Uso de la tomografía corporal total en pacientes con heridas de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables: ¿Rompiendo paradigmas de atención inicial? / Whole-body computed tomography in hemodynamically unstable patients with gunshot wounds: A paradigm shift in trauma management?

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el impacto del uso de la tomografía corporal total en la evaluación de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables atendidos en un centro de referencia de trauma. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo, con base en un subanálisis del registro de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma ­ Fundación Valle del Lili. Se incluyeron los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego atendidos entre 2018 y 2021. Se excluyeron los pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo, trauma leve y en condición in extremis. Resultados. Doscientos pacientes cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, 115 fueron estudiados con tomografía corporal total y se compararon con 85 controles. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el grupo de tomografía fue de 4/115 (3,5 %) vs 10/85 (12 %) en el grupo control. En el análisis multivariado se identificó que la tomografía no tenía asociación significativa con la mortalidad (aOR=0,46; IC95% 0,10-1,94). El grupo de tomografía tuvo una reducción relativa del 39 % en la frecuencia de cirugías mayores, con un efecto asociado en la disminución de la necesidad de cirugía (aOR=0,47; IC95% 0,22-0,98). Conclusiones. La tomografía corporal total fue empleada en el abordaje inicial de los pacientes con trauma penetrante por proyectil de arma de fuego y hemodinámicamente inestables. Su uso no se asoció con una mayor mortalidad, pero sí con una menor frecuencia de cirugías mayores.

Introduction. This study aims to assess the impact of whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) in the evaluation of patients with penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) who are hemodynamically unstable and treated at a trauma referral center. Methods. An analytical, retrospective study was conducted based on a subanalysis of the Panamerican Trauma Society-FVL registry. Patients with GSW treated between 2018 and 2021 were included. Patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma, minor trauma, and those in extremis were excluded. Patients with and without WBCT were compared. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was the frequency of major surgeries (thoracotomy, sternotomy, cervicotomy, and/or laparotomy) during initial care. Results. Two hundred eligible patients were included, with 115 undergoing WBCT and compared to 85 controls. In-hospital mortality in the WBCT group was 4/115 (3.5%) compared to 10/85 (12%) in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that WBCT was not significantly associated to mortality (aOR: 0.46; 95% CI 0.10-1.94). The WBCT group had a relative reduction of 39% in the frequency of major surgeries, with an associated effect on reducing the need for surgery (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.22-0.98). Conclusions. Whole-body computed tomography was employed in the initial management of patients with penetrating firearm projectile injuries and hemodynamic instability. The use of WBCT was not associated with mortality but rather with a reduction in the frequency of major surgery.

Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of adenovirus-associated acute conjunctivitis in Shenzhen，2014‒2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemic characteristics and influencing factors of acute conjunctivitis caused by human adenovirus（HAdv）in Yantian District of Shenzhen City， Guangdong Province from 2014 to 2022， and to provide evidence for formulating effective prevention and control measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis （AHC） cases reported from the Chinese disease prevention and control information system. Etiological characteristics of laboratory-confirmed cases were analyzed， and a case-control study method of test-negative design （TND） was conducted as well. According to the result of HAdv detection， analysis was used to identify the influencing factors of morbidity. ResultsA total of 1 005 AHC cases were reported in Yantian District， Shenzhen City from 2014 to 2022， with an average annual incidence rate of 49.49/105. The incidence rate ranged from 4.67/105 to 117.28/105. The peak incidence occurred from July to October each year， with a male-to-female ratio of 1.42∶1. The median （P25，P75） age of onset was 29（12，40） years. A total of 716 eye swabs were collected for etiological detection from 2014 to 2022. HAdv positive detection rate was 36.45% （263/716）， Cox 24v positive detection rate was 0.28% （2/716）， while EV70 was not detected. The longest viral shedding time in eye swabs was 10 days， with a median of 2 days. The highest HAdv positive detection rate （47.47%） was observed when the sampling-to-onset interval was 4‒5 days， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）， with a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Multivariate logistic regressing analysis showed that aged 18‒ years， and average temperature higher than 24.90 ℃ 3 days before onset （P<0.05） were the risk factors for acute HAdv conjunctivitis. ConclusionAHC in Yantian District， Shenzhen City showed a low level of prevalence from 2014 to 2022， with HAdv being the predominant pathogen. The peak period of viral shedding occurred on the 4th to 5th day after symptom onset， suggesting the importance of adherence to strict home isolation for infected persons. Aged18‒ years and average temperature increased 3 days before onset are associated with an increased risk of adenoviral conjunctivitis. It is recommended to strengthen personal protection and keep doing a good job of AHC surveillance and early warning， so as to timely prevent the outbreaks of AHC.

