Associação entre capital social e padrões alimentares em mulheres do Sul do Brasil / Association between social capital and food patterns in women from Southern Brazil

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou verificar a associação entre aspectos psicossociais (capital social) e padrões alimentares em mulheres adultas. Realizou-se um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com uma amostra representativa de 1.128 mulheres, de 20 a 69 anos de idade, residentes na área urbana do município de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, em 2015. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados com base na frequência de consumo alimentar e classificados em: saudável (frutas, vegetais e alimentos integrais), de risco (alimentos ultraprocessados) e brasileiro (arroz e feijão), enquanto o capital social foi avaliado por meio de uma escala de eficácia coletiva. Observou-se que 18,9% da amostra foi classificada com alta eficácia coletiva. Após ajuste para potenciais fatores de confusão, observou-se uma probabilidade 44% maior para adesão ao padrão saudável (RP [razão de prevalência] = 1,44; IC95% [intervalo de confiança de 95%]: 1,01-2,03; p = 0,040) e 71% maior para o padrão brasileiro (RP = 1,71; IC95%: 1,18-2,47; p = 0,004) entre as mulheres com um maior nível de eficácia coletiva, quando comparadas às com baixo nível de eficácia coletiva. Assim, este estudo verificou uma relação significativa entre aspectos psicossociais e consumo alimentar em mulheres.

Abstract The present study aimed to verify the association between psychosocial aspects (social capital) and food patterns in adult women. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted with a representative sample of 1,128 women, aged 20 to 69 years, living in the urban area of the municipality of São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2015. The food patterns were identified based on the frequency of food intake and classified as: healthy (fruits, vegetables, and whole foods), at-risk (ultraprocessed foods), and Brazilian (rice and beans), while social capital was evaluated using a collective efficacy scale. It was observed that 18.9% of the sample was classified with high collective efficacy. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, a 44% higher probability was observed for adherence to the healthy pattern (PR [prevalence ratio] = 1.44; 95%CI [95% confidence interval]: 1.01-2.03; p = 0.040) and 71% higher for the Brazilian pattern (PR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.18-2.47; p= 0.004) among women with a higher level of collective efficacy, when compared to those with a low level of collective efficacy. Thus, this study verified a significant relationship between psychosocial aspects and food intake in women.

Associação entre padrões alimentares com fatores socioeconômicos e ambiente alimentar em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil / Association between dietary patterns and socioeconomic factors and food environment in a city in the South of Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se estudar a associação entre padrão alimentar, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e o ambiente alimentar em uma população de adultos e idosos de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com pessoas de ambos os sexos e idade entre 20 e 70 anos. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise de componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar as razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: saudável, tradicional, carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Encontraram-se associações positivas entre: sexo feminino e maior renda com o padrão alimentar saudável; cor da pele preta ou parda e domicílios com seis ou mais moradores com padrões alimentares tradicional e carboidratos e açúcares refinados; maior escolaridade com o padrão fast food. Realizar as principais refeições em casa associou-se ao padrão tradicional, e almoço ou jantar fora do domicílio com os padrões carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Posição socioeconômica mais baixa leva ao maior consumo do padrão alimentar tradicional e/ou rico em carboidratos e açúcares, e uma posição socioeconômica mais elevada parece permitir uma escolha entre padrão saudável ou fast food.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and demographic and socioeconomic factors and the food environment among adults and older persons in a city in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with people of both sexes aged between 20 and 70 years. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Four dietary patterns were identified: Healthy; Traditional; Refined Carbs and Sugars; and Fast Food. Positive associations were found between being female and higher income and the Healthy dietary pattern; being black or brown and living in a household with at least six members and the Traditional and Refined Carbs and Sugars patterns; and higher education and the fast-food dietary pattern. Having main meals at home was associated with the Traditional pattern and having lunch or dinner away from home was the associated with Refined Carbs and Sugars and fast-food patterns. Lower socioeconomic status leads to higher consumption of the Traditional and/or Refined Carbs and Sugars dietary patterns, while higher socioeconomic status appears to enable individuals to choose between healthy or fast-food patterns.

Breastfeeding and infant feeding guidelines: dietary patterns and potential effects on the health and nutrition of children under two years / Amamentação e orientações sobre alimentação infantil: padrões alimentares e potenciais efeitos na saúde e nutrição de menores de dois anos

