Asociación entre Glucemia inestable, tiempo de estancia y mortalidad de pacientes en estado críticos: Estudio de cohorte / Associação Entre Glicemia Instável, Tempo de Permanência e Mortalidade de Pacientes Críticos: Estudo de Coorte / Relationships between unstable Glycemia, Hospital Length Of Stay, and mortality In Critically Ill patients: A cohort study

Resumen Introducción: El control y la evaluación de los niveles glucémicos de pacientes en estado críticos es un desafío y una competencia del equipo de enfermería. Por lo que, determinar las consecuencias de esta durante la hospitalización es clave para evidenciar la importancia del oportuno manejo. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la glucemia inestable (hiperglucemia e hipoglucemia), el resultado de la hospitalización y la duración de la estancia de los pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo realizado con 62 pacientes a conveniencia en estado crítico entre marzo y julio de 2017. Se recogieron muestras diarias de sangre para medir la glucemia. Se evaluó la asociación de la glucemia inestable con la duración de la estancia y el resultado de la hospitalización mediante ji al cuadrado de Pearson. El valor de p<0.05 fue considerado significativo. Resultados: De las 62 personas participantes, 50 % eran hombres y 50 % mujeres. La edad media fue de 63.3 años (±21.4 años). La incidencia de glucemia inestable fue del 45.2 % y se asoció con una mayor duración de la estancia en la UCI (p<0.001) y una progresión a la muerte como resultado de la hospitalización (p=0.03). Conclusión: Entre quienes participaron, la glucemia inestable se asoció con una mayor duración de la estancia más prolongada y con progresión hacia la muerte, lo que refuerza la importancia de la actuación de enfermería para prevenir su aparición.

Resumo Introdução: O controle e avaliação dos níveis glicêmicos em pacientes críticos é um desafio e uma competência da equipe de enfermagem. Portanto, determinar as consequências da glicemia instável durante a hospitalização é chave para evidenciar a importância da gestão oportuna. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre glicemia instável (hiperglicemia e hipoglicemia), os desfechos hospitalares e o tempo de permanência dos pacientes em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Um estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado com 62 pacientes a conveniência em estado crítico entre março e julho de 2017. Foram coletadas amostras diariamente de sangue para medir a glicemia. A associação entre a glicemia instável com o tempo de permanência e o desfecho da hospitalização foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. O valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Das 62 pessoas participantes, 50% eram homens e 50% mulheres. A idade média foi de 63,3 anos (±21,4 anos). A incidência de glicemia instável foi de 45,2% e se associou a um tempo de permanência mais prolongado na UTI (p <0,001) e uma progressão para óbito como desfecho da hospitalização (p = 0,03). Conclusão: Entre os participantes, a glicemia instável se associou a um tempo mais longo de permanência e com progressão para óbito, enfatizando a importância da actuação da equipe de enfermagem para prevenir sua ocorrência.

Abstract Introduction: The control and evaluation of glycemic levels in critically ill patients is a challenge and a responsibility of the nursing team; therefore, determining the consequences of this during hospitalization is key to demonstrate the importance of timely management. Objective: To determine the relationship between unstable glycemia (hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia), hospital length of stay, and the hospitalization outcome of patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Methods: A prospective cohort study conducted with 62 critically ill patients by convenience sampling between March and July 2017. Daily blood samples were collected to measure glycemia. The correlation of unstable glycemia with the hospital length of stay and the hospitalization outcome was assessed using Pearson's chi-square. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 62 patients, 50% were male and 50% were female. The mean age was 63.3 years (±21.4 years). The incidence of unstable glycemia was 45.2% and was associated with a longer ICU stay (p<0.001) and a progression to death as a hospitalization outcome (p=0.03). Conclusion: Among critically ill patients, unstable glycemia was associated with an extended hospital length of stay and a progression to death, emphasizing the importance of nursing intervention to prevent its occurrence.

