Varmam Therapy for Common Shoulder Joint Pathological Conditions- A Review

Varmam- a discrete medical science and a great contribution of Siddhars to Tamil Nadu. It encompases Varma martial arts, Varma therapy, internal and external medicines. Varma therapy and medicines effectively treat neuro musculoskeletal conditions which is admirable. Shoulder pain is most common orthopaedic condition. It is the third common cause of musculoskeletal consultations in primary care. Approximately 1% of adult develops new shoulder pain annually. Common pathological conditions of shoulder like rotator cuff disorders and adhesive capsulitis etc exhibits similar clinical features like pain and stiffness of shoulder joint and restricted movements. Varma therapy rearranges and regulates the “Vaasi” and consequently helps to maintain the equilibrium of trihumours (Vatham, Pitham, Kapham). This review article explicates the Varma points for the treatment of shoulder pathological conditions, the exact anatomical location of Varma points and the appropriate method of its manipulation, certainly a key to further research articles.

Inestabilidad anterior de hombro con lesión de Hill-Sachs on-track. ¿Bankart o Bankart-remplissage? / Anterior shoulder instability with Hill-Sachs on-track. Bankart or Bankart-remplissage?

Resumen: Introducción: en pacientes con inestabilidad glenohumeral (GH) anterior con defecto de Hill-Sachs (HS) off-track o enganchante, Bankart-remplissage (B + R) reduce tasa de recurrencia en comparación a Bankart aislado (B). Hay controversia si tasa de recurrencia también disminuye en pacientes con defecto de HS on-track o no enganchantes. Objetivo: comparar la tasa de recurrencia y evolución clínica entre la cirugía de B versus B-R en pacientes operados por inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior con defecto de Hill-Sachs on-track. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte, no randomizado, retrospectivo y unicéntrico, en pacientes operados por inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior, entre Enero 2010 y Diciembre de 2018. Se incluyen sólo pacientes con defecto de Hill-Sachs on-track. Fueron comparados pacientes operados con cirugía de B versus B + R. Se consigna recurrencia, complicación, reoperación y sensación de inestabilidad. Además, se realizan y comparan puntajes de EVA, SSV, WOSI y qDASH. Resultados: de los 105 pacientes que cumplieron criterios de inclusión, 78 (74.3%) realizaron seguimiento completo (52 B y 26 B + R, 4.3 años mediana de seguimiento). Hubo mayor tasa de recurrencia en grupo B en comparación a B + R, siendo esta diferencia no significativa (17.3% versus 7.7%, p = 0.21). No hubo diferencia significativa en dolor residual, sensación de inestabilidad residual, complicaciones o puntajes de escala EVA, qDASH, SSV ni WOSI. En análisis por subgrupo, pacientes con deportes de contacto, B tienen mayor tasa de recurrencia (24.1% versus 0%, p = 0.08) y complicaciones comparadas con B + R (41.4% versus 18.2%, p = 0.16), siendo estas diferencias no significativas. Conclusión: no hubo diferencias significativas en tasa de recurrencia y evolución funcional entre cirugía de Bankart aislado o Bankart-remplissage para inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior asociada a defecto de Hill-Sachs on-track. Estudios comparativos, prospectivos deben realizarse para establecer recomendaciones definitivas.

Abstract: Introduction: in patients with anterior glenohumeral (GH) instability together with an off-track or engaging Hill-Sachs (HS) defect, Bankart-remplissage (B-R) surgery reduces the recurrence rate when compared to Bankart (B) surgery alone. There is controversy regarding whether the recurrence rate also decreases in patients with on-track or non-engaging Hill-Sachs defects. Objective: to compare the recurrence rate and clinical evolution of patients with anterior glenohumeral instability with 'on-track' Hill-Sachs defect treated with either B or B-R surgery. Material and methods: non-randomized, retrospective, single-center cohort study of patients with anterior glenohumeral instability and on-track Hill-Sachs defect, operated between January 2010 and December 2018. Patients operated with B versus B-R were compared. Recurrence, complications and re-operation were recorded. In addition, VAS, SSV, WOSI and qDASH scores were obtained and compared in both groups. Results: of the 105 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 78 (74.3%) patients had a complete follow-up (52 B and 26 B-R, 4.3 years median follow-up). There was a higher recurrence rate in group B compared to B-R, with this difference not reaching statistical significance (17.3% vs 7.7%, p = 0.21). There were no significant differences in residual pain, feeling of instability, complications or VAS, qDASH, SSV or WOSI scores between both groups. In the subgroup analysis, patients who practiced contact sports and were operated with B showed higher recurrence rates (24.1% vs 0%, p = 0.08) and complications (41.4% vs 18.2%, p = 0.16) when compared to B + R, although these differences were not significant. Conclusion: there were no significant differences in recurrence rates and functional evolution between patients with anterior glenohumeral instability operated with B or B-R surgery. Comparative, prospective studies should be performed to establish definitive recommendations.

A study of the correlation between glenohumeral joint congruence and stability in recurrent shoulder dislocations / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the correlation between glenohumeral joint congruence and stability in recurrent shoulder dislocations.@*METHODS@#Eighty-nine patients (89 sides) with recurrent shoulder dislocation admitted between June 2022 and June 2023 and met the selection criteria were included as study subjects. There were 36 males and 53 females with an average age of 44 years (range, 20-79 years). There were 40 cases of left shoulder and 49 cases of right shoulder. The shoulder joints dislocated 2-6 times, with an average of 3 times. The three-dimensional models of the humeral head and scapular glenoid were reconstructed using Mimics 20.0 software based on CT scanning images. The glenoid track (GT), inclusion index, chimerism index, fit index, and Hill-Sachs interval (HSI) were measured, and the degree of on/off track was judged (K value, the difference between HSI and GT). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between the degree of on/off track (K value) and inclusion index, chimerism index, and fit index.@*RESULTS@#Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the K value had no correlation with the inclusion index ( P>0.05), and was positively correlated with the chimerism index and the fit index ( P<0.05). Regression equation was K=-24.898+35.982×inclusion index+8.280×fit index, R 2=0.084.@*CONCLUSION@#Humeral head and scapular glenoid bony area and curvature are associated with shoulder joint stability in recurrent shoulder dislocations. Increased humeral head bony area, decreased scapular glenoid bony area, increased humeral head curvature, and decreased scapular glenoid curvature are risk factors for glenohumeral joint stability.