Role of SIRTl/Nrf2/HO-l pathway in attenuation of learning and memory impairment by sevoflurane postcondition in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the role of SIRT1/Nrf2 / HO-1 in alleviating the cognitive function impairment by sevoflurane treatment in a mouse model of postoperative cerebral reperfusion. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group, hemorrhagic shock reperfusion group, sevoflurane postconditioning group, sevoflurane postcondition-ing + SIRT1 inhibitor group and sevoflurane postconditioning + Nrf2 inhibitor group. Mice were subjected to Morris water maze test after cerebral ischemia reperfusion. The ATP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ROS and MDA contents in tissue of mice were detected. SIRT1, Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in tissue were detected by Western blot. Results After hemorrhagic shock, the learning and memory ability of mice was reduced.ATP and SOD concentration in hippocampus was reduced , MDA and ROS concentration increased, and the SIRT, Nrf2 and HO-1 concentration was reduced. Sevoflurane improved the cognitive dysfunction and oxi-dative damage in postoperative mice, and the neuro-protective effect of sevoflurane on hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation mice was weakened followed with SIRT1 and Nrf2 inhibitors. Conclusion Sevoflurane probably alleviates the oxidative reaction damage and cognitive impairment caused by cerebral reperfusion in mice through SIRT1/Nrf2/H0-1 pathway.

Predictors for hemorrhagic transformation among patients with Ischemic stroke admitted in a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines from July 2018-July 2019

Background@#Among the multiple scoring systems for hemorrhagic transformation, only few of these address spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation after an ischemic stroke, with most done with Western population data. @*Objectives@#This study aims to identify the predictors for hemorrhagic transformation among patients with ischemic stroke admitted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City, Philippines.@*Methods@#This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with ischemic stroke admitted in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City. Patients’ baseline characteristics, clinical, and radiologic data were collected. Chi square test and t-test were used to determine which variables were significantly different between patients with and without hemorrhagic transformation. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined to measure the association between the different variables and hemorrhagic transformation. @*Results@#A total of 500 ischemic stroke patients were included in the study. There were 28 (6%) ischemic stroke patients with Hemorrhagic Transformation. The mean age of these patients is 66.93 ± 12.42 years, 48.8% male, 10.8% had atrial fibrillation, and 2.4% had myocardial infarction. Controlling for the effect of confounders, white blood cell count (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19), myocardial infarction (OR 5.25; 95% CI 1.13-24.34), and presence of brain edema (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.05-7.80) were significant predictors of hemorrhagic transformation.@*Conclusion@#White blood cell count, presence of brain edema, and myocardial infarction were significantly associated with hemorrhagic transformation among ischemic stroke patients.

Malformações arteriovenosas pulmonares na síndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber / Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome

Resumo A síndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber, também conhecida como telangiectasia hemorrágica hereditária, é uma doença hereditária autossômica dominante. Ela é caracterizada pela presença de múltiplas malformações arteriovenosas e telangiectasias. Este artigo relata dois casos de pacientes com síndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber que apresentaram malformações arteriovenosas pulmonares e foram submetidos a tratamento endovascular com sucesso. Uma breve revisão da literatura mostra que até 50% dos pacientes com a síndrome têm malformações arteriovenosas pulmonares e geralmente há um histórico familiar positivo nesses pacientes. Em 30% dos casos, elas são múltiplas e estão associadas a complicações mais graves da doença. A maioria dos pacientes é assintomática, mesmo na presença de malformações arteriovenosas com shunt direito-esquerdo. Quando esses shunts excedem 25% do volume total de sangue, podem surgir dispneia, cianose, baqueteamento digital e sopros extracardíacos. O tratamento endovascular oferece segurança e controle das complicações da telangiectasia hemorrágica hereditária, sendo atualmente o tratamento de escolha para essas lesões.

Abstract Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. It is characterized by presence of multiple arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and telangiectasias. This article reports two cases of patients with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome who had pulmonary AVMs and underwent successful endovascular treatment. A brief review of the literature shows that up to 50% of patients with the syndrome have pulmonary AVMs and there is usually a positive family history in these patients. These pulmonary AVMs are multiple in 30% of cases and are associated with the most severe disease complications. Most patients are asymptomatic, even in the presence of AVMs with right-left shunts. When these shunts exceed 25% of the total blood volume, dyspnea, cyanosis, digital clubbing, and extracardiac murmurs may occur. Endovascular treatment is safe and offers control of complications from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and is currently the treatment of choice for these lesions.

A Brazilian series utilizing the SMASH-U system for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage / Classificação etiológica de pacientes admitidos com hemorragia intracerebral utilizando a escala SMASH-U: uma série brasileira

Abstract Background Understanding the causes of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is crucial for effective treatment and preventing recurrences. The SMASH-U scale is a suggested method for classifying and predicting the outcomes of ICH. Objective To describe the SMASH-U classification and outcomes by etiology in patients admitted to a comprehensive stroke center in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted to the hospital or outpatient clinic between April 2015 and January 2018. Two stroke neurologists evaluated the SMASH-U classification, and patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. Results Out of the 2000 patients with a stroke diagnosis evaluated, 140 were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 57.9 (± 15.5) years, and 54.3% were male. Hypertension was the most frequent etiology, accounting for 41.4% of cases, followed by amyloid angiopathy (18.5%) and structural lesions (14.1%). Structural lesions were more common among women and patients under 45 years old. Favorable outcomes were observed in 61% of patients with structural lesions, compared to 10% of patients with medication-related etiologies. Conclusion This study provides important evidence regarding the etiological classification of Brazilian patients with ICH. Hypertension and amyloid angiopathy were the most frequent causes, while structural lesions and systemic diseases were more common in younger patients.