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns of children under two years of age in primary care, associating them with maternal variables. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in basic health units. Sample selected for convenience with 321 children under two years old and their mothers. Food consumption was obtained through a 24-hour food record. The method of factor analysis by main components was used to determine dietary patterns. Associations between maternal variables and dietary patterns were tested. Results: "mixed", "porridge" and "snacks" patterns were identified. Receiving guidance on infant feeding was related to greater adherence to the "mixed" (p = 0.02; PR = 2.98; 95% CI95% = 1.49-5.96) and "porridge" (p = 0.026; PR = 2.10; CI95% = 1.09-4.02) patterns. Experience with breastfeeding showed greater adherence to the "porridge" standards (p=0.038; PR = 1.78; CI95%= 1.03-3.08) and "snacks" (p = 0.026; PR = 1.09; CI95% = 1.01-1.18) and children of overweight mothers showed less adherence to the "snacks" pattern (p = 0.042; PR = 0.51; CI95%= 0.26-0.98). Conclusions: patterns found were associated with guidance on infant feeding and breastfeeding, previous experience with breastfeeding, as well as with maternal excess weight, emphasizing the importance of professional guidance for greater adherence to more varied and healthy consumption patterns and that include the different food groups.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar padrões alimentares de crianças menores de dois anos na atenção primária associando-os com variáveis maternas. Métodos: estudo transversal desenvolvido em unidades básicas de saúde. Amostra selecionada por conveniência com 321 menores de dois anos e suas mães. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. O método de análise fatorial por componentes principais foi utilizado para determinação dos padrões alimentares. Associações entre variáveis maternas e padrões alimentares foram testadas. Resultados: padrões "misto", "mingaus" e "lanches" foram identificados. Receber orientações sobre alimentação infantil relacionou-se a maior aderência aos padrões "misto" (p= 0,02; RP= 2,98; IC95%= 1,49-5,96) e "mingaus" (p= 0,026; RP= 2,10; IC95%= 1,09-4,02). Experiência com aleitamento materno mostrou maior adesão aos padrões "mingaus" (p= 0,038; RP= 1,78; IC95%= 1,03-3,08) e "lanches" (p= 0,026; RP= 1,09; IC95%= 1,01-1,18) e filhos de mães com excesso de peso apresentaram menor aderência ao padrão "lanches" (p= 0,042; RP= 0,51; IC95%= 0,26-0,98). Conclusões: os padrões encontrados associaram-se com orientação sobre alimentação infantil e amamentação, experiência prévia com amamentação, bem como com excesso de peso materno, ressaltando a importância da orientação profissional para maior adesão a padrões de consumo mais variados e saudáveis e que contemplem os diversos grupos de alimentos.

De nutrientes a patrones alimentarios: cambio de paradigma en el abordaje nutricional de las enfermedades cardiovasculares / From Nutrients to Eating Patterns: A Paradigm Shift in the Nutritional Approach to Cardiovascular Diseases

Resumen Antecedentes: en la actualidad, existen controversias sobre las recomendaciones nutricionales en las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: se propuso analizar, en una línea temporal, la tran sición histórica y los cambios de paradigmas en el estudio de la alimentación y de la enfermedad cardiovascular a fin de avanzar en el campo de la epidemiología nutricional, contemplando el patrón alimentario y del estilo de vida. Reflexión: históricamente, los estudios que investigaron la asocia ción entre alimentación y riesgo cardiovascular se centraron en calorías o nutrientes como factores aislados; sin embargo, esto ha sido problemático para el abordaje del fenómeno multidimensional de las enfermedades crónicas. En los últimos años, se ha propuesto el análisis de los patrones alimentarios y el grado de procesamiento de alimentos, que incluye la combinación global de alimentos y el efecto sinérgico de ciertos nutrientes. Conclusión: la epidemiología nutricional evidenció que el enfoque en calorías y nutrientes no es suficiente en el análisis de las enfermedades crónicas, y que las enfermedades cardiovasculares -fenómeno multicausal y complejo- están influenciadas por los efectos sinérgicos de alimentos y nutrientes, la calidad de los alimentos consumidos, el grado de procesamiento industrial, los entornos alimentarios y los patrones dietarios en general.

Abstract Background: At present, controversies exist around nutrition recommendations for cardiovascular diseases. Objective : We proposed to analyze over time the historical transition and paradigm shifts in the study of diet and cardiovascular disease in order to advance the field of nutritional epidemiology, considering dietary patterns and lifestyles. Reflection: Historically, studies that investigate the association between diet and cardiovascular risk have centered on calories or nutrients as isolated factors. However, this has been problematic in addressing the multidi mensional phenomenon of chronic diseases. In the last few years, the analysis of dietary patterns has been proposed along with the degree of food processing, which includes the global combination of foods and the synergistic effects of certain nutrients. Conclusion: Nutritional epidemiology has evidenced that the focus on calories and nutrients is not sufficient for the analysis of chronic diseases. It's also been shown that cardiovascular diseases - both multicausal and complex - are influenced by: synergistic effects of food and nutrients; the quality of foods consumed; the degree of industrial processing; food environments; and dietary patterns in general.

Conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable en estudiantes de una universidad pública / Knowledge about healthy food among Peruvian public university students

Una alimentación saludable es determinante para el buen estado de salud de las personas en cualquier etapa de su ciclo vital. Esta alimentación debe contener los nutrientes esenciales, además de ser variada, adecuada e inocua. El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar los conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable en estudiantes de una universidad pública. Estudio transversal en 136 estudiantes seleccionados por un muestreo aleatorio con afijación proporcional de las escuelas profesionales de Enfermería, Obstetricia, Contabilidad, Derecho, Ingeniería Agrónoma, Ingeniería de Industrias Alimentarias e Ingeniería Civil a los que se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado. En los resultados se observa que el mayor porcentaje (41,2%) tiene nivel medio de conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable y el (38.2%) nivel bajo. Según escuelas profesionales, la escuela de enfermería (66,7%) y obstetricia (26,7%) presentan un mayor nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación saludable, seguido de los alumnos de Industrias alimentarias (14,3%), Ingeniería civil (13,5%), Derecho (12,5%), Contabilidad y finanzas (9,1%) y Agronomía (5,3%). La prueba de Chi cuadrado demuestra que el nivel de conocimiento tiene relación con su especialidad (p<0,001). Se concluye que los estudiantes del área de salud como enfermería y obstetricia tienen mayores conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable.

