Percepções de adultos jovens brasileiros sobre o ato de cozinhar / Perceptions of Brazilian young adults about cooking

Introdução: Cozinhar em casa pode promover uma alimentação mais saudável. Porém, uma possível redução na transmissão de conhecimentos e habilidades culinárias parece prejudicar a confiança e a autonomia dos jovens para preparar as refeições. Para informar o desenvolvimento de iniciativas que apoiem os jovens adultos a superar as barreiras para cozinhar e melhorar a qualidade da dieta, é importante investigar o processo de socialização culinária no contexto de seu próprio curso de vida. Objetivo: Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo explorar como jovens adultos que têm o hábito de cozinhar percebem seu envolvimento com essa prática e identificar quais agentes socializadores culinários fizeram parte de seu processo de aprendizagem. Método: Entrevistas abertas baseadas na abordagem da perspectiva do curso de vida foram realizadas com adultos jovens brasileiros de 19 a 24 anos de ambos os sexos e analisadas tematicamente. Resultados: As percepções sobre cozinhar e sobre aprender a cozinhar levaram à criação de seis temas: (1) "Cuidar de mim"; (2) "Sentimentos (des)agradáveis"; (3) "Promover o convívio"; (4) "Preocupação com os resultados"; (5) "Habilidades necessárias"; e (6) "Agentes de socialização". Conclusões: As iniciativas para permitir que os adultos jovens superem as barreiras para cozinhar e potencialmente melhorar a qualidade da dieta precisam se concentrar não apenas no desenvolvimento prático de habilidades culinárias, mas também em habilidades, como planejamento. Também é importante fomentar mensagens positivas envolvendo autocuidado, prazer e convívio. Formas de usar a internet e as mídias sociais para engajar essa população a cozinhar mais merecem ser mais bem exploradas.

Introduction: Cooking at home is conducive to better diet quality and can help improve health. Nevertheless, the reduced transmission of culinary knowledge and skills worldwide hinders young adults' confidence and autonomy to prepare meals. To inform the development of initiatives that support young adults to overcome barriers to cook and improve their diet quality, it is important to investigate the process of culinary socialization in the context of their own life course. Objective: This qualitative study aimed to explore how young adults who cook perceive their involvement with this practice and to identify which culinary socializing agents were part of their learning process. Method: Open interviews based on the life-course perspective approach were conducted with male and female Brazilian young adults aged 19-24 years-old and thematically analysed. Results: Perceptions about cooking and about learning how to cook led to the creation of six themes: (1) "Caring about myself"; (2) "(Un)pleasant feelings"; (3) "Promoting conviviality"; (4) "Worrying about outcomes"; (5) "Skills needed"; and (6) "Socializing agents". Conclusions: Initiatives to enable young adults overcoming barriers to cook and potentially improve their diet quality need to focus not only on practical cooking skills development, but also on planning. Also important is to foster positive messages involving self-care, pleasure, and conviviality. Ways of using the internet and social media to engage this population to cook more deserves to be further explored.

Cuantificación del desperdicio de alimentos en servicios de alimentación de la Universidad de Costa Rica / Quantification of Food Waste in Food Services of the Universidad de Costa Rica

Resumen Antecedentes: los alimentos desperdiciados en ventas al detalle en Latinoamérica (15 %) podrían suplir las necesidades alimenticias del 64 % de quienes sufren hambre en la región. Objetivo: determinar los desperdicios de alimentos en tres servicios de alimentación de la sede Rodrigo Facio de la Universidad de Costa Rica a partir de la guía de medición de la Red Costarricense para Disminuir la Pérdida y el Desperdicio de Alimentos. Materiales y métodos: los desperdicios en los servicios de alimentación N1 y N2 fueron medidos en 2018 y 2019 y en el N3 en 2019; se realizaron 15 mediciones siguiendo la metodología de la guía y se reportaron como porcentaje del total de producción de sólidos. Resultados: los desperdicios en la producción total fueron 15,0-16,6 % en 2018 y 6,4-11,5 % en 2019. No se encontraron diferencias entre los servicios de alimentación en la producción promedio (p=0,1467), en el desperdicio del área de almacenamiento (p=0,1293) ni en la producción de alimentos (p=0,7718). Se encontraron diferencias en el desperdicio entre los servicios de alimentación en el área de servicio: desperdicios en barra (p=0,0197), en plato/ desayuno (p=0,0075) y en plato/almuerzo (p=0,0362). Conclusiones: la cantidad de desperdicios encontrados son menores a los reportados en otros estudios.