Resumo Antecedentes Compreender as causas da hemorragia intracerebral (HIC) é crucial para o tratamento eficaz e prevenção de recorrências. A escala SMASH-U é um método sugerido para classificar e prever os resultados da HIC. Objetivo Descrever a classificação SMASH-U e os resultados por etiologia em pacientes admitidos em um centro de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de pacientes admitidos no hospital ou ambulatório entre abril de 2015 e janeiro de 2018. Dois neurologistas especializados em doenças cerebrovasculares avaliaram a classificação SMASH-U e pacientes com prontuários incompletos foram excluídos. Resultados Dos 2000 pacientes com diagnóstico de AVC avaliados, 140 foram incluídos na análise final. A idade média foi de 57,9 (±15,5) anos e 54,3% eram do sexo masculino. A hipertensão foi a etiologia mais frequente, correspondendo a 41,4% dos casos, seguida pela angiopatia amiloide (18,5%) e lesões estruturais (14,1%). As lesões estruturais foram mais comuns em mulheres e pacientes com menos de 45 anos. Resultados favoráveis foram observados em 61% dos pacientes com lesões estruturais, em comparação com 10% dos pacientes com etiologias relacionadas a medicamentos. Conclusão Este estudo fornece evidências importantes sobre a classificação etiológica de pacientes brasileiros com HIC. A hipertensão e a angiopatia amiloide foram as causas mais frequentes, enquanto lesões estruturais e doenças sistêmicas foram mais comuns em pacientes mais jovens.

Intracranial hemorrhages in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review of the literature, regarding six cases in an Amazonian population / Hemorragias intracranianas em pacientes com COVID-19: uma revisão sistemática da literatura, a propósito de seis casos na população amazônica

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a public health emergency worldwide, predominantly affecting the respiratory tract. However, evidence supports the involvement of extrapulmonary sites, including reports of intracranial hemorrhages. Objective To describe six original cases and review the literature on intracranial hemorrhages in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by molecular methods. Methods A systematic literature review was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, and NCBI electronic databases to identify eligible studies. Of the total 1,624 articles retrieved, only 53 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results The overall incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 0.26%. In this patient group, the mean age was 60 years, and the majority were male (68%) with initial respiratory symptoms (73%) and some comorbidity. Before the diagnosis of hemorrhage, 43% of patients were using anticoagulants, 47.3% at therapeutic doses. The intraparenchymal (50%) was the most affected compartment, followed by the subarachnoid (34%), intraventricular (11%), and subdural (7%). There was a predominance of lobar over non-lobar topographies. Multifocal or multicompartmental hemorrhages were described in 25% of cases. Overall mortality in the cohort studies was 44%, while around 55% of patients were discharged from hospital. Conclusion Despite the unusual association, the combination of these two diseases is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, as well as more severe clinicoradiological presentations. Further studies are needed to provide robust evidence on the exact pathophysiology behind the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhages after COVID-19 infection.

Resumo Antecedentes A COVID-19 emergiu como uma emergência de saúde pública em todo o mundo, proporcionando lesão principalmente do trato respiratório. No entanto, várias evidências apontam para acometimento de sítios extrapulmonares, incluindo relatos de hemorragias intracranianas. Objetivo Descrever seis casos originais e revisar a literatura sobre hemorragias intracranianas em pacientes com diagnostico de COVID-19 por métodos moleculares. Métodos A revisão sistemática da literatura foi feita nas bases de dados eletrônicas da MEDLINE, PubMed e NCBI para identificar os estudos elegíveis. Do total de 1.624 artigos recuperados, apenas 53 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Resultados A incidência geral de hemorragia intracraniana nos pacientes internados por COVID-19 foi de 0,26%. A média de idade foi de 60 anos, e a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (68%) com sintomas respiratórios iniciais (73%) e alguma comorbidade. Antes do diagnóstico de hemorragia, 43% estavam em uso de anticoagulantes, 47,3% destes em doses terapêuticas. O compartimento mais acometido foi o intraparenquimatoso (50%), seguido do subaracnoideo (34%), intraventricular (11%) e subdural (7%). Houve predomínio de topografias lobares sobre as não-lobares. Hemorragias multifocais ou multicompartimentais foram descritas em 25% dos casos. A mortalidade geral nos estudos de coorte foi de 44%, enquanto houve alta hospitalar em cerca de 55% dos pacientes. Conclusão Apesar da associação incomum, a combinação dessas doenças está relacionada com altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade, bem como apresentações clínico-radiológicas mais graves. Mais estudos são necessários para oferecer evidências robustas sobre a fisiopatologia exata por trás da ocorrência de hemorragias intracranianas após infecção por COVID-19.

Angina bolhosa hemorrágica: características clínicas, histopatológicas, diagnóstico e estratégias terapêuticas

Introdução: A angina bolhosa hemorrágica (ABH) é uma condição rara, benigna e geralmente assintomática, caracterizada pelo surgimento súbito de bolhas preenchidas com sangue nas superfícies mucosas da cavidade oral e orofaringe. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como propósito fornecer uma análise abrangente das características clínicas, etiológicas e histopatológicas da angina bolhosa hemorrágica, além de abordar métodos de diagnóstico e opções de tratamento. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma busca por artigos científicos publicados de 2010 a 2023, nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e ScienceDirect. Foram coletados artigos em inglês e português utilizando as palavras-chave "angina bolhosa hemorrágica", "estomatite bolhosa hemorrágica benigna", "hemorrhagic bullous angina" e "benign hemorrhagic bullous stomatitis". Conclusão: A ABH é escassamente documentada na literatura, com muitos dados ausentes ou subnotificados. Embora seja uma condição benigna com rápida evolução espontânea, o procedimento diagnóstico deve ser rigoroso para descartar outras possíveis lesões.