Healthy eating is important for good health at all life stages. A healthy diet must contain essential nutrients, be varied, adequate and safe. The purpose of this article was to evaluate knowledge about healthy eating among students of a public university in Peru. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 136 students selected via random sampling with proportional affixation of the professional schools of Nursing, Obstetrics, Accounting, Law, Agrocultural Engineering, Food Industry Engineering and Civil Engineering to which a structured questionnaire was applied. The results showed that 41.2% had a medium level of knowledge about healthy eating and 38.2% had a low level. According to professional schools, the nursing school (66.7%) and obstetrics (26.7%) had a higher level of knowledge about healthy eating, followed by students from Food Industries (14.3%), Civil Engineering (13.5%), Law (12.5%), Accounting and Finance (9.1%) and Agronomy (5.3%). The Chi-square test showed that the level of knowledge related to specialty (p<0.001). We conclude that students in the health area such as nursing and obstetrics have greater knowledge about healthy eating.

Patrones de consumo alimentario y pobreza monetaria en Colombia / Food consumption patterns and monetary poverty in Colombia

RESUMEN Se estimaron las desigualdades en tres patrones de consumo alimentario en adultos colombianos (18 y 64 años) relacionadas con la pobreza monetaria. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, que relacionó la pobreza monetaria de 33 unidades geo-demográficas con tres patrones de consumo obtenidos mediante análisis de factores de la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia- 2010. Utilizando Epidat v. 4.2®, se calcularon índices de desigualdad basados en rangos, disparidad o dispersión, en desproporcionalidad, basados en modelos de regresión y los basados en el concepto de entropía. El coeficiente de determinación (r2) para el patrón frutaverdura/lácteos fue de 0,30; para el patrón tradicional/almidón de 0,08 y para el patrón snack de 0,00. La razón de tasas más alta fue para el patrón fruta-verdura/lácteos (2,61), seguida por la razón para el patrón tradicional/almidón (0,93) y la más baja para el patrón snack (0,85). La desigualdad, alcanzó el mayor coeficiente de Gini en el patrón de consumo snack (0,26), le sigue el alcanzado en el patrón tradicional/almidón (0,17) y el fruta-verdura/lácteos (0,12). Concluimos que la mayor desigualdad ocurrió en el patrón de consumo fruta-verdura/lácteos, es deseable aumentar la adherencia la patrón tradicional y disminuir la ingesta de proteínas en los más ricos.

ABSTRACT We estimated the inequalities in three patterns of food consumption in Colombian adults (18 and 64 years) related to monetary poverty. An ecological study was conducted, which linked the monetary poverty of 33 geo-demographic units with three consumption patterns obtained through factor analysis using the National Nutrition Situation Survey in Colombia-2010. Using Epidat v. 4.2®, inequality indexes based on ranges, disparity or dispersion were calculated, in disproportionality, based on regression models and those based on the concept of entropy. The determination coefficient (r2) for the fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern was 0.30, 0.08 for the traditional pattern/starch, 0.00 and for the snack pattern. The highest rate ratio was for the fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern (2.61), followed by the ratio for the traditional pattern/starch (0.93), and the lowest for the snack pattern (0.85). Inequality reached the highest Gini coefficient in the pattern of snack consumption (0.26), followed by that reached in the traditional pattern/starch (0.17) and the fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern (0.12). We showed that the greatest inequality occurred in the fruit-vegetable / dairy consumption pattern, it is desirable to increase the adherence to the traditional pattern and decrease the protein intake in the richest population.

Association between dietary patterns and mental disorders in pregnant women in Southern Brazil

Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns and mental disorders among pregnant women in southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 712 pregnant women recruited from the Study of Food Intake and Eating Behaviors in Pregnancy (ECCAGe). Food intake assessment was performed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was used to evaluate participants' mental health. Poisson regression models with robust variance were fitted to estimate prevalence ratios (PR). Results: In the adjusted models, there was a high prevalence of major depressive disorder among women with low fruit intake (43%, PR 1.43, 95%CI 1.04-1.95) and high sweets and sugars intake (91%, PR 1.91, 95%CI 1.19-3.07). Women with a common-Brazilian dietary pattern had higher prevalence of major depressive disorder compared to those with a varied consumption pattern (PR 1.43, 95%CI 1.01-2.02). Low intake of beans was significantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder (PR 1.40, 95%CI 1.01-1.93). Conclusions: Low consumption of fruits and beans and intake of the common-Brazilian dietary pattern during pregnancy were associated with higher prevalence of mental disorders. These results reinforce the importance of an adequate dietary intake to ensure better mental health in pregnancy.