Assessment of the level of satisfaction of patients submitted to latarjet surgery under outfit system compared to hospital system / Avaliação do grau de satisfação do paciente submetido à cirurgia de latarjet em regime ambulatorial em comparação com o regime hospitalar

ABSTRACT Anterior shoulder instability causes functional changes that affect patients' quality of life. The Latarjet procedure is one of the most frequently performed surgeries for cases of recurrent shoulder instability. Objective: To assess the level of satisfaction of patients who underwent the Latarjet procedure in outpatient settings (day hospital) compared with inpatient settings. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to both groups and a descriptive analysis of the results was performed. Results: 51 patients were included, with a mean age of 29.9 years, 82.3% men and 17.6% women. Of the patients who underwent surgery in the day hospital, 46.1% were operated within 100 days of their first outpatient visit; among those in the inpatient group, 76.3% underwent surgery more than 200 days later. Delays occurred in 15.3% of cases in the day hospital compared with 68.4% in the inpatient group. Of the patients in the day hospital, 92.3% felt comfortable contacting the medical team in case of complications and would perform the procedure again in the same setting. Moreover, 63.2% of inpatients would have preferred to have been discharged on the same day. The final satisfaction rate for both groups was 100%. Conclusion: Outpatient surgery guarantees more patient comfort, safety, and can be performed in a timely manner and with fewer delays, which has influenced patients' decision to have surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Level of Evidence V, Cross-sectional Study.

RESUMO A instabilidade anterior do ombro acarreta alterações funcionais que impactam a qualidade de vida do paciente. A cirurgia de Latarjet é um dos procedimentos mais executados para casos de instabilidade recorrente de ombro. Objetivo: Comparar o grau de satisfação dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Latarjet no regime ambulatorial (hospital dia) com o dos operados no regime hospitalar. Métodos: Um questionário foi aplicado em ambos os grupos e uma análise descritiva dos resultados foi realizada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, com idade média de 29,9 anos, sendo 82,3% homens e 17,6% mulheres. Dos submetidos à cirurgia no hospital dia, 46,1% operaram em até 100 dias depois do primeiro atendimento ambulatorial; já entre os do grupo hospitalar, 76,3% operaram mais de 200 dias depois. O atraso na cirurgia ocorreu com 15,3% dos pacientes do hospital dia contra 68,4% do grupo hospitalar. Do hospital dia, 92,3% pacientes sentiram-se confortáveis em contatar a equipe médica em caso de intercorrências e fariam novamente o procedimento de forma ambulatorial. Além disso, 63,2% dos internados gostariam de ter recebido alta no mesmo dia. O grau de satisfação final em ambos os grupos foi de 100%. Conclusão: A cirurgia ambulatorial garante mais conforto para o paciente, mostrando-se segura e podendo ser performada em tempo hábil e com menos atrasos, o que influenciou a decisão dos pacientes em operar durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Nível de Evidência V, Estudo Transversal.

Morphological determination of glenohumeral joint and acromioclavicular joint with computed tomography / Determinación morfológica de la articulación glenohumeral y la articulación acromioclavicular con tomografía computarizada

SUMMARY: Although acute and chronic pathologies of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints are frequently encountered in the population, the anatomy and morphometry are not fully known. The aim of this study is to determine the measurements of morphometric parameters according to age groups and sex in a large series of Turkish population. Nine hundred and forty-one shoulders computed tomography (CT) images were screened and those of subjects with healthy anatomical structure were included. Humeral head diameter (HDD) was measured on CT images. Measurements were made using 3D-CT images of: width (GW) and height (GH) of the glenoid cavity; width (CW) and height (CH) of the distal clavicular joint surface; and width (AW) and height (AH) of the acromial joint surface. Data were compared, stratified by age and sex. Images of 223 patients (118 men, 105 women) were analyzed. The following mean measurements were determined: HDD, 41.77±3.77 mm; GH, 34.66±3.26 mm; GW, 25.50±2.90 mm; CW, 14.85±3.51 mm; CH, 8.49±2.27 mm; AW, 12.97±2.94 mm; AH, 7.01±1.77 mm. When startified by sex, HDD (p<0.001), GH (p<0.001), GW (p<0.001), CW (p<0.001), CH (p=0.002), AW (p<0.001) and AH (p<0.001) measurements were significantly different and mean values were greater in men. Similarly for age, significant differences were found for GH (p=0.028), CW (p<0.001), AW (p<0.001), AH (p<0.001). The parametric values we have obtained in the Turkish population we measure differ from the measurements made in different populations according to age groups and sex. Knowing these features will contribute to treatment planning, implant and prosthesis applications.