Abstract Background: Food wasted in retail in Latinamerica (15%) could supply the nutritional needs of 64% of the hungry in the region. Objective: To determine food waste in three food services of the Rodrigo Facio campus of the Universidad de Costa Rica, using the measurement guide of the Costa Rican Network to reduce food loss and waste. Materials and Methods: Waste in food services N1 and N2 were measured in 2018 and 2019, and in the N3 in 2019. In total 15 measurements were made following the methodology of the guide and they were reported as a percentage of total solids production. Results: Waste in total production was 15.0-16.6% in 2018 and 6.4-11.5% in 2019. No differences were found between food services in average production (p=0.1467), in the waste storage area (p=0.1293), nor food production (p = 0.7718). Differences in waste were found between food services in the service area: Waste in the service bar (p=0.0197), in plate/breakfast (p=0.0075), and in plate/lunch (p=0.0362). Conclusions: The amount of waste found is lower than that reported in other studies.

How was the cooking skills and healthy eating evaluation questionnaire culturally adapted to Brazil? / Como o questionário de avaliação das habilidades culinárias e alimentação saudável foi adaptado transculturalmente ao Brasil?

Abstract The study described the cross-cultural adaptation process of the American Cooking Skills and Healthy Eating questionnaire to Brazil. Six stages were followed: Translation; Synthesis of translations; Back-translations; Expert Committee; Synthesis of final version; and the Pretest (self-administered online questionnaire in a Brazilian University). Participants responded to the translated questionnaire twice for test-retest. Conceptual, item, semantic, operational and measurement equivalences were evaluated between original and translated questionnaires, as well as the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Item, conceptual, semantic equivalences between original and Brazilian questionnaires were reached before the Expert Committee stage. Specific cooking techniques and terms were adapted. Forty-eight students answered the questionnaire in the pre-test stage, achieving the operational and measurement equivalences with kappa's agreement from moderate to substantial, and satisfactory to excellent correlations between measures. Only two measures showed low internal consistency. The combination of stages and equivalences approaches used in this cross cultural adaptation study provided lessons for further Nutrition's researches, disclosing the complexity of cooking skills concepts.

Resumo O estudo descreveu o processo de adaptação transcultural do questionário estadunidense de avaliação das habilidades culinárias e alimentação saudável para o Brasil. Seis estágios foram conduzidos: Tradução; Síntese da tradução; Retrotradução; Comitê de Juízes; Síntese da versão final; e Pré-teste (preenchimento do questionário online). Participantes responderam duas vezes ao questionário traduzido. Equivalências conceitual, do item, semântica, operacional e de mensuração foram avaliadas entre os questionários original e traduzido, bem como a consistência interna e a confiabilidade teste-reteste. Alcançaram-se as equivalências do item, conceitual e semântica entre as versões antes do Comitê de Juízes. Técnicas e termos culinários específicos foram adaptados. Quarenta e oito estudantes responderam o questionário no pré-teste, alcançando equivalências operacional e de mensuração, concordância kappa moderada a substancial, e correlações entre as medidas satisfatórias a excelentes. Duas escalas apresentaram baixa consistência interna. A combinação das abordagens dos estágios e equivalências usadas na adaptação transcultural do questionário proveu lições para futuras pesquisas em Nutrição, revelando a complexidade dos conceitos de habilidades culinárias.

