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Objective:To explore the current practice of head nurses′ human caring for patients at home and abroad, and integrate those effective measures and effect evaluation methods, so as to provide reference for nursing administrators.Methods:A framework was built on the scope review method proposed by Arksey and O′Malley, and such search terms as head nurse/nursing administrator, human caring/care/human-based, sick person/patient, nursing supervisory/charge nurse/head nurse/nurse administrator/nurse manager/nurse executive, empathy/care/compassion, patient/client were used. CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP, Chinese Medical Association Journal Full-text Database, Medical Knowledge Network (PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, OVID, EBSCO) and the Cochrane Library were searched from their initiation to November 29, 2022. Two researchers independently screened and extracted basic characteristics of the literature, as well as the measures used by the head nurses to implement human caring for patients and the effect evaluation tools.Results:A total of 57 articles were included. This paper reviewed the measures of human caring for patients at both levels of head nurses as direct caregivers and as organizers.The measures at the level of direct caregivers included implementing human caring in their ward rounds, creating a caring atmosphere, setting up a head nurse reception day, interviewing the care needs of patients and their families, innovating working methods based on the perspective of human caring, and caring communication with patients and their families; measures at the level of organizers included building a nursing human caring mode with specialist characteristics, building a human caring mode for different patient groups, strengthening the training of nurses′ human caring ability and literacy, building a caring environment and atmosphere, simplifying the nursing work process, and establishing a continuous and diversified nurse-patient communication mode, continuing human caring for discharged patients, organizing participation of nurses in social practices of human caring, setting up caring posts, and conducting care supervision and quality control. Patient satisfaction survey was used to evaluate the practical effects of human caring, but the evaluation objects were nurses or nursing services.Conclusions:Head nurses play an important role in the implementation of human caring, and a variety of measures can be taken to directly or indirectly implement human caring for patients. It is suggested to build more human caring modes to cover more specialties and patient groups, and improve the patient satisfaction evaluation tools with head nurses as the evaluation object.
RESUMEN
Resumo: Introdução: O cuidado realizado no domicílio tende a ser mais próximo e orientado às singulares e necessidades dos usuários, que permanecem inseridos em seu contexto de vida, e possibilita inter-relações efetivas entre profissional de saúde, paciente e família. O ser que vivência o cuidado domiciliar deve ser entendido como o protagonista e definidor do seu projeto terapêutico, que assumi a centralidade na produção do seu cuidado, entretanto, pouca voz é dada a este ator para expressar suas opções, sentimentos e experiências vivenciadas. A teoria do cuidado humano, referencial teórico desta tese, propõem que o cuidado transpessoal favorece o crescimento pessoal significativo por meio da ajuda, confiança e liberdade, e promove restauração e integralidade de corpo, mente e espírito como uma unidade, em um processo no qual paciente e profissional de saúde une força para transpor uma situação. Assim, defende-se a tese de que o cuidado domiciliar é desenvolvido em um contexto de reconstituição, no momento do cuidado, e possível pela busca de uma inter-relação transpessoal singular entre quem cuida e quem é cuidado. Objetivos: Desenvolver uma teoria substantiva representativa da vivência do cuidado domiciliar no Brasil e Portugal e propor ações para a prática de enfermagem que conduzam à interação transpessoal com o paciente. Metodologia: Grounded Theory desenvolvida na região sul do Brasil junto a um Serviço de Atendimento Domiciliar e no cenário português junto a uma Unidade Local de Saúde na região do Porto. Os dados foram coletados no período de fevereiro de 2016 a novembro de 2017. A seleção dos participantes foi realizada pela amostragem teórica entre os grupos amostrais: pacientes, familiares cuidadores e profissionais de saúde. A amostra foi constituída por 53 participantes (28 brasileiros e 25 portugueses). A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada em profundidade. Para análise e organização dos dados utilizou-se a elaboração de memorandos, diagramas e o software QSR Nvivo 10. A codificação seguiu o modelo glasseriano que ocorre em duas fases: codificação substantiva e teórica, subdividindo-se a primeira em codificação aberta e seletiva. Na codificação teórica evidenciou a interrelação dos conceitos por meio do código teórico família interativa e seis Cs. Resultados: Após o estabelecimento dos dois modelos teóricos (brasileiro e português) realizou-se a integração dos conceitos, especificando propriedade e dimensões aos elementos de sustentação que culminou na teoria substantiva cujo conceito central é "Buscando o cuidado domiciliar transpessoal" causada por "Principiando o cuidado domiciliar" que tem como condição interveniente "Tendo o suporte para o cuidado domiciliar", está inserido no contexto de "Suscitando um ambiente de reconstituição", cuja a consequência é "Concebendo o momento do cuidado". Como contribuições para o desenvolvimento de interações transpessoais no cuidado domiciliar apresenta-se a integração com o ensino por meio de um plano, o uso de modelo de cuidado específico, a utilização de guia prático para o desenvolvimento do cuidado transpessoal e a aplicação de escalas para a avaliação das práticas transpessoais domiciliares. Considerações Finais: Uma situação de desarmonia do copo, mente e/ou espirito pode levar o ser humano, autônomo e livre, a viver em um ambiente restrito domiciliar, dependente de outras pessoas e submetido ao fazer técnico científico das profissões de saúde. No desenvolvimento deste estudo buscou-se saber como estes seres únicos e singulares, presentes no mundo, cuja a possibilidade de falar sobre suas experiências foi proporcionada, agiam, sentiam, experienciavam e enfrentavam o cuidado domiciliar. Estas experiências somada a teoria do cuidado humano proporcionam fundamentação teórica e prática para o desenvolvimento da enfermagem domiciliar.