Aunque las patologías agudas y crónicas de las articulaciones glenohumeral y acromioclavicular son frecuentes en la población, la anatomía y morfometría no se conocen por completo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las medidas de los parámetros morfométricos según grupos de edad y sexo en una serie de individuos de población turca. Se examinaron 941 imágenes de tomografía computarizada (TC) de hombro y se incluyeron las de sujetos con una estructura anatómica sana. El diámetro de la cabeza humeral (HDD) se midió en imágenes de TC. Las mediciones se realizaron utilizando imágenes 3D-CT de: ancho (GW) y altura (GH) de la cavidad glenoidea; anchura (CW) y altura (CH) de la superficie articular clavicular; y anchura (AW) y altura (AH) de la superficie articular acromial. Los datos fueron comparados, estratificados por edad y sexo. Se analizaron imágenes de 223 pacientes (118 hombres, 105 mujeres). Se determinaron las siguientes medidas medias: HDD, 41,77±3,77 mm; GH, 34,66 ± 3,26 mm; GW, 25,50±2,90 mm; CW, 14,85±3,51 mm; CH, 8,49±2,27 mm; AW, 12,97±2,94 mm; AH, 7,01±1,77 mm. Cuando se inicia por sexo, HDD (p<0,001), GH (p<0,001), GW (p<0,001), CW (p<0,001), CH (p=0,002), AW (p<0,001) y AH (p <0,001) las mediciones fueron significativamente diferentes y los valores medios fueron mayores en los hombres. De igual forma para la edad se encontraron diferencias significativas para GH (p=0,028), CW (p<0,001), AW (p<0,001), AH (p<0,001). Los valores paramétricos que hemos obtenido en la población turca difieren de las medidas realizadas en diferentes poblaciones según grupos de edad y sexo. El conocimiento de estas características contribuirá a la planificación del tratamiento, aplicaciones de implantes y prótesis.

Técnica modificada de Boytchev para luxación recidivante de hombro

Introducción: La luxación anterior del hombro es una lesión ortopédica con alto riesgo de desarrollar inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico y existen varias técnicas que permiten la reconstrucción. Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados de la técnica modificada de Boytchev para el tratamiento de la inestabilidad anterior de hombro. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos, con pacientes operados con técnica modificada de Boytchev. Con ella se redirecciona el tendón conjunto del bíceps y se pasa por detrás del músculo subescapular para mejorar el soporte en la cara anterior de la articulación glenohumeral. Resultados: Se operaron 22 pacientes que tuvieron un seguimiento mínimo de 43 meses. Todos pudieron retornar a sus actividades laborales y deportivas. Ninguno presentó recidiva y la movilidad fue completa. En un caso el material de osteosíntesis se aflojó, pero se solucionó sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se trata de una técnica quirúrgica que permite restituir la tensión de los tejidos blandos anteriores del hombro y corregir de forma satisfactoria su inestabilidad; no expone la cápsula articular ni altera la longitud del tendón conjunto, lo que deriva en menor fibrosis. Es reproducible y segura, con baja tasa de complicaciones y permite el retorno a las actividades físicas sin comprometer la movilidad del hombro.

Introduction: Anterior shoulder dislocation is an orthopedic injury with high risk of developing anterior glenohumeral instability. Its treatment is surgical and there are several techniques allowing reconstruction. Objective: To display the results of the modified Boytchev technique for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. Methods: This is a retrospective study, case series type, with patients operated with modified Boytchev's technique. It redirects the conjoined biceps tendon and it is passed behind the subscapularis muscle to improve support on the anterior aspect of the glenohumeral joint. Results: Twenty two patients who had a minimum follow-up of 43 months were operated on. All were able to return to their work and sports activities. None had recurrence, mobility was complete. In one case, the osteosynthesis material loosened, but it was fixed without complications. Conclusions: This is a surgical technique that allows restoring the tension of the anterior soft tissues of the shoulder and satisfactorily correcting its instability; it does not expose the joint capsule or alter the length of the joint tendon, which results in less fibrosis. It is repeatable and safe, with a low rate of complications and allows returning to physical activities without compromising shoulder mobility.

Luxofractura posterior bilateral de hombro secundaria a episodio de convulsión: importancia del diagnóstico oportuno. A propósito de un caso / Bilateral posterior glenohumeral fracture-dislocation secondary to a seizure episode: the importance of early diagnosis. A case review

Resumen: Introducción: la luxofractura glenohumeral posterior (LFGHP) es una lesión poco frecuente. Puede ser secundaria a una crisis convulsiva, casos de electrocución, o por traumatismo directo. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío, lo que aumenta la tasa de complicaciones y secuelas. Caso clínico: paciente de sexo masculino de 52 años, trasladado a centro de alta complejidad por convulsión tónico-clónica y LFGHP derecha. En el estudio inicial con radiografías se confirma lesión de hombro derecho y se diagnostica luxación glenohumeral posterior simple de hombro izquierdo no pesquisada previamente. Se complementa estudio con tomografía computarizada (TC) de ambos hombros, observándose una LFGHP bilateral, lo que demuestra agravamiento intrahospitalario de la lesión del hombro izquierdo. Se realiza reducción abierta y osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada bilateral en un tiempo. El hombro izquierdo requirió dos reintervenciones, una por falla de osteosíntesis y otra para liberación articular. Dos años después del procedimiento el paciente evoluciona satisfactoriamente con 5% en la escala Quick DASH y un puntaje de 72 y 76 en la escala de Constant en el hombro derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. Conclusión: la LFGHP es una lesión poco frecuente que requiere un alto índice de sospecha para evitar el retraso diagnóstico y la aparición de secuelas. En casos de convulsión se debe sospechar compromiso bilateral. Con un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno se pueden obtener resultados satisfactorios y reintegración del paciente a sus actividades habituales.

Abstract: Introduction: posterior glenohumeral fracture dislocation (PGHFD) is a rare injury. It may present secondary to a seizure, electrocution or due to direct trauma. It is usually missed, and late diagnosis is common which increases the rate of complications and sequalae. Case report: 52 year old male, transferred to a reference trauma center due to a tonic-clonic seizure and a right PGHFD. Upon admission radiographs are requested and right shoulder injury is confirmed. Additionally, a simple left posterior glenohumeral dislocation (that was missed in the initial assessment of the patient) is observed. A computed tomography (CT) scan is obtained for both shoulders to plan surgery. The CT scan showed a bilateral PGHFD with severe comminution in the left shoulder, showing considerable worsening of the left shoulder since admission. Open reduction and bilateral locked plate osteosynthesis were performed in a one stage surgery. At two years follow up the patient evolved favorably with a Quick DASH score of 5% and a CONSTANT score of 72 and 76 for his right and left shoulder, respectively. Conclusion: PGHFD is an infrequent injury, which requires a high level of suspicion to avoid diagnostic delay and prevent complications and sequelae. Bilateral cases may be seen in cases of seizure. With prompt surgical treatment, satisfactory results can be achieved with a complete return to normal activities.