Development of culinary recipes in an intervention program with Brazilian university students / Desenvolvimento de receitas culinárias em programa de intervenção com universitários brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective Develop and test recipes for a cooking skills intervention program aimed at students of a Brazilian university. Methods Culinary recipes were selected for the Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen program, which offers cooking classes for participants to practice and develop their cooking skills. The Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen program is based on the Cooking with a Chef program of the United States of America. A literature search was conducted to establish criteria for the selection and development of recipes. A decision tree was constructed to determine if Cooking With a Chef recipes were appropriate for the Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen program. Recipes were evaluated in the laboratory by untrained university students using an acceptance test that comprised the analysis of sensorial attributes and healthiness criteria. Results Of the 32 developed recipes, nine were based on the Cooking With a Chef program. Recipes were adapted to increase the use of fresh fruits, whole grains, and vegetables; eliminate ultra-processed foods; and take into account local food habits and seasonality of ingredients. In the first test, 53.3% (n=16) of the dishes received an acceptance score of less than 70.0% mainly because of unsatisfactory taste. Culinary recipes considered inadequate were redesigned in terms of ingredients and/or cooking methods and were retested until achieving a score of 100.0%. Conclusion Culinary recipes adapted to the Brazilian food culture and the target audience with the use of healthy ingredients and cooking techniques were considered appropriate for the Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen cooking skills intervention program and might increase participants' adherence to healthy eating habits.

RESUMO Objetivo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar receitas culinárias para serem aplicadas em programa de intervenção sobre habilidades culinárias, com estudantes universitários brasileiros. Métodos Selecionaram-se receitas culinárias para o Programa de Intervenção Nutrição e Culinária na Cozinha, que objetiva realizar oficinas culinárias e praticar habilidades culinárias, com base no programa estadunidense Cooking With a Chef. Foi realizada busca na literatura para definição de critérios para seleção e desenvolvimento das receitas culinárias. Elaborou-se árvore decisória para verificar a possibilidade de utilizar as receitas do programa norte-americano. As receitas culinárias foram testadas em laboratório por estudantes universitários não treinados, quando foi feito o teste de aceitação adaptado incluindo atributos sensoriais e de critérios para considerar uma receita culinária saudável. Resultados Das 32 preparações selecionadas, adaptadas e testadas, nove eram originais do programa Cooking With a Chef. As principais adaptações foram o uso de frutas in natura, cereais integrais e leguminosas, bem como a eliminação de alimentos ultraprocessados e a adequação aos hábitos alimentares locais e à sazonalidade dos ingredientes. No primeiro teste, 53,3% (n=16) das preparações culinárias obtiveram percentual de adequação abaixo de 70,0%, principalmente devido ao sabor. As preparações consideradas inadequadas tiveram alterações nos ingredientes ou no modo de preparo, sendo testadas até atingirem 100,0% de adequação. Conclusão As receitas culinárias adaptadas de acordo com a cultura brasileira e o público-alvo, inserindo-se ingredientes e técnicas de preparo mais saudáveis, foram consideradas adequadas ao programa proposto e podem contribuir para a adesão ao programa de intervenções que visa o desenvolvimento de hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis.

Influence of spray drying process on the quality of avocado powder: a functional food with great industrial potential / Influencia del proceso de secado por aspersión en la calidad del polvo de aguacate: un alimento funcional con gran potencial industrial

Background: Colombia is the fifth largest producer of avocado and its agribusiness chain lacks value-added diversified products; therefore, at the governmental level, there has been promotion of internationalization policies aimed at opening up new markets and innovation with improved technology and food consumption patterns. The spray drying is an alternative conservation for avocado, a highly perishable fruit. Objectives: the aim of this study was to optimize the spray drying process for obtaining Hass avocado powder with better physicochemical properties and processing. Methods: an experimental design "Optimal" was used in the response surface methodology based on four factors: (A) maltodextrin (MD) concentration (2.81 to 11.25% w/w), (B) air inlet temperature (140-160°C), (C) outlet air temperature (80-90°C) and (D) atomizer disk speed (20000-26000 rpm). Results: the response variables where statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found including: moisture, water activity, solubility, color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) hygroscopicity, wettability, extractable oil and deposit formation versus factors studied. Optimized value factors were: (A) 6.93% (B) 160°C (C) 84°C and (D) 26000 rpm. Conclusions: the experimental process optimization is presented as an effective tool for agribusiness, which improves product quality in terms of the factors that affect it, and in the case of avocado, allows the development of new value-added products, with potential uses in the food industry, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, among others.