Abstract: Introduction: Home care tends to be more oriented to users' singularities and needs, who remain within their living context, and enables effective interrelationships between health professionals, patients and families. The being experiencing home care must be understood as the protagonist and designer of his/her therapeutic projects, taking over the centrality in care delivery, however, little voice is provided to that actor to express his/her options, feelings and lived experiences. The Theory of Human Caring, theoretical background of this thesis, claims that the transpersonal caring fosters meaningful personal growth by means of help/trust/freedom, and promotes the restoration and integrality of body, mind and spirit as a unit, in a process where patients and health professionals join to overcome a situation. Thus, it is advocated the thesis that home care is developed in a context of reconstitution, during the moment of caring, and it is possible by means of searching for a singular transpersonal interrelationship between the one who cares, and the one who is cared. Objectives: to develop a substantive theory, representative of the home care in Brazil and Portugal; and to propose actions for nursing practice, which lead to the transpersonal interaction with patients. Methodology: Grounded Theory developed in Southern Brazil at a Home Care service, and in Portuguese settings at a local healthcare unit in the region of Porto. Data were collected between February 2016 and July 2017. The selection of the research participants was carried out by means of theoretical sampling among the sample groups: patients, family caregivers and health professionals. Sampling comprised 53 participants (28 Brazilian and 25 Portuguese subjects). Data collection was held by means of in-depth semi-structured interview. For data analysis and organization, the elaboration of memos, diagrams and QSR Nvivo 10 software were used. Coding was grounded in Glaser model, being held in two steps: substantive and theoretical coding, the former subdivided in open and selective coding. In the theoretical coding, the relations were evidenced by means of the theoretical interactive coding family and the six Cs. Results: After establishing both theoretical models (Brazilian and Portuguese), concept integration was carried out, attributing property and dimensions to the supporting elements, culminating with the final substantive theory titled "Searching for transpersonal home caring" caused by "Beginning home care", which has "Having the support for home care" as the intervention condition, inserted in the context of "Fostering a reconstitution environment," whose consequence is "Conceiving the caring moment." A teaching plan, the use of a specific caring model, the use of a practical guide for the development of the transpersonal caring, and application of scales to assess home care transpersonal practices are the proposed contributions to the development of transpersonal home caring interactions. Final Considerations: An imbalancing situation of body, mind and/or spirit may lead autonomous, free human beings to live in a restricted household environment, dependent on others, and submitted to the technical performance of healthcare professions. During the development of this study, it was objectified the realization of how such unique and singular beings, present in the world, who were provided with the possibility to talk about their experiences, would act, feel, experience and cope with home care. Such experiences, in addition to the Theory of Human Caring, provide theoretical and practical grounding for the development of home care nursing.