¿Efectividad de la técnica de liberación miofacial en el aumento del rango articular en restricción glenohumeral? Una comparación con la kinesioterapia tradicional / Effectiveness of the myofascial release technique in increasing joint range in glenohumeral restriction? A comparison with traditional kinesiotherapy

OBJETIVO: comparar la kinesioterapia tradicional con la técnica miofacial en pacientes con restricción articular interna glenohumeral. MÉTODO: estudio comparativo de 8 pacientes en un grupo de intervención (GI) y kinésico (GC), durante 8 semanas. Se comparó el pre y post test del ROM interno glenohumeral en ambos grupos mediante t de student. RESULTADOS: el grupo de la técnica miofascial demostró una amento significativo de ROM interno glenohumeral de 15,2º (p < 0,001), mientras que el grupo control no fue significativo (p > 0,05) sólo de de 6,4º. CONCLUSIONES:Un tratamiento de terapia con la Técnicas Liberación Miofascial en pacientes con déficit rotacional interno de hombro es más eficaz para aumentar el rango de movimiento articular de rotación interna glenohumeral que una técnica tradicional y conservadora.

OBJETIVE: to compare traditional kinesiotherapy with myofacial technique in patients with glenohumeral internal joint restriction. METHODS: comparative study of 8 patients in an intervention (IG) and kinesiotherapy (CG) group for 8 weeks. The pre- and post-test of glenohumeral internal ROM in both groups was compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: the myofascial technique group showed a significant increase in glenohumeral internal ROM of 15.2º (p < 0.001), while the control group was not significant (p > 0.05) only 6.4º. CONCLUSIONS: A therapy treatment with Myofascial Release Techniques in patients with shoulder internal rotational deficit is more effective in increasing glenohumeral internal rotational joint range of motion than a traditional, conservative technique.

Kinematics Study of Glenohumeral Joint at Different Arm Elevation Planes in Normal Chinese / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate relative translations of the glenohumeral joint during abduction, scaption and forward flexion in normal Chinese, so as to provide references for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of glenohumeral joint instability and subacromial impingement syndrome.Methods The biplanar fluoroscopy system combined with model-image registration technique were used to measure the humeral translation relative to the scapular in 13 healthy volunteers during abduction, scaption and forward flexion.Results The anterior-inferior glenohumeral translation during abduction, scaption and forward flexion was (4.0±1.3), (4.1±1.5),(4.8±1.9) mm, respectively. The superior-inferior glenohumeral translation was (3.0±1.0), (3.1±1.1), (3.3±1.5) mm, respectively. During the whole motion, there was a significant difference in superior-inferior translation at different arm elevation angles, while other significant differences were not found.Conclusions For normal Chinese, the humeral head was positioned posteriorly and superiorly on the glenoid. During forward flexion, the anterior-inferior and superior-inferior glenohumeral translation was the maxium. Therefore, in the process of clinical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, patients performing the forward flexion may obtain a better evaluation effect.

Estimating glenoid fossa width for instability - related bone loss with CT scan in a Chilean sample / Estimación del ancho de la fosa glenoidea para la pérdida ósea relacionada con inestabilidad con tomografía computarizada en una muestra chilena

SUMMARY: Glenoid fossa bone loss has been associated with recurrence and failure after glenoid labrum repair for shoulder instability. Quantification of glenoid fossa bone loss is critical for the successful treatment of glenohumeral instability. The aim of this paper was to estimate a linear regression model based on glenoid height in CT scan adjusted for age and sex to calculate glenoid fossa width in a healthy Chilean sample. CT scans of 101 shoulders were reviewed. The mean age was 51.96 years (SD 19.16; range, 15-88 years) with 53 females and 48 male patients. Studies with signs of bone loss, instability, fracture, or arthritis were excluded. After 3D-CT reconstruction, the height and width of each glenoid fossa was measured using the Owens methodology. All landmarks for the 2 measurements were placed on the most lateral surface of the glenoid fossa margin. Measurements for all shoulders were recorded by 3 observers and repeated on a subset (n = 20) of shoulders, under blinded conditions, by the same observer, at least 2 weeks after the initial measurements. Descriptive statistics, intraclass correlation and regression coefficients were calculated with Stata BE 17® software. A p- value of 0.05 was considered significant. A linear regression model was estimated resulting in the formula "Width = 10.97 + 0.02 * Age + 0.41 * Height - 1.95 * Sex (1=Female, 0=Male)". This model presented all coefficients with p <0.05 and an adjusted R2 of 0.73. Furthermore, it fulfilled the assumption of linearity, normal distribution of errors, independence of errors, and homoscedasticity. Regarding the intraobserver correlation, ICC was 0.76 for height and 0.91 for width; the interobserver ICC was 0.93 for height and 0.86 for width. A 3D-CT specific formula was developed to predict glenoid fossa width based on height with sufficient accuracy to be clinically valuable.