Introduction: Hemorrhagic bullous angina (ABH) is a rare, benign and generally asymptomatic condition, characterized by the sudden appearance of blisters filled with blood on the mucous surfaces of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Objective: This work aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical, etiological and histopathological characteristics of hemorrhagic bullous angina, in addition to addressing diagnostic methods and treatment options. Materials and methods: A search was carried out for scientific articles published from 2010 to 2023, in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and ScienceDirect databases. Articles were collected in English and Portuguese using the keywords "hemorrhagic bullous angina", "benign hemorrhagic bullous stomatitis", "hemorrhagic bullous angina" and "benign hemorrhagic bullous stomatitis". Conclusion: ABH is scarcely documented in the literature, with many data missing or underreported. Although it is a benign condition with rapid spontaneous evolution, the diagnostic procedure must be rigorous to rule out other possible lesions.

Nuevos paradigmas en la hemofilia / New paradigms in hemophilia

Resumen La hemofilia es una diátesis hemorrágica producida por la deficiencia hereditaria de un factor (proteína) de la coagulación sanguínea que afecta principalmente a los varones. Su grado de severidad puede variar desde casos con poco sangrado, hasta condiciones muy graves que en muchas ocasiones llevan a la muerte a los enfermos. Existen dos tipos de hemofilia: la A por carencia del factor VIII y la B por falta del factor IX. En este editorial se resume de manera global la situación actual de los avances de la hemofilia desde el punto de vista clínico y del laboratorio.

Abstract Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic diathesis that is caused by the hereditary deficiency of a factor (protein) of blood clotting and that affects mainly men. Its degree of severity can vary from cases with little bleeding, to very serious conditions that often lead to death. There are two types of hemophilia, A for lack of factor VIII, and B for lack of factor IX. This editorial summarizes the current state of progress of hemophilia from the clinical and laboratory point of view.

Variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz en pacientes hospitalizados con trauma hemorrágico / Predictors of Early Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Hemorrhagic Trauma

Introducción: La enfermedad traumática grave es la sexta causa de muerte a nivel mundial, un elevado porcentaje de fallecidos se atribuye a hemorragias no controladas. En Cuba se carece de estudios sobre variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz en pacientes hospitalizados con trauma hemorrágico. Objetivo: Identificar variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz en pacientes hospitalizados con trauma hemorrágico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, que incluyó 207 pacientes con trauma hemorrágico, en el Hospital General Provincial Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus, En el período comprendido entre los años 2012 y 2017. Las variables se agruparon en sociodemográficas, enfermedades crónicas, mecanismo lesional, tipo de trauma, localización topográfica, complicaciones precoces, tratamiento médico-quirúrgico y mortalidad precoz. Se elaboró un modelo de regresión logística binaria mediante el método hacia delante de Wald. Resultados: El porcentaje global del modelo de regresión logística mostró la relación entre lo pronosticado respecto a lo observado en un 94,6 por ciento. Los predictores explicaron el 83,8 por ciento de la variabilidad de la variable dependiente. Se determinaron cinco variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz, hipertensión arterial, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, hepatopatía crónica, coagulopatía aguda e hipotermia. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las enfermedades crónicas como la hipertensión arterial, la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y las hepatopatías crónicas, asociadas a la coagulopatía aguda e hipotermia fueron identificadas como variables predictoras de muerte precoz en pacientes hospitalizados por trauma hemorrágico(AU)

Introduction: Severe traumatic disease is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide, high percentage of deaths is ascribed to uncontrolled bleeding. There are no studies in Cuba on predictive variables of early mortality in hospitalized patients with hemorrhagic trauma. Objective: To identify predictive variables of early mortality in hospitalized patients with hemorrhagic trauma. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out, which included 207 patients with hemorrhagic trauma, at Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial General Hospital in Sancti Spíritus, from 2012 to 2017. The variables were grouped into sociodemographic, diseases chronic, lesion mechanism, type of trauma, topographic location, early complications, medical-surgical treatment and early mortality. A binary logistic regression model was developed using the Wald forward method. Results: The global percentage of the logistic regression model showed the relationship between what was predicted with respect to what was observed in 94.6 por ciento. The predictors explained 83.8 por ciento of the variability of the dependent variable. Five predictors of early mortality, arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease, acute coagulopathy, and hypothermia were determined. Conclusions: It is concluded that chronic diseases such as arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic liver disease, associated with acute coagulopathy and hypothermia, were identified as predictors of early death in patients hospitalized for hemorrhagic trauma(AU).