Antecedentes: Colombia es el quinto productor de aguacate y su cadena de agronegocios no cuenta con suficientes productos diversificados de valor agregado; por lo tanto, a nivel gubernamental, se han promovido políticas de internacionalización dirigidas a abrir nuevos mercados e innovación con tecnología mejorada y con patrones en el consumo de alimentos. El secado por aspersión es una alternativa de conservación del aguacate, una fruta altamente perecedera. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue optimizar el proceso de secado por atomización para obtener polvo de aguacate Hass con mejores propiedades fisicoquímicas y de procesamiento. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño experimental "optimización" en la metodología de superficie de respuesta basado en cuatro factores: (A) concentración de maltodextrina (MD) (2,81 a 11,25% p/p), (B) temperatura del aire de entrada (140-160°C), (C) temperatura del aire de salida (80-90°C) y (D) velocidad del disco del atomizador (20000-26000 rpm). Resultados: las variables de respuesta donde se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) incluyen: humedad, actividad del agua, solubilidad, coordenadas de color (L*, a*, b*), higroscopicidad, humectabilidad, extracción de aceite y formación de depósitos frente a los factores estudiados. Los factores de valor optimizados fueron: (A) 6.93% (B) 160°C (C) 84°C y (D) 26000 rpm. Conclusiones: la optimización del proceso experimental se presenta como una herramienta efectiva para los agronegocios, que mejora la calidad del producto en términos de los factores que lo afectan, y en el caso del aguacate, permite el desarrollo de nuevos productos de valor agregado, con posibles usos en la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica, cosmecéutica, entre otras.

Cooking with alcohol: a matched case-control study in Italy and germany assessing the risk of alcoholism due to an early exposure to alcohol in childhood

The study aims at understanding the role of early exposure to ethanol during childhood, in particular in the form of alcohol used in food preparation. A matched case control study was conducted in Italy and Germany. 300 cases were selected from the lists of the Alcoholics Anonymous Associations and 300 controls were matched from the general population. A CATI system was used for collecting information on drinking habits, family risk factors, age at first ethanol consumption, binge drinking episodes and alcohol ingestion as a food ingredient during childhood. Association of variables with the status of case were analysed using a multivariable conditional logistic regression. In the multivariable model four variables were selected: education, father drinking status, age at first ethanol consumption and binge drinking during adolescence. Consumption of food containing alcohol in common recipes was not associated with an increased risk of alcoholism in older ages. Drinkers having their first contact directly with alcoholic beverage before age 13 were more likely to suffer from alcohol dependence at some time during their life. On the contrary, using alcohol in food preparation during childhood does not appear to be related with subsequent risk for alcohol abuse(AU)

El estudio tiene como objetivo comprender el papel de la exposición temprana al etanol durante la infancia, en particular, la forma en la que se utiliza el alcohol en la preparación de alimentos. Este estudio de emparejamiento de casos y controles se llevó a cabo en Italia y Alemania. Se seleccionaron 300 casos de las listas de las Asociaciones de Alcohólicos Anónimos y se los emparejó con 300 controles obtenidos de la población general. Se utilizó el sistema CATI para la recolección de información sobre hábitos de consumo, factores de riesgo de la familia, edad del primer consumo de etanol, episodios de consumo excesivo de alcohol, e ingesta de alcohol como ingrediente alimentario durante la infancia. Se analizó la asociación de las variables con la situación de cada caso mediante una regresión logística condicional multivariable. En el modelo multivariable se seleccionaron cuatro factores: educación, relación del padre con el alcohol, edad del primer consumo de etanol y episodios de consumo excesivo de alcohol durante la adolescencia. El consumo de alimentos que contienen alcohol en las recetas comunes no se asoció con un mayor riesgo de alcoholismo en edades más avanzadas. Aquellos bebedores que han tenido su primer contacto directo con bebidas alcohólicas antes de los 13 años eran más propensos a sufrir de dependencia al alcohol en algún momento de su vida. Por el contrario, el uso de alcohol en la preparación de alimentos durante la infancia no parece estar relacionado con un riesgo posterior de abuso en el consumo de alcohol(AU)