RESUMEN: La pérdida de hueso de la fosa glenoidea se ha asociado con recurrencia y falla después de la reparación del labrum glenoideo por inestabilidad del hombro. La cuantificación de la pérdida ósea glenoidea es fundamental para el tratamiento exitoso de la inestabilidad glenohumeral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar un modelo de regresión lineal basado en la altura glenoidea en una tomografía computarizada ajustada por edad y sexo para calcular el ancho de la fosa glenoidea en una muestra chilena sana. Se revisaron las tomografías computarizadas de 101 hombros. La edad media fue de 51,96 años (DE 19,16; rango, 15- 88 años) con 53 mujeres y 48 hombres. Se excluyeron los estudios con signos de pérdida ósea, inestabilidad, fractura o artritis. Después de la reconstrucción 3D-CT, se midió la altura y el ancho de cada fosa glenoidea utilizando la metodología de Owens. Todos los puntos de referencia para las 2 mediciones se colocaron en la superficie más lateral del margen glenoideo. Las mediciones de todos los hombros fueron registradas por 3 observadores y repetidas en un subconjunto (n = 20) de hombros, en condiciones ciegas, por el mismo observador, al menos 2 semanas después de las mediciones iniciales. La estadística descriptiva, la correlación intraclase y los coeficientes de regresión se calcularon con el software Stata BE 17®. Se consideró significativo un valor de p de 0,05. Se estimó un modelo de regresión lineal que resultó en la fórmula "Ancho = 10,97 + 0,02 * Edad + 0,41 * Altura - 1,95 * Sexo (1 = Mujer, 0 = Hombre)". Este modelo presentó todos los coeficientes con p <0.05 y un R2 ajustado de 0.73. Además, cumplió con los supuestos de linealidad, distribución normal de errores, independencia de errores y homocedasticidad. En cuanto a la correlación intraobservador, el CCI fue de 0,76 para la altura y 0,91 para la anchura; el ICC interobservador fue de 0,93 para la altura y 0,86 para la anchura. Se desarrolló una fórmula específica de 3D-CT para predecir el ancho glenoideo en función de la altura con suficiente precisión para ser clínicamente valiosa.

Inestabilidad anterior de hombro con defecto óseo no crítico: ¿Bankart-Remplissage o Latarjet? / Anterior shoulder instability with non critical bone loss: Bankart-Remplissage or Latarjet?

Resumen: Introducción: Los defectos óseos se asocian a inestabilidad de hombro recidivante. Bankart-Remplissage (B+R) y Latarjet (L) son alternativas de tratamiento. Pocos estudios comparan ambas técnicas. Objetivo: Comparar evolución funcional, complicaciones y tasa de recidiva, entre B+R y L en pacientes con inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior con defecto óseo no crítico. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes, en pacientes operados entre 2010 y 2018. Ciento siete pacientes fueron reclutados, de éstos, se obtuvo información desde su ficha clínica. Se midió tamaño de Hill-Sachs (HS) y defecto glenoideo en tomografía axial computarizada (TAC). Se envió encuesta remota evaluando funcionalidad con SSV, WOSI, EVA y qDASH. Cuarenta y ocho pacientes completaron el seguimiento remoto (26 B+R y 22 L). Media de seguimiento de 3.8 años. Resultados: Al comparar ambos grupos no hubo diferencias significativas en WOSI, EVA, qDASH ni SSV. No hubo diferencia en el número de complicaciones (B+R: 13 [18.8%], L: 5 [13.2%], p = 0.16), reoperaciones (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41) ni reluxación (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41). En pacientes que realizan deporte de contacto o colisión, L tuvo mejor SSV (92.5 vs 72.5 p = 0.048) y WOSI total (98.3 vs 67.3 p = 0.043). B+R en extremidad dominante presentó mayor tasa de complicaciones (50 vs 9.1% p = 0.038). No se encontró asociación para complicaciones y reluxación según defecto glenoideo o número de luxaciones previo a cirugía. Conclusión: Bankart-Remplissage y Latarjet tienen similar resultado funcional y tasa de reluxación en nuestros grupos estudiados. Latarjet muestra mejor resultado funcional subjetivo en deportistas de contacto y menores complicaciones en extremidad dominante.

Abstract: Introduction: Significant Hill-Sachs lesions are associated with recurrent shoulder instability. Bankart-Remplissage (B+R) and Latarjet (L) are valid treatments for these injuries. Few studies compare both techniques. Objective: To compare functional outcome, complications and recurrent instability rate between B+R and L in patients operated for anterior shoulder instability (ASI) with significant Hill-Sachs (HS) lesions and non critical glenoid bone loss (NC-GBL). Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study with patients operated between 2010 and 2018 for ASI. 107 met inclusion criteria. Demographic data, complications, recurrence rate and subsequent procedures were obtained from their medical records. CT scan imaging was used to assess humeral and glenoid bone loss. Online questionnaires were sent for assesing functional outcomes with SSV, WOSI, VAS and qDASH. 48 patients completed the online assessment (26 B+R, 22 L). The mean follow-up was 3.8 years. Results: Comparing both groups, there were no differences in WOSI, SSV, EVA and qDASH. There was no difference in complication rate (B+R: 13 [18.8%], L: 5 [13.2%], p = 0.16), revisions (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41) and recurrent instability (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41). L in subgroup who practiced collision sports had better SSV (92.5 vs 72.5 p = 0.048) and WOSI (98.3 vs 67.3 p = 0.043). B+R in dominant extremity had worst complication rate (50 vs 9.1% p = 0.038). Association was not found between complications and recurrent instabillity according to glenoid bone defect or previous dislocation episodes. Conclusion: Significant Hill-Sachs lesions with NC-GBL, both Bankart-Remplissage and Latarjet achieve satisfactory results, with similar recurrent instability and functional outcomes. Latarjet has better subjetive funtional results in collision sports and less complication in dominant extremity compared to Bankart-Remplissage.