Association of blood groups/Rh and diabetes mellitus in Karachi city, Pakistan

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups or Rh and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the local population of eight (8) different towns of Karachi, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey was carried out in Karachi to have a practical observation of these towns during the period of 9 months from June 2019 to Feb. 2020. Out of eighteen (18) towns of Karachi, samples (N= 584) were collected from only eight (8) Towns of Karachi and gave a code-number to each town. Diabetic group sample was (n1=432) & pre-diabetes sample was (n2 =152). A standard Abbot Company Glucometer for Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) tests, standard blood anti sera were used for ABO/Rh blood type. Health assessment techniques were performed ethically by taking informed consent from all registered subjects. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. In our current study, the comparison of ABO blood groups frequencies between diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals were carried out. The percentage values of blood Group-B as given as: (32% in DM vs. 31% in pre-diabetics), followed by blood Group-O as: (18% in DM vs. 11% in pre-diabetics). Contrary to Group-B & O, blood Group-A and Group-AB were distribution percentage higher pre-diabetic as compared to DM patients, as given as: Group-A (32% in pre-diabetics vs. 26% in DM) & Group-AB (26% in pre-diabetics vs. 24% in diabetics patients). In addition, percentage distribution of Rh system was also calculated, in which Rh+ve Group was high and more common in DM patients as compared to pre-diabetics; numerically given as: Rh+ve Group (80% in DM vs. 72% in pre-diabetics). Different views and dimensions of the research topic were studied through literature support, some have found no any association and some established a positive association still some were not clear in making a solid conclusion. It is concluded that DM has a positive correlation with ABO blood groups, and people with Group-B have increased susceptibility to DM disease.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste estudo foi descobrir uma possível associação entre grupos sanguíneos ABO ou Rh e diabetes mellitus (DM) na população local de oito (8) diferentes cidades de Karachi, Paquistão. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento em Karachi para observação prática dessas cidades durante o período de 9 meses de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020.De dezoito (18) cidades de Karachi, as amostras (N = 584) foram coletadas de apenas oito (8) cidades de Karachi e deram um número-código para cada cidade. A amostra do grupo de diabéticos foi (n1 = 432) e a amostra de pré-diabetes foi (n2 = 152). Um glicômetro padrão da Abbot Company para testes de açúcar no sangue aleatório (RBS) e açúcar no sangue em jejum (FBS), antissoros de sangue padrão foram usados para o tipo de sangue ABO / Rh. As técnicas de avaliação de saúde foram realizadas de forma ética, tomando o consentimento informado de todos os indivíduos registrados. Finalmente, os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS versão 20.0.No presente estudo, foi realizada a comparação das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos ABO entre diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Os valores percentuais do sangue do Grupo-B são dados como: (32% em DM vs. 31% em pré-diabéticos), seguido pelo sangue do Grupo-O como: (18% em DM vs. 11% em pré-diabéticos). Ao contrário dos Grupos B e O, sangue do Grupo-A e Grupo-AB tiveram distribuição percentual maior de pré-diabéticos em comparação com pacientes com DM, dado como: Grupo-A (32% em pré-diabéticos vs. 26% em DM) e Grupo AB (26% em pré-diabéticos vs. 24% em pacientes diabéticos). Além disso, também foi calculada a distribuição percentual do sistema Rh, no qual o Grupo Rh + ve foi elevado e mais comum em pacientes com DM em comparação aos pré-diabéticos; dados numericamente como: Grupo Rh + ve (80% em DM vs. 72% em pré-diabéticos). Diferentes visões e dimensões do tema de pesquisa foram estudadas com o suporte da literatura, alguns não encontraram nenhuma associação e alguns estabeleceram uma associação positiva, embora alguns não estivessem claros em fazer uma conclusão sólida. Conclui-se que o DM tem correlação positiva com os grupos sanguíneos ABO, e as pessoas com o Grupo B têm maior suscetibilidade à doença DM.

Association of blood groups/Rh and diabetes mellitus in Karachi city, Pakistan / Associação de grupos sanguíneos/Rh e diabetes mellitus na cidade de Karchi, Paquistão

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups or Rh and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the local population of eight (8) different towns of Karachi, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey was carried out in Karachi to have a practical observation of these towns during the period of 9 months from June 2019 to Feb. 2020. Out of eighteen (18) towns of Karachi, samples (N= 584) were collected from only eight (8) Towns of Karachi and gave a code-number to each town. Diabetic group sample was (n1=432) & pre-diabetes sample was (n2 =152). A standard Abbot Company Glucometer for Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) tests, standard blood anti sera were used for ABO/Rh blood type. Health assessment techniques were performed ethically by taking informed consent from all registered subjects. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. In our current study, the comparison of ABO blood groups frequencies between diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals were carried out. The percentage values of blood Group-B as given as: (32% in DM vs. 31% in pre-diabetics), followed by blood Group-O as: (18% in DM vs. 11% in pre-diabetics). Contrary to Group-"B" & "O", blood Group-A and Group-AB were distribution percentage higher pre-diabetic as compared to DM patients, as given as: Group-A (32% in pre-diabetics vs. 26% in DM) & Group-AB (26% in pre-diabetics vs. 24% in diabetic's patients). In addition, percentage distribution of Rh system was also calculated, in which Rh+ve Group was high and more common in DM patients as compared to pre-diabetics; numerically given as: Rh+ve Group (80% in DM vs. 72% in pre-diabetics). Different views and dimensions of the research topic were studied through literature support, some have found no any association and some established a positive association still some were not clear in making a solid conclusion. It is concluded that DM has a positive correlation with ABO blood groups, and people with Group-B have increased susceptibility to DM disease.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste estudo foi descobrir uma possível associação entre grupos sanguíneos ABO ou Rh e diabetes mellitus (DM) na população local de oito (8) diferentes cidades de Karachi, Paquistão. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento em Karachi para observação prática dessas cidades durante o período de 9 meses de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020.De dezoito (18) cidades de Karachi, as amostras (N = 584) foram coletadas de apenas oito (8) cidades de Karachi e deram um número-código para cada cidade. A amostra do grupo de diabéticos foi (n1 = 432) e a amostra de pré-diabetes foi (n2 = 152). Um glicômetro padrão da Abbot Company para testes de açúcar no sangue aleatório (RBS) e açúcar no sangue em jejum (FBS), antissoros de sangue padrão foram usados ​​para o tipo de sangue ABO / Rh. As técnicas de avaliação de saúde foram realizadas de forma ética, tomando o consentimento informado de todos os indivíduos registrados. Finalmente, os dados foram analisados ​​pelo SPSS versão 20.0.No presente estudo, foi realