no normalidad (y trastorno, finalmente), un primer paso crucial en la identificación de los trastornos de la personalidad estriba en formular definiciones claras y culturalmente relevantes de la personalidad normal. Se presentan dos perspectivas conceptuales claves en el desarrollo y la manifestación de la personalidad, seguidos por una breve exploración que recurre al enfoque de rasgos éticos (etic), de la naturaleza problemática de cualquier perspectiva de una personalidad normal. El artículo argumenta la necesidad de combinar los enfoques émicos (emic) y éticos (etic) si se quiere comprender la personalidad normal y no normal, particularmente en contextos sub-representados como es el caso del Caribe. Se concluye brindando sugerencias concretas para desarrollar programas de investigación comprometida con estas tareas en el Caribe.

Effects of morphine preconditioning- postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effects of morphine preconditioning-postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. Methods Male SD rats weighing 180-200 g were killed after intraperitoneal injection of heparin 500 U/kg. The hearts were immediately removed and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution gassed with 95%O2-5%CO2 .HR and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were measured from a fluid-filled latex balloon in the left ventricle. Global myocardial ischemia was induced by interrupting perfusion for 45 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. Forty isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each): group 1 (I/R); group II morphine preconditioning (M1 ); group Ⅲ morphine postconditioning (M2); group IV M1 + M2; group V 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) + M2. Group M1 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 20 min 30 min before ischemia followed by 10 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group 5-HD + M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L+ 5-HD 10-4 mmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Myocardial CK-MB activity was measured and myocardial infarct size (IS/AAR) detennined (by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium staining) at the end of 60 min reperfusion. Results The preconditioning, postconditioning and combination of preconditioning and postconditioning with morphine 3.0 μmol/L perfusion for 10 min all provided cardio-protective effects in terms of IS/AAR and myocardial activation of CK-MB. Conclusion Although the combination of morphine preconditioning and postconditioning can protect the heart against I/R injury, the effects are similar to those of either of them alone, and the reason may be that either of them alone protects the heart against I/R injury via activating mitoKATP .