Incidence and Risk Factors of the Complications Related to the Latarjet Surgery / Incidência e fatores de risco das complicações da cirurgia de Latarjet

Abstract Objective The Latarjet procedure is a well-accepted treatment of shoulder instability. This technique is associated with a unique set of complications with overall rates of up to 30%. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with complications after open Latarjet procedure. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 102 patients submitted to open Latarjet procedure. Complications were divided into three types: clinical; graft-related; and screw-related. All of the patients were submitted to radiography and computed tomography (CT). The risk factors analyzed were gender, age, previous surgery, epilepsy, experience of the surgeon. Results A total of 102 consecutive patients (108 cases) underwent the Latarjet procedure. The mean age was 33.7 years old (18 to 61 years old), with 88 males and 14 females. The overall complication rate was 21.2%, being 12% clinical-related, 7.4% graft-related, and 2.7% screw-related. The most frequent were anterior apprehension (eight cases) and lateral overhang of the graft in six patients. Computed tomography scan at a minimum of 6 months was performed in 79 cases (73%), and graft union occurred in 75 patients (94.9%). There were no cases of instability in the remaining four cases of nonunion. Ten patients (9.2%) required revision surgery. The risk factors associated with complications were epilepsy (p = 0.0325), experience of the surgeon (p = 0.0499) and patients ≥ 40 years old at the time of the surgery (p = 0.0151). There was no correlation with gender and previous surgery. Conclusion The complication rate following the Latarjet procedure was 21.2%, with 9% requiring revision surgery. Epilepsy, age ≥ 40 years old and experience of the surgeon were risk factors.

Resumo Objetivo A cirurgia de Latarjet é bem estabelecida para o tratamento da instabilidade anterior do ombro. Apresenta complicações específicas com taxas de até 30%. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a incidência e os fatores de risco associados às complicações após a cirurgia de Latarjet. Métodos Analisamos retrospectivamente 102 pacientes submetidos ao procedimento. Dividimos as complicações em três tipos: clínicas, relacionadas ao enxerto e relacionadas aos implantes. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a radiografias e tomografia computadorizada (TC). Os fatores de risco analisados foram gênero, idade, cirurgia prévia, epilepsia e experiência do cirurgião. Resultados Um total de 102 pacientes consecutivos (108 casos) foram avaliados. A média de idade foi 33,7 anos (18 a 61 anos), com 88 homens e 14 mulheres. A taxa de complicações foi de 21,2%, sendo 12% clínicas, 7,4% relacionadas ao enxerto e 2,7% relacionadas ao implante. As mais frequentes foram apreensão anterior (oito casos) e posicionamento lateral do enxerto, em seis casos. A TC foi realizada com o mínimo de 6 meses em 79 casos (73%), evidenciando a consolidação do enxerto em 75 pacientes (94.9%). Nenhum caso de não união apresentou instabilidade. Dez pacientes (9.2%) precisaram de cirurgia de revisão. Os fatores de risco relacionados às complicações foram epilepsia (p = 0.0325), experiência do cirurgião (p = 0.0499) e pacientes ≥ 40 anos (p = 0.0151). Não houve correlação com gênero e cirurgia prévia. Conclusão A taxa de complicações após a cirurgia de Latarjet foi de 21,2%, com 9% necessitando de revisão cirúrgica. Epilepsia, idade ≥ 40 anos e experiência do cirurgião foram fatores de risco.

Progress on arthroscopic surgery for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation / 中国骨伤

The surgical treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation is a difficult problem in the field of sports injury medicine. The main reason focus on dynamic and osseous constraints of shoulder joint could not recover well. At present, arthroscopic surgery is used at home and abroad, and could receive statisfied postoperative effect, but the choice of specific surgical methods is still controversial. According to presence and size of glenoid and humeral skull defects, different treatments should be selected in clinic. The author recommends that no articular glenoid defect or glenoid defect 40% or Bristow-Latarjet if the surgical repair fails, bone grafting is used. In addition, if (humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments, HAGL) injury existed, HAGL injury repair should be used. In addition to considering the important factor of bone defects, it is necessary to combine patient's age, exercise level and surgeon's technique to comprehensively select the bestsurgical method.

Inestabilidad de hombro en adolescentes: Indicaciones para cirugía. Reporte de caso y estado del arte / Shoulder instability in adolescents: Indications for surgery. Case report

La inestabilidad de hombro es una condición frecuente en personas involucradas en actividades deportivas de alta demanda física. Debido a sus particularidades anatómicas, los adolescentes presentan mayor riesgo de recidiva luego de un primer episodio de luxación de hombro. El sexo masculino, edad y participación en actividades deportivas de alto impacto son los principales factores de riesgo para recurrencia. En esta publicación, reportamos el caso de una adolescente porrista con inestabilidad anterior de hombro con evolución favorable luego de estabilización abierta complementado por una revisión del estado del arte de las aproximaciones terapéuticas de la inestabilidad recurrente de hombro en adolescentes.

Shoulder instability is a frequent condition in people involved in sport activities of high-physical demand. Due to their anatomical features, adolescents are at greater risk of recurrence after a first episode of shoulder dislocation. Male gender, age and participation in high-impact sport activities are the main risk factors for recurrence. We report the case of a cheerleader teenager with anterior shoulder instability with favorable evolution after open stabilization complemented by a review of the state of the art of the therapeutic approaches of recurrent shoulder instability in adolescents.

Resultados del tratamiento de la artrosis glenohumeral primaria mediante hemiartroplastía / Results of the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis through hemiarthroplasty

Resumen: Introducción: La artrosis glenohumeral conlleva a una pérdida funcional y a una disminución de la calidad de vida de muchos pacientes. Actualmente, no existe consenso en cuanto al uso de la hemiartroplastía o la artroplastía total como tratamiento definitivo para este padecimiento. El objetivo es mostrar los resultados del tratamiento de la artrosis glenohumeral primaria mediante hemiartroplastía en nuestro servicio. Material y métodos: Revisamos 19 hemiartroplastías (14 pacientes) realizadas entre 2004 y 2013 en pacientes con artrosis glenohumeral primaria sin alteración morfológica glenoidea. Se recabaron los datos de ocho pacientes (11 hemiartroplastías), valorándose el estado funcional, el dolor y la realización de actividades de la vida diaria mediante las escalas Constant, ASES y DASH preoperatorias, a los cinco años de seguimiento mínimo (rango 5-11 años), así como las complicaciones presentadas. Se comparó el estado preoperatorio y al final del seguimiento. Resultados: Se encontró una mejoría estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.05) en todos los parámetros analizados en el estudio. La media del dolor en la escala EVA disminuyó de 8.89 a 2.67. La escala ASES mejoró de 13.51 a 63.51 puntos de media. El Constant aumentó de 20.11 a 65.11 puntos. La puntuación media preoperatoria en la escala DASH fue de 73.68 y la postoperatoria de 28.30 puntos. La supervivencia media del implante fue de 81.82% a los siete años de seguimiento medio. Conclusión: Obtuvimos buenos resultados funcionales con la artrosis glenohumeral primaria, presentándose pocas complicaciones. La causa del fracaso fue la erosión glenoidea.