Diagnóstico y fortalecimiento de buenas prácticas de manufactura en la preparación y servicio de alimentos en establecimientos turísticos del Paseo El Carmen / Diagnosis and strengthening of good manufacturing practices in the preparation and service of food in tourist establishments on Paseo El Carmen

La competitividad en el rubro de la economía es un sinónimo de calidad, que permite a los empresarios buscar nuevas alternativas de negocio con un estándar que propicie entrar en una dinámica motivada por la demanda y oferta de productos y servicios. En esa línea este proyecto se enfoca en la búsqueda de información actualizada de las principales actividades que tienen las empresas de alimentos y bebidas del destino turístico Paseo El Carmen, de la ciudad de Santa Tecla, la cual permita hacer un análisis global de los indicadores que afectan los servicios que brindan. El trabajo realizado recopila datos importantes como la forma de administrar cada negocio, los protocolos de atención a los clientes y los procesos higiénicos en la preparación de alimentos de acuerdo con los estándares universales del rubro de alimentos y bebidas.

Competitiveness in the area of ​​the economy is a synonym of quality, which allows entrepreneurs to seek new business alternatives with a standard that encourages entering into a dynamic motivated by the demand and supply of products and services. In this line, this project focuses on the search for updated information on the main activities of the food and beverage companies of the tourist destination Paseo El Carmen, in the city of Santa Tecla, which allows a global analysis of the indicators that affect the services they provide. The work carried out collects important data such as how to manage each business, customer service protocols and hygienic processes in food preparation in accordance with universal standards in the food and beverage industry.

Guacamole powder: standardization of the spray drying process / Guacamole en polvo: estandarización del proceso de secado por aspersión

Background: Guacamole is a sauce or dressing composed of avocado pulp and other ingredients. Guacamole powder is an important advance in the generation of value added for the avocado chain, as it is an alternative product with the potential to be used by the final consumer. Objectives: The aim of this study was to standardize the spray drying process for guacamole powder using the response surface methodology. Methods: Four independent variables were taken into account for the experiment design: atomizing disk speed (ADS), air inlet temperature (AIT), air outlet temperature (AOT) and vacuum pressure (VP). In addition, the following dependent variables were considered: water activity (aw), moisture (Xw), solubility (S), hygroscopicity (H), color (L*, a* and b*), extractable oil content (EO), peroxide index (PI) and particle size (D10, D50 and D90). Likewise, the following two dependent variables associated with the process were identified: yield (Y) and deposit formation (DF). Results: The best conditions for the process were obtained with ADS = 27451 rpm, AIT = 168ºC, AOT = 90ºC and VP = 1.77 ″H2O. These conditions yielded guacamole powder with the desired properties, namely: maximum Y, S, L*, b*, EO and minimal DF, aw, Xw, H, a*, PI, D10, D50, D90. Conclusions: The spray drying process is an effective technology that provides added value to avocado, the ADS being the independent variable that has the greatest impact on the quality of powdered guacamole.

Antecedentes: El guacamole es una salsa o aderezo compuesto por pulpa de aguacate y otros ingredientes. El guacamole en polvo representa un avance importante en la generación de valor agregado de la cadena del aguacate, al identificarse como un producto alternativo con potencial uso por el consumidor final. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio fue estandarizar el proceso de secado por aspersión para la obtención de guacamole en polvo, utilizando la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Métodos: Para el diseño experimental se consideró cuatro variables independientes: velocidad del disco atomizador (VDA), temperatura de entrada de aire (TEA), temperatura de salida de aire (TSA) y presión de vacío (PV). Además, se consideraron las siguientes variables dependientes: actividad de agua (aw), humedad (Xw), solubilidad (S), higroscopicidad (H), color (L* , a* y b* ), contenido de aceite extraíble (AE), índice de peróxido (IP) y tamaño de partícula (D10, D50 y D90). Además, se determinaron dos variables dependientes asociadas al proceso, rendimiento (Y), y la formación de depósito (FD). Resultados: La mejor condición de proceso se alcanzó con VDA = 27451 rpm, TEA = 168ºC, TSA = 90ºC y PV = 1,77 ″H2O. En esta condición se obtuvo guacamole en polvo con propiedades deseadas máximo R, S, L*, b*, AE y mínima FD, aw, Xw, H, a* , IP, D10, D50, D90. Conclusiones: El proceso de secado por aspersión es una tecnología efectiva que proporciona valor agregado al aguacate, siendo la VDA la variable independiente que mayor afectación tiene sobre la calidad del guacamole en polvo.