Fiebre hemorrágica Argentina: comunicación de dos casos en zona no endémica / Argentine hemorrhagic fever: report of two cases in a non-endemic área

Resumen Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 38 años sin antecedentes personales relevantes, residente de Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, que consultó por fiebre, cefalea retroocular mialgias, ar tralgias y exantema maculopapular pruriginoso en dorso de manos y pies de 6 días de evolución. El laboratorio presentaba linfopenia, trombocitopenia grave y hepatitis anictérica. El cónyuge había cursado internación tres semanas antes por un cuadro de similares características sin diagnóstico etiológico. Posteriormente, la paciente evolucionó con metrorragia y petequias axilares asociados a fotofobia, somnolencia y temblor fino de la lengua, con líquido cefalorraquídeo normal, cumpliendo tratamiento con ceftriaxona 2 g/día intravenoso por 7 días. La tomografía computarizada de abdomen y pelvis evidenciaba un hematoma de pared abdominal izquierdo. Se derivaron muestras serológicas al Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui para virus dengue, leptospirosis y hantavirus con resultados no reactivos y RT-PCR de virus Junín que resultó positiva. Retrospectivamente se realizó el diagnóstico del cónyuge por detección de anticuerpos IgG para virus Junín por ELISA y prueba de neutralización. Ninguno de los dos casos presentaba un nexo epidemiológico claro. Nuestro objetivo es remarcar la importancia de la sospecha clínica fuera de áreas endémicas.

Abstract We present the case of a 38-year-old woman with no relevant medical history, resident of the City of Buenos Aires, who was admitted in hospital for presenting fever, retroocular headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and maculopapular pruritic rash on the back of the hands and feet of 6 days of evolution. Laboratory tests revealed lymphopenia, severe thrombocytopenia, and anicteric hepatitis. Her husband had been hospitalized three weeks earlier for a condition of similar characteristics without etiological diagnosis. Subsequently, it evolved with metrorrhagia and axillary petechiae associated with photophobia, drowsiness, and fine tremor of the tongue with normal cerebrospinal fluid, treated with intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g/day for 7 days. Computed tomography of abdomen and pelvis showed a left abdominal wall hematoma. Serological samples were sent to the National Institute of Human Viral Diseases Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui for dengue virus, leptospirosis and hantavirus with non-reactive results, and RT-PCR of Junín virus that was positive. Retrospectively, the spouse was diagnosed by detection of IgG antibodies to Junin virus by ELISA and neutralization tests. Neither of the two cases had a clear epidemiological link. Our aim is to highlight the importance of clinical suspicion outside of endemic areas.

Risco de choque em pacientes com hemorragia grave: caracterização e atuação do enfermeiro do trauma / Risk of shock in patients with severe hemorrhage: characterization and the trauma nurse role / Riesgo de choque en pacientes con hemorragia severo: caracterización y actuación de enfermeras de trauma

Objetivo: Apresentar as características clínicas dos pacientes vítimas de trauma que necessitaram de transfusão emergencial para uma abordagem do Diagnóstico de Enfermagem "Risco de Choque"; descrever a atuação da equipe de Enfermeiros do Trauma nesse contexto. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa. Os dados retratam o período de outubro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019, perfazendo um total de 447 pacientes com choque hemorrágico por trauma inseridos no Protocolo de Transfusão Maciça de um hospital público. Resultados: O "Risco de Choque" foi o diagnóstico de enfermagem prioritário nos pacientes com hemorragia grave por trauma. Houve predominância do sexo masculino, vítimas de politraumatismo em sua maioria, com idade entre 18 e 29 anos. 197 pacientes apresentaram líquido livre que foi detectado através do exame de ultrassom de emergência nos pacientes com trauma torácico ou abdominal. O Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência foi o meio utilizado por 378 pacientes para atendimento pré-hospitalar. Conclusão: A caracterização mostra a gravidade desses casos, com necessidade de transfusão maciça. O conhecimento desses fatores pela equipe multiprofissional de pacientes críticos com hemorragia grave associada ao trauma é fundamental, tornando-se necessária a abordagem do diagnóstico de enfermagem "risco de choque" pelo profissional Enfermeiro. (AU)

Objective: To present the clinical characteristics of the trauma patients who required emergency transfusion for an approach to the Nursing Diagnosis "Risk of Shock"; describe the role of the Trauma Nurses team in this context. Methods: This is a descriptive, retrospective study with a quantitative approach. The data portrays the period from October 2018 to December 2019, making up a total of 447 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock inserted in the Mass Transfusion Protocol of a public hospital. Results: There was a predominance of male subjects, victims polytrauma in that majority, aged between 18 and 29 years old. 197 patients had free fluid that was detected by emergency ultrasound examination in patients with chest or abdominal trauma. The Mobile Emergency Care Service was the resource used by 378 patients to the pre-hospital care. Conclusion: The characterization shows the severity of these cases, requiring massive transfusion. The knowledge of these factors by the multidisciplinary team of critically ill patients with severe hemorrhage associated with trauma is essential, making it necessary for the nursing professional to approach the nursing diagnosis "risk of shock". (AU)

Objetivo: Presentar las características clínicas de los pacientes traumatizados que requirieron transfusión urgente para el abordaje del Diagnóstico de Enfermería "Riesgo de Choque"; describir el papel del equipo de enfermeras de trauma en este contexto. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo con enfoque cuantitativo. Los datos retratan el período de octubre de 2018 a diciembre de 2019, lo que hace un total de 447 pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático insertado en el Protocolo de Transfusión Masiva de un hospital público. Resultados: El "Riesgo de Choque" fue el diagnóstico de enfermería prioritario en los pacientes con hemorragia por trauma severo. Predominó el sexo masculino, mayoritariamente víctimas de politraumatismos, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 29 años. 197 pacientes tenían líquido libre que fue detectado por el examen de ultrasonido de emergencia con traumatismo torácico o abdominal. El Servicio Móvil de Atención de Emergencias fue el medio utilizado por 378 pacientes para la atención prehospitalaria. Conclusión: La caracterización muestra la gravedad de estos casos, requiriendo transfusión masiva. El conocimiento de estos factores por parte del equipo multidisciplinario de pacientes críticos con hemorragia severa asociada a trauma es fundamental, por lo que es necesario que el profesional de enfermería aborde el diagnóstico de enfermería "riesgo de shock". (AU)