Resumen: Introducción: El cuidado realizado en el domicilio tiende a ser más próximo y orientado a las singularidades y necesidades de los usuarios, que permanecen dentro de su contexto de vida, y posibilita interrelaciones efectivas entre el profesional de salud, el paciente y la familia. El ser que vivencia el cuidado domiciliar debe ser entendido como el protagonista y definidor de su proyecto terapéutico, que asume la centralidad en la producción de su cuidado, sin embargo, a este actor le es dada poca voz para expresar sus opciones, sentimientos y experiencias vividas. La teoría del cuidado humano, referencial o marco teórico de esta tesis, propone que el cuidado transpersonal favorece el crecimiento personal significativo por medio de la ayuda, confianza y libertad, así como también promueve la restauración e integralidad de cuerpo, mente y espíritu como una unidad, en un proceso en el que el paciente y el profesional de salud unen fuerzas para transponer una situación. Así, se defiende la tesis de que el cuidado domiciliar se desarrolla en un contexto de reconstitución, en el momento del cuidado, y es posible por la búsqueda de una interrelación transpersonal singular entre quien cuida y quien es cuidado. Objetivos: Desarrollar una teoría sustantiva representativa de la vivencia del cuidado domiciliar en Brasil y Portugal, y proponer acciones para la práctica de enfermería que conduzcan a la interacción transpersonal con el paciente. Metodología: Grounded Theory desarrollada en la región sur de Brasil en un Servicio de Atendimiento Domiciliar y en el escenario portugués en una Unidad Local de Salud en la región de Porto. La recolección de datos se produjo durante el período de febrero de 2016 a noviembre de 2017. La selección de los participantes se realizó a través de muestreo teórico entre los grupos muestrales: pacientes, familiares cuidadores y profesionales de salud. La muestra la constituyeron 53 participantes (28 brasileños y 25 portugueses). La recolección de datos se realizó por medio de entrevista semiestructurada en profundidad. Para el análisis y organización de los datos se utilizó la elaboración de memorandos, diagramas y el software QSR Nvivo 10. La codificación siguió el modelo glasseriano que consta de dos fases: codificación sustantiva y teórica, con subdivisión de la primera en codificación abierta y selectiva. En la codificación teórica se evidenció la interrelación de los conceptos por medio del código teórico familia interactiva y seis Cs. Resultados: Después de establecer los dos modelos teóricos (brasileño y portugués) se realizó la integración de los conceptos, especificando propiedad y dimensiones de los elementos de sustentación, lo que culminó en la teoría sustantiva final intitulada: "Buscando el cuidado domiciliar transpersonal" causada por "Iniciando el cuidado domiciliar" que tiene como condición interviniente "Teniendo el soporte para el cuidado domiciliar", está inserido en el contexto de "Suscitando un ambiente de reconstitución", cuya consecuencia es "Concibiendo el momento del cuidado". Como contribuciones para el desarrollo de interacciones transpersonales en el cuidado domiciliar se presenta la integración con la enseñanza por medio de un plan, el uso de modelo de cuidado específico, la utilización de guía práctica para el desarrollo del cuidado transpersonal y la aplicación de escalas para la evaluación de las prácticas transpersonales domiciliares. Conclusiones: Una situación de desarmonía del cuerpo, mente y/o espíritu puede llevar al ser humano, autónomo y libre, a vivir en un ambiente restringido domiciliar, dependiente de otras personas y sometido a los quehaceres técnicos de las profesiones de salud. Durante el desarrollo de este estudio se procuró saber cómo estos seres únicos y singulares, presentes en el mundo, a quienes se les proporcionó la posibilidad de hablar sobre sus experiencias, actuaban, sentían, experimentaban y enfrentaban el cuidado domiciliar. Estas experiencias sumadas a la teoría del cuidado humano proporcionan fundamentación teórica y práctica para el desarrollo de la enfermería domiciliar.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Familia , Cuidadores , Personas Imposibilitadas , Cuidados de Enfermería en el Hogar , Teoría Fundamentada , Servicios de Atención de Salud a DomicilioRESUMEN
Based on the outpatient interview and literature review,the initial framework of the outpatient experience of human caring scale was formed with 9 dimensions of outpatient process.The research aim was to improve the scale by Delphi method.Sixteen experts in medical management,human caring or medical education were invited to evaluate the importance of the dimensions and items of the scale and provided some expertise via filling out the Delphi consultation questionnaires twice in the consulting round.In the first round,the recovery rate showing the experts' positivity was 80％;the coefficient of reliability (Cr) ascertaining the authority of the evaluation was 0.92;the mean and full mark ratios responding the concentration of the evaluation were 2.88-4.94 and 6.25％-93.75％ respectively;the coefficients of variation (CV) and the Kendall's W determining the concordance of the evaluation were 5.06％-52.15％ and 0.21-0.24 respectively.In the second round,the recovery rate was 93.75％;the Cr was 0.93;the mean was 3.93-4.93;the full mark ratios were 26.67％-93.33％;the Kendall's W was 0.14-0.31,the CV was 5.25％-23.61％.Via the two-round Delphi study,the scale that included 10 dimensions and 61 items has been improved.Ten dimensions are pre-hospital medical service,guidance,registration,waiting,diagnosis & treatment,paying,inspection & assay,medicine receiving,therapy/injection/transfusion and global evaluation.It was concluded that Chinese scholars have paid high attention to human caring and outpatient experience.The experts have given high agreements about the dimensions which were established with Chinese outpatient process.The dimensions are different from the similar researches about outpatient experience study.In the future,it is necessary to survey the outpatients to test the construct validity,internal consistency reliability and others of the scale to improve the scale.