Innovación en la preparación de alimentos para pacientes del Sistema Básico de Salud Integral (SIBASI) La Unión: en vínculo con SIBASI - MINSAL / Innovation in food preparation for patients from the Basic Comprehensive Health System (SIBASI) La Unión: in asociation with SIBASI - MINSAL

El Ministerio de Salud a través del Sistema Básico de Salud Integral SIBASI, se fundamenta en la atención primaria en salud, porque pone al alcance de los individuos, familias y comunidades el modelo de Atención Integral en Salud, el cual comprende las intervenciones de los diferentes proveedores de servicios y la consecuente solución de los problemas previamente identificados en el contexto local, mediante la ejecución de acciones de promoción de la salud, prevención y curación de la enfermedad y rehabilitación, enfocadas al individuo, la familia, la comunidad y al ambiente, permitiendo obtener un nivel de salud que contribuya al desarrollo social. La Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA-FEPADE regional La Unión realizó una investigación en cooperación con el SIBASI La Unión; esta consistió en la elaboración de un programa nutricional a base de verduras. Se detalla la etapa de diseño del programa, las características que deben cumplir las recetas de acuerdo a los criterios especificadas por la nutricionista, que van desde el contenido nutricional, sabor, textura, etc. En la siguiente etapa se elaboraron los alimentos que se diseñaron en las recetas que fueron validadas de parte de la nutricionista del SIBASI. Finalmente se seleccionan las recetas validadas por SIBASI La Unión y se implementa el recetario que posee información nutricional, costo, y modo de preparación de cada receta.

The Ministerio de Salud, through the Basic Comprehensive Health System SIBASI, is based on primary health care, because it makes the Comprehensive Health Care model available to individuals, families and communities, which includes the interventions of the different service providers and the consequent solution of previously identified problems in the local context, through the implementation of actions to promote health, prevention and cure of disease and rehabilitation, focused on the individual, the family, the community and the environment, Allow obtaining a level of health that contributes to social development. ITCA-FEPADE La Unión carried out an investigation in cooperation with the SIBASI La Unión; This consisted in the elaboration of a nutritional program based on vegetables. The design stage of the program is detailed, the characteristics that the recipes must meet according to the criteria specified by the nutritionist, ranging from nutritional content, flavor, texture, etc. In the next stage, the foods that were designed in the recipes that were validated by the SIBASI nutritionist were elaborated. Finally, the recipes validated by SIBASI La Unión are selected and the recipe book containing nutritional information, cost, and preparation method for each recipe is implemented.

Diversificación en la preparación de alimentos con énfasis en el balance nutricional utilizando productos del "Programa de Alimentación y Salud Escolar, PASE": en vínculo con el MINED, departamento de La Libertad / Diversification in preparation of food products with emphasis on the nutritional balance using products of the "School Health and Food Program": in asociation with MINED, department of La Libertad

El tema de salud es una línea de investigación, propuesta en la Agenda Nacional de Investigación del Viceministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología. Bajo esa dirección se ha realizado esta investigación, con el interés de proporcionar otras alternativas a los menús que se sirven en los centros escolares a través del "Programa de Alimentación y Salud Escolar", programa que pertenece a la actual política educativa Plan Social Educativo "Vamos a la Escuela"; como su nombre hace referencia esta política tiene un enfoque social, el cual se rige con la línea de equidad, acceso y permanencia al sistema educativo. La vinculación de la alimentación con el programa de huertos escolares permite enriquecer el menú que se sirve de refrigerio en cada uno de los centros educativos, además del beneficio que obtienen las madres colaboradoras, responsables de elaborar los alimentos a través de capacitaciones en la manipulación higiénica y técnicas para hacer los alimentos, considerando las propiedades nutricionales en beneficio de los estudiantes. Con el estudio realizado y los datos recopilados se hacen algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones para los diferentes sectores educativos, y de esta manera hacemos un aporte para que con lo investigado se mejore la aplicación del programa en las instituciones educativas.