Características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático

Introducción: El choque hemorrágico traumático es una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con trauma grave. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó 207 pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Para la descripción de las características de los pacientes se consideraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Se realizó un análisis de frecuencias, con un nivel de significación de p< 0,05 y para las variables cuantitativas se estimó la media, desviación típica. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (85 % de los pacientes), con una edad media de 43,7 ± 15,7 años. El 42,5 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes eran hipertensos. Predominaron los accidentes de tránsito (63,2 %), los traumas contusos (57,5 %) y politraumatizados (42,5 %). La acidosis metabólica estuvo presente en 66,7 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes. La media del tiempo entre ingreso y tratamiento definitivo fue de 3,52 ± 1,19 horas El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño se aplicó en el 2,9 % y 5,4 % de los pacientes respectivamente. La muerte precoz fue de 30 %. Conclusiones: Predominaron los pacientes masculinos, menores de 60 años, las complicaciones precoces que tuvieron significación estadística y el tiempo entre ingreso y comienzo del tratamiento definitivo de 3 horas y más. El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño no se aplicó con frecuencia y la muerte precoz fue elevada.

Introduction: Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is one of the main causes of death in patients with severe trauma. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 207 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. To describe the characteristics of the patients, sociodemographic, clinical, and surgical variables were considered. A frequency analysis was performed, with a significance level of p<0.05 and for the quantitative variables the mean and standard deviation were estimated. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex (85% of the patients), with a mean age of 43.7 ± 15.7 years. 42.5% (p= 0.000) of the patients were hypertensive. Traffic accidents (63.2%), blunt trauma (57.5%) and polytraumatized (42.5%) predominated. Metabolic acidosis was present in 66.7% (p= 0.000) of the patients. The mean time between admission and definitive treatment was 3.52 ± 1.19 hours. Surgical medical treatment for damage control was applied in 2.9% and 5.4% of the patients, respectively. Early death was 30%. Conclusions: There was a predominance of male patients, under 60 years of age, more, and early complications that had statistical significance and the time between admission and the start of definitive treatment of 3 hours. Damage control surgical medical treatment was not frequently applied and early death was high.

Uso do ácido tranexâmico em usuários atendidos no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do distrito federal / Uso de ácido tranexámico en usuarios atentidos en servicio prehospitalario del aire píblico del distrito federal / Use of tranexamic acid in users served in federal district public air pre-hospital service

Objetivo:analisar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (TXA) no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do Distrito Federal. Método: estudo descritivo com delineamento transversal e abordagem. O estudo engloba a análise documental de dados secundários provenientes dos prontuários eletrônicos e fichas de atendimento do Serviço Aeromédico (SA) do Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: O correu redução no grau de choque e melhora dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos do momento Pré-Hospitalar (APH) para o intra-hospitalar após uso do TXA. Conclusão: observou-se no presente estudo que o uso do TXA associado a outras medidas de controle de hemorragia mostrou-se eficaz para melhora da condição hemodinâmica dos pacientes. A reposição volêmica dos pacientes ainda no período pré-hospitalar e demais medidas para contenção de hemorragia mostraram-se efetiva para reanimação em graus severos de choque. A administração do TXA no APH ocorreu na 1ª hora do atendimento com dosagem de 1g com melhora nos dos parâmetros clínicos.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the pre-hospital public air service in the Federal District. Method: descriptive study with cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The study encompasses the documentary analysis of secondary data from the electronic medical records and attendance sheets of the Aeromedical Service (SA) of the Federal District (DF). Results: There was a reduction in the degree of shock and improvement in hemodynamic parameters from the Pre-Hospital (APH) to the in-hospital moment after using TXA. Conclusion: it was observed in the present study that the use of TXA associated with other hemorrhage control measures proved to be effective in improving the hemodynamic condition of patients. Volemic resuscitation of patients in the pre-hospital period and other measures to contain bleeding proved to be effective for resuscitation in severe degrees of shock. The administration of TXA in the APH occurred in the 1st hour of care with a dosage of 1g, with improvement in the clinical parameters.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el uso del ácido tranexámico (TXA) en el servicio público aéreo prehospitalario en el Distrito Federal. Método: estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. El estudio abarca el análisis documental de datos secundarios de las historias clínicas electrónicas y planillas de asistencia del Servicio Aeromédico (SA) del Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: Hubo una reducción en el grado de shock y mejoría en los parámetros hemodinámicos desde el momento Pre-Hospitalario (HAP) hasta el intrahospitalario después de utilizar ATX. Conclusión: se observó en el presente estudio que el uso de ATX asociado a otras medidas de control de la hemorragia demostró ser eficaz en la mejoría del estado hemodinámico de los pacientes. La reanimación volémica de pacientes en el período prehospitalario y otras medidas para contener el sangrado demostraron ser efectivas para la reanimación en grados severos de shock. La administración de TXA en el HAP se produjo en la 1a hora de atención con dosis de 1g, con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos(AU)