RESUMEN
Based on the outpatient interview and literature review,the initial framework of the outpatient experience of human caring scale was formed with 9 dimensions of outpatient process.The research aim was to improve the scale by Delphi method.Sixteen experts in medical management,human caring or medical education were invited to evaluate the importance of the dimensions and items of the scale and provided some expertise via filling out the Delphi consultation questionnaires twice in the consulting round.In the first round,the recovery rate showing the experts' positivity was 80％;the coefficient of reliability (Cr) ascertaining the authority of the evaluation was 0.92;the mean and full mark ratios responding the concentration of the evaluation were 2.88-4.94 and 6.25％-93.75％ respectively;the coefficients of variation (CV) and the Kendall's W determining the concordance of the evaluation were 5.06％-52.15％ and 0.21-0.24 respectively.In the second round,the recovery rate was 93.75％;the Cr was 0.93;the mean was 3.93-4.93;the full mark ratios were 26.67％-93.33％;the Kendall's W was 0.14-0.31,the CV was 5.25％-23.61％.Via the two-round Delphi study,the scale that included 10 dimensions and 61 items has been improved.Ten dimensions are pre-hospital medical service,guidance,registration,waiting,diagnosis & treatment,paying,inspection & assay,medicine receiving,therapy/injection/transfusion and global evaluation.It was concluded that Chinese scholars have paid high attention to human caring and outpatient experience.The experts have given high agreements about the dimensions which were established with Chinese outpatient process.The dimensions are different from the similar researches about outpatient experience study.In the future,it is necessary to survey the outpatients to test the construct validity,internal consistency reliability and others of the scale to improve the scale.
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It summarized the concept and the measurement of human caring, and introduced the concrete embodiment of human caring from three aspects. It analysed mainly the influence factors of human caring in China and put forward some thinkings and suggestions, in order to offer basis for nurse manager in carrying out human caring in future.
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Human Caring is part of the human condition and a way of Being Human. Caring is found throughout time. Moreover, the notion of caring in nursing has been a given throughout its history. In the past 3 decades or so, professional human caring has beenincreasingly acknowledged as the essence and core of professional nursing. This focus is evident in nursing practice, nursing theories, nursing curricula, and nursings philosophical and ethical perspective toward humanity and patient caring relationships. In this paper, I present the main tenets of works by means of which I have posited Caring as the disciplinary foundation for nursing and have put forward Caring Science as an evolved view of nursing and human sciences (WATSON,1979, 1985, 1999, 2005, 2008).
O cuidar humano é parte da condição humana e uma maneira de Ser Humano. Cuidar é algo que se faz presente ao longo do tempo. Além disso, a noção de cuidar em enfermagem tem sido tida por certa durante toda a sua história. Nas três últimas décadas, o cuidar humano profissional foi reconhecido cada vez mais como a essência e o núcleo da enfermagem profissional. O foco no cuidar é evidente na prática da enfermagem, nas teorias da enfermagem, nos currículos da enfermagem e na perspectiva filosófica e ética da enfermagem como relação à humanidade e aos relacionamentos de cuidado com os pacientes. Neste artigo, apresento os princípios dos trabalhos mais importantes nos quais postulei o Cuidar como o fundamento disciplinar da enfermagem e para propor a ciência do Cuidar como uma concepção avançada da enfermagem e das ciências humanas (WATSON, 1979, 1985, 1999, 2005, 2008).
El cuidar humano es parte de la condición humana y una manera de Ser Humano. El cuidar se presenta a través de la historia humana. Por otra parte, la noción de cuidar en el oficio de enfermería ha sido considerada su esencia a través de su historia. En lasúltimas 3 décadas, se ha reconocido cada vez más el cuidar humano profesional como la esencia y la base de la enfermería profesional. Este foco es evidente en la práctica de enfermería, las teorías de la enfermería, currículos de enfermería y la perspectiva filosófica y ética de la enfermería hacia la humanidad y las relaciones de cuidados con los pacientes. En este artículo, presento las principales bases de lostrabajos por medio de los cuales he postulado el cuidar como la fundación disciplinaria para la enfermería y he propuesto la ciencia del cuidar como una concepción más avanzada del cuidado y de las ciencias humanas (WATSON, 1979, 1985, 1999, 2005, 2008).