The health issue is a line of research, proposed in the National Research Agenda of the Salvadoran Vice Ministry of Science and Technology. Under that direction, this research has been carried out, with the interest of providing other alternatives to the menus that are served in schools through the "School Food and Health Program", a program that belongs to the current educational policy Social Educational Plan " Go to school"; As its name refers to, this policy has a social focus, which is governed by the line of equity, access and permanence in the educational system. The link between food and the school garden program allows enriching the menu that is served as a snack in each of the educational centers, in addition to the benefit obtained by collaborating mothers, responsible for preparing food through training in hygienic handling and techniques for making food, considering the nutritional properties for the benefit of the students. With the study carried out and the data collected, some conclusions and recommendations are made for the different educational sectors, and in this way we make a contribution so that with the research the application of the program in educational institutions is improved.

Alimento para fins especiais: ingredientes, elaboração e aglomeração / Food for special needs: ingredients, development and agglomeration

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver uma dieta enteral nutricionalmente completa, com condições ajustadas de aglomeração, visando contemplar as características físicas e químicas desejadas para esse alimento especial. MÉTODOS: Como ingredientes foram utilizados maltodextrina, óleo de canola, triglicerídios de cadeia média, goma acácia, inulina e frutooligossacarídeos, proteínas do soro de leite, isolado proteico de soja, vitaminas e minerais. Após os ajustes das quantidades e proporções dos ingredientes, a formulação foi aglomerada e submetida às análises de composição centesimal, molhabilidade, densidade aparente, atividade de água, viscosidade e cor. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se uma fórmula contendo 1kcal.mL-1, normoproteica (3,9g.100mL-1) e normolipídica (3,9g.100mL-1). Após a aglomeração da dieta, observaram-se os seguintes resultados: molhabilidade de 0,262g.s-1, densidade aparente de 0,317g.cm-3e atividade de água de 0,393. A análise de cor indicou redução da luminosidade e aumento dos parâmetros de cor a*e b*, apresentando leve variação para o vermelho e forte presença do amarelo. CONCLUSÃO: Os ingredientes empregados, e suas respectivas proporções, bem como o processo de aglomeração, possibilitaram a obtenção de um alimento para fins especiais com propriedades bioativas. O processo de aglomeração possibilitou uma dieta de fácil reconstituição e utilização através de sondas, facilitando a infusão e, consequentemente, a diminuição de intercorrências.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a nutritionally complete enteral diet, with adjusted agglomeration conditions, and determine the physical and chemical characteristics required by this special food. METHODS: The ingredients were maltodextrin, canola oil, medium-chain triglycerides, acacia gum, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, milk whey protein, soy protein isolate, vitamins and minerals. After the quantities and proportions of the ingredients were adjusted, the formula was agglomerated and analyzed for percent composition, moisture, apparent density, water activity, viscosity and color. RESULTS: The resulting diet contained 1Kcal.mL-1and normal protein (3.9g.100mL-1) and fat (3.9g.100mL-1) levels. After agglomeration, the following results were obtained: moisture 0.262g.s-1, apparent density 0,317g.cm-3and water activity 0.393. Color analysis indicated a decrease in luminosity and increase in a*and b*colors, presenting a slight variation towards red and a strong presence of yellow. CONCLUSION: The used ingredients and respective proportions, as well as the agglomeration process, resulted in a food for special needs with bioactive properties. The agglomeration process produced a diet that can easily be reconstituted and fed through catheters, facilitating infusion and consequently, reducing intercurrences.