Uso do ácido tranexâmico em usuários atendidos no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do distrito federal / Use of tranexamic acid in users served in federal district public air pre-hospital service

Objective: to analyze the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the pre-hospital public air service in the Federal District. Method: descriptive study with cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The study encompasses the documentary analysis of secondary data from the electronic medical records and attendance sheets of the Aeromedical Service (SA) of the Federal District (DF). Results: There was a reduction in the degree of shock and improvement in hemodynamic parameters from the Pre-Hospital (APH) to the in-hospital moment after using TXA. Conclusion: it was observed in the present study that the use of TXA associated with other hemorrhage control measures proved to be effective in improving the hemodynamic condition of patients. Volemic resuscitation of patients in the pre-hospital period and other measures to contain bleeding proved to be effective for resuscitation in severe degrees of shock. The administration of TXA in the APH occurred in the 1st hour of care with a dosage of 1g, with improvement.(AU)

Objetivo:analisar o uso do ácido tranexâmico (TXA) no serviço pré-hospitalar aéreo público do Distrito Federal. Método: estudo descritivo com delineamento transversal e abordagem. O estudo engloba a análise documental de dados secundários provenientes dos prontuários eletrônicos e fichas de atendimento do Serviço Aeromédico (SA) do Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: O correu redução no grau de choque e melhora dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos do momento Pré-Hospitalar (APH) para o intra-hospitalar após uso do TXA. Conclusão: observou-se no presente estudo que o uso do TXA associado a outras medidas de controle de hemorragia mostrou-se eficaz para melhora da condição hemodinâmica dos pacientes. A reposição volêmica dos pacientes ainda no período pré-hospitalar e demais medidas para contenção de hemorragia mostraram-se efetiva para reanimação em graus severos de choque. A administração do TXA no APH ocorreu na 1ª hora do atendimento com dosagem de 1g com melhora nos dos parâmetros clínicos.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el uso del ácido tranexámico (TXA) en el servicio público aéreo prehospitalario en el Distrito Federal. Método: estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. El estudio abarca el análisis documental de datos secundarios de las historias clínicas electrónicas y planillas de asistencia del Servicio Aeromédico (SA) del Distrito Federal (DF). Resultados: Hubo una reducción en el grado de shock y mejoría en los parámetros hemodinámicos desde el momento Pre-Hospitalario (HAP) hasta el intrahospitalario después de utilizar ATX. Conclusión: se observó en el presente estudio que el uso de ATX asociado a otras medidas de control de la hemorragia demostró ser eficaz en la mejoría del estado hemodinámico de los pacientes. La reanimación volémica de pacientes en el período prehospitalario y otras medidas para contener el sangrado demostraron ser efectivas para la reanimación en grados severos de shock. La administración de TXA en el HAP se produjo en la 1ª hora de atención con dosis de 1g, con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos.(AU)

Risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis in children with β-thalassemia major after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in children with β-thalassemia major (TM) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of 247 children with TM who underwent allo-HSCT at Shenzhen Children's Hospital from January 2021 to November 2022. The children were divided into an HC group (91 cases) and a non-HC group (156 cases) based on whether HC occurred after operation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for HC, and the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the predictive efficacy of related factors for HC.@*RESULTS@#Among the 247 TM patients who underwent allo-HSCT, the incidence of HC was 36.8% (91/247). Univariate analysis showed age, incompatible blood types between donors and recipients, occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), positive urine BK virus deoxyribonucleic acid (BKV-DNA), and ≥2 viral infections were associated with the development of HC after allo-HSCT (P<0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that incompatible blood types between donors and recipients (OR=3.171, 95%CI: 1.538-6.539), occurrence of aGVHD (OR=2.581, 95%CI: 1.125-5.918), and positive urine BKV-DNA (OR=21.878, 95%CI: 9.633-49.687) were independent risk factors for HC in children with TM who underwent allo-HSCT. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that positive urine BKV-DNA alone or in combination with two other risk factors (occurrence of aGVHD, incompatible blood types between donors and recipients) had a certain accuracy in predicting the development of HC after allo-HSCT (area under the curve >0.8, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Incompatible blood types between donors and recipients, occurrence of aGVHD, and positive urine BKV-DNA are risk factors for HC after allo-HSCT in children with TM. Regular monitoring of urine BKV-DNA has a positive significance for early diagnosis and treatment of HC.

Effects of acupuncture on hemorrhagic transformation and motor function in stroke patients after intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA: a prospective cohort study / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of the Xingnao Kaiqiao (regaining consciousness and opening orifices) acupuncture on hemorrhagic transformation and limb motor function after intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in stroke patients.@*METHODS@#A total of 130 stroke patients after rt-PA thrombolytic were divided into an acupuncture group (58 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a non-acupuncture group (72 cases, 7 cases dropped off) according to whether they received acupuncture treatment. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match each group, with 38 patients in each group. The patients in the non-acupuncture group received rt-PA thrombolytic therapy and western medical basic treatment. In addition to the basic treatment, the patients in the acupuncture group received Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture at Shuigou (GV 26), bilateral Neiguan (PC 6), and ipsilateral Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Chize (LU 5), once a day for 14 days. The incidence of hemorrhagic transformation within 30 days after onset was compared between the two groups. The Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) score and activities of daily living (ADL) score were observed at baseline and 30 days, 6 months, 1 year after onset in the two groups. The disability rate at 6 months and 1 year after onset was recorded, and safety was evaluated in both groups.@*RESULTS@#The incidence of hemorrhagic transformation in the acupuncture group was 5.3% (2/38), which was lower than 21.1% (8/38) in the non-acupuncture group (P<0.05). At 30 days, 6 month, and 1 year after onset, the FMA and ADL scores of both groups were higher than those at baseline (P<0.01), and the scores in the acupuncture group were higher than those in the non-acupuncture group (P<0.01). The disability rate in the acupuncture group at 1 year after onset was 10.5% (4/38), which was lower than 28.9% (11/38) in the non-acupuncture group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture method could reduce the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation in stroke patients after intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA, improve their motor function and daily living ability, and reduce the long-term disability rate.