Abstract: Introduction: Glenohumeral osteoarthritis leads to a functional loss and a decrease in the quality of life of many patients that suffers it. Currently there is no agreement on the use of hemiarthroplasty or total arthroplasty as definitive treatment. The objective is to show the results of the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis through hemiarthroplasty in our service. Material and methods: We reviewed 14 patients (19 hemiarthroplasties) performed between 2004 and 2013 in patients diagnosed with primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis without glenoid morphological anomaly. We managed to collect data from eight patients (11 hemiarthroplasties), assessing functional status, pain, and performing activities of daily living using the Constant, ASES and DASH scores preoperatively and at five years of minimum follow-up (range 5-11 years), as well as related complications. The preoperative status was compared to the end of the follow-up. Results: A significant improvement was found in all the parameters analyzed in the study (p < 0.05). The average pain in EVA score decreased from 8.89 to 2.67. The ASES improved from 13.51 to 63. 51 half point. The Constant increase of 20.11 points to 65.11 points. The mean preoperative score in the DASH score was 73.68 and 28.30 postoperatively. The average survival of the implant was 81.82% in the seven years of average follow-up. Conclusion: Shoulder hemiarthroplasty obtains good functional results in the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis with few complications. The cause of the failure were glenoid erosion in all the cases.

Morfología glenoidea en la artrosis glenohumeral primaria: factores preoperatorios relevantes / Glenoid morphology in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis; preoperatory relevant elements

El objetivo primario de esta revisión es realizar una actualización de los conceptos básicos relacionados a los cambios morfológicos glenoideos durante la artrosis glenohumeral primaria, métodos de medición relevantes y describir las modificaciones en la nueva clasificación de Gilles Walch. La medición de esos parámetros influyen en forma directa tanto en el acto quirúrgico dentro una prótesis de hombro como en los resultados clínicos post operatorios. Los diferentes métodos de medición descritos en la literatura han permitido evaluar la magnitud de esos fenómenos morfológicos y describir la "glenoides bicóncava", caracterizada por presentar 3 subtipos: la paleoglena, neoglena y la glena intermedia. A partir de esos conceptos, Walch en 1999 describe la clasificación de los cambios morfológicos glenoideos en artrosis primaria, la cual ha presentado una reciente modificación debido a la mala concordancia intra e interobservador de esa medición obtenida por varios investigadores, además de reconocer una carencia en la precisión para describir cada subtipo. A la fecha, diferentes autores investigan la influencia de esos factores morfológicos preoperatorios en los resultados post operatorios, y hasta que valor límite podrían guiar un tratamiento especifico. Conclusión: Enfatizamos que un análisis acabado y minucioso de la morfología glenoidea es importante para una adecuada planificación quirúrgica en artroplastia de hombro, ya que eso puede guiarnos en cuál técnica o implante puede ser el más adecuado para cada tipo de glenoides.

The main purpose of this review is to up date the basic concepts regarding the glenoid morphological changes in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis, relevant measuring methods, and a description of the modifications in the Gilles Walch classification. The measurement of these parameters influences both surgical indications for total shoulder arthroplasty and the post op clinical outcomes. The different measuring methods described in literature have allowed to evaluate the magnitude of these morphological phenomena describing the "biconcave glenoid", which characteristically presents 3 subtypes: paleoglenoid, neoglenoid and intermediate glenoid. Based on these concepts, Walch classified the glenoid morphological changes in primary ostheoarthritis in 1999, which has been recently modified due to the poor inter-observer and intra-observer reliability described by a vast number of researchers, and also because of an observed lack of precision when describing each sub-type. Up to date, different authors are debating the influence of these pre operative morphological factors on the post op outcomes; and the cut-off value up to which this could lead to a specific treatment. As a conclusion, we emphasize that a deep and thorough analysis of the glenoid morphology is important for an adequate surgical planning of a shoulder arthroplasty, as this can guide us to the most adequate technique and type of implant for each type of glenoid.

Quantitative T2 Mapping of Articular Cartilage of the Glenohumeral Joint at 3.0T in Rotator Cuff Disease Patients: the Evaluation of Degenerative Change of Cartilage

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the T2 value of the articular cartilage of the glenohumeral joint in rotator cuff disease displayed on 3.0T MRI and to apply it in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved sixty-two patients who underwent shoulder MRI containing T2 mapping. The mean T2 value was measured by placing a free hand ROI over the glenoid or humeral cartilage from the bone-cartilage interface to the articular surface on three consecutive, oblique coronal images. The drawn ROI was subsequently divided into superior and inferior segments. The assessed mean T2 values of the articular cartilage of the glenohumeral joint were compared and evaluated based on the degree of rotator cuff tear, the degree of fatty atrophy of the rotator cuff, and the acromiohumeral distance. RESULTS: ICC values between two readers indicated moderate or good reproducibility. The mean T2 value for the articular cartilage of the glenoid and humeral head cartilage failed to show any significant difference based on the degree of rotator cuff tear. However, the mean T2 values of articular cartilage, based on fatty atrophy, tended to be higher in fatty atrophy 3 or fatty atrophy 4 groups while some sub-regions displayed significantly higher mean T2 values. There was no correlation between the acromiohumeral distance and the mean T2 values of the articular cartilage of the glenoid and humeral head. CONCLUSION: T2 mapping of the glenohumeral joint failed to show any significant difference in quantitative analysis of the degenerative change of the articular cartilage based on the degree of rotator cuff tear. However, it also offers quantitative information on the degenerative change of cartilage of the glenohumeral joint in patients with rotator cuff tear and severe fatty atrophy of the rotator cuff.