Mechanism of Hirudo in Treatment of Stroke： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Stroke is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases， including hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke. From a modern medical perspective， stroke is caused by cerebrovascular damage or embolism leading to impaired blood circulation. From the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） perspective， the pathogenesis of this disease is mainly due to the disorder of Qi and blood， which ascend to the brain， causing either blood extravasation or blockage of brain collaterals. Stasis is a pathological factor that runs throughout the entire course of stroke， and the method of promoting blood circulation and resolving stasis has been a core treatment for stroke for a long time. Hirudo， as a traditional insect drug， has shown good effects in promoting blood circulation and resolving stasis. Modern pharmacological research has confirmed that Hirudo contains anticoagulant components， which provide significant advantages in dissolving thrombi in ischemic stroke and facilitating hematoma absorption in hemorrhagic stroke. Hirudo and its related preparations have been proven to exert an anti-stroke effect through anticoagulation， anti-thrombosis， and protection of vascular endothelium. As a result， they have been widely used in the treatment of stroke. This article explored the theoretical basis and research status of using Hirudo for treating stroke based on its main active components and hemostatic properties and summarized the current research status of commonly used Hirudo-based formulations and preparations， aiming to provide references for the involvement of Hirudo in stroke treatment.

Effects of heat waves and cold spells on the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke / 预防医学

Objective@#To examine the impact of heat waves and cold spells on the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke, so as to provide insights into prevention of hemorrhagic stroke.@*Methods@#Data pertaining to the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in Zibo City from 2015 to 2019 were collected from Shandong Provincial Management Information System for Chronic Diseases and Cause of Death Surveillance, and the meteorological data during the period from 2015 to 2019 were captured from National Meteorological Information Center of China. The air quality index (AQI) was collected from the National Daily Report of Urban Air Quality in China. Heat wave was defined as the highest daily temperature that was no less than the 90th percentile (P90), P92.5, P95 and P97.5 of the highest daily temperature in the warm season for at least 2, 3 or 4 days, and cold spell was defined as the lowest daily temperature that was no more than the P10, P7.5, P5 and P2.5 of the lowest daily temperature in the cold season for at least 2, 3 or 4 days. The effect of heat waves and cold spells on the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke was evaluated using a generalized additive model and described with relative risk (RR) and its 95%CI.@*Results@#A total of 8 844 case with first-onset hemorrhagic stroke were recorded in Zibo City from 2015 to 2019. The lowest daily temperature that was no more than P10, P7.5 or P5 of the lowest daily temperature in the cold season for at least two days, or that was no more than P10 or P7.5 of the lowest daily temperature for at least 3 days resulted a remarkably increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (lowest RR=1.187, 95%CI: 1.031-1.366; highest RR=1.242, 95%CI: 1.042-1.480), and after adjusting the effect of daily mean temperature, the lowest daily temperature that was no more than P10 or P7.5 of the lowest daily temperature in the cold season for at least two days, or that was no more than P10 of the lowest daily temperature for at least 3 days resulted a remarkably increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (lowest RR=1.236, 95%CI: 1.009-1.513; highest RR=1.274, 95%CI: 1.023-1.585). However, there was no significant association between heat waves and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.@*Conclusion@#Cold spells may increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, while no significant association is examined between heat waves and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

Investigation and analysis of antibody level of 153 patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Dongguan City / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the changes of antibody levels in positive patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever(EHF) in Dongwan, and to provide effective theoretical guidance for the prevention . Methods From January 2018 to April 2022, the antibody test and general sociological characteristics, such as age, sex, occupation of 153 patients who were confirmed to be positive for serum EHF antibody by establishing infectious disease report cards were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using t test and 2test. Results Among of 153 patients , 70 were IgG positive, and the antibody positive rate was 45.75%. There was no significant difference in IgG antibody positive rate between EHF patients of different gender（χ2=0.165，P=0.685）. Commercial services (76.90%), workers (34.10%), unemployed or retired (44.10%) had the highest antibody positive rate. The IgG positive rate of EHF patients in different age groups was different. The antibody positive rate was the highest in the age group of 25-35 years old, and the antibody positive rate was lower in the age group of 60 years old and later. Among the 153 patients, the IgG antibody positive rate of the patients with onset in December, January and February was the highest, reaching 60.71% and 66.67% respectively. The IgG antibody positive rate of the patients with onset in April September was lower（ χ2=14.366，P=0.021）. Conclusion The positive rate of IgG antibody in EHF patients in Dongguan was high, which was related to occupation, age and time of onset; It is necessary to strengthen vaccination for this group of people to improve the antibody immunity level.