Ultrasound-Guided Shoulder Injections / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The shoulder pain is one of the most common problems to orthopaedic surgeons in clinic. Among therapeutic modality used to manage this pain, joint and periarticular injection, as well as suprascapular nerve block, show good clinical outcome. Ultrasound guidance is a safe technique, increasing the safety and accuracy of the procedure and reducing complications. An accurate understanding of the surface anatomy is important in performing the ultrasound-guided shoulder injections. This article aims to describe the surface anatomy and sono anatomy of both the shoulder and the surrounding structures and also summarize different infiltration techniques and peripheral nerve blocks.

Modified Bristow-Latarjet procedure for treatment of recurrent traumatic anterior glenohumeral dislocation / Operação de Bristow-Latarjet modificada no tratamento na luxação glenoumeral anterior traumática recidivante

ABSTRACT Objective: Retrospective case-control study of authors experience in the modified Bristow-Latarjet procedure for treatment of recurrent traumatic anterior glenohumeral dislocation with glenoid bone injury. Methods: Sample with 102 recurrent glenohumeral dislocation cases submitted to modified Bristow-Latarjet procedure. Indications included situations of recurrent traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability with more than two dislocation episodes and with glenoid bone attritional or fragmentary injuries, without possibility of reconstruction. Mean follow-up time was 5.33 ± 2.74 years (minimum 1; range 1-13). Results: The mean Walch-Duplay Score at the last evaluation was 91.23 ± 11.46 (range 15-100). The functional score of patients with glenoid bone loss greater than 20% did not show a significant difference in comparison with patients with glenoid bone loss lower than 20% (90 vs. 92, respectively). The functional score also did not show a significant difference between sports practice categories and between recreational and competitive practice, being excellent (greater than 90) in every category. There were no dislocation recurrences and the only complications were a case of persistent instability and a screw revision. Mild glenohumeral osteoarthrosis imaging signs were identified in 7.84% of the patients; however, their functional scores were not significantly different in comparison to other patients. Conclusion: The modified Bristow-Latarjet procedure is a very effective procedure with few complications in the medium-term, showing very satisfactory functional outcomes in the treatment of recurrent traumatic anterior glenohumeral dislocation associated with glenoid bone injury.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudo retrospectivo sobre a experiência dos autores na operação de Bristow-Latarjet modificada como tratamento da luxação glenoumeral anterior traumática recidivante com lesão óssea glenoidea. Métodos: Amostra com 102 casos de luxações glenoumerais submetidos à cirurgia de Bristow-Latarjet modificada. As indicações foram situações de instabilidade glenoumeral anterior traumática recidivante com número de episódios de luxações superior a dois e com lesão óssea da glenoide erosiva ou fragmentária, sem possibilidade de reconstrução. O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 5,33 ± 2,74 anos (mínimo 1; intervalo 1-13). Resultados: O escore de Walch-Duplay médio na última avaliação foi de 91,23 ± 11,46 (intervalo 15-100). O escore funcional dos pacientes com lesão óssea da glenoide superior a 20% não demonstrou diferença significativa em comparação com aqueles com lesão óssea da glenoide inferior a 20% (90 vs. 92, respetivamente). O escore funcional também não demonstrou diferença significativa entre as categorias de prática desportiva e entre a prática recreativa ou de competição, foi excelente (superior a 90) em todas as categorias. Não se verificou qualquer recidiva das luxações e as únicas complicações observadas foram um caso de instabilidade persistente e uma revisão de um parafuso. Foram identificados sinais imagiológicos de osteoartrose glenoumeral ligeira em 7,84% dos pacientes; no entanto, o escore funcional desses pacientes não demonstrou diferença significativa em comparação com o dos demais. Conclusão: A cirurgia de Bristow-Latarjet modificada descrita é uma intervenção muito eficaz e com reduzidas complicações em médio prazo, apresenta resultados funcionais muito satisfatórios no tratamento da instabilidade glenoumeral anterior recidivante associada a lesões ósseas da glenoide.

Morphometry And Morphology Of Glenoid Cavity Of Scapula

Introduction: The Glenoid cavity is regarded as the head of the scapula. The morphology of glenoid cavity ishighly variable. It articulates with the head of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. Shape and dimensions ofthe glenoid cavity are important in the design and fitting of glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty.An understanding of variations in normal anatomy of the glenoid is essential while evaluating pathologicalconditions like osseous bankart lesions and osteochondral defects. The aim of the present study was to obtainthe anthropometric data of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and to study the various shapes of the glenoid cavitywhich will help in management of shoulder pathology.Materials and Methods: This study was done on 74 dry, unpaired adult human scapulae (36 right side and 38 leftside )of unknown sex belonging to the saurashtra population. Maximum superior-inferior diameter and Maximumanterior-posterior diameter of the glenoid cavity were measured and. The shape of the glenoid cavity wasclassified as inverted comma shaped, pear shaped and oval shaped depending upon the presence or absence ofa notch on the glenoid rim.Results: The average SI diameter on right and the left sides were 38.49 ± 3.17mm and 38.06 ± 3.34mm respectively.The average AP-1 diameter of the right glenoid were 24.76±2.49mm and that of the left was 24.23 ± 2.14mm.Themean AP-2 diameter of the right glenoid was 18.83±2.19 mm and that of the left was 17.97±2.08.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the difference in size of the glenoid cavity in Gujarati population mayhave to be taken into consideration while deciding the size of the glenoid component in shoulder arthroplasty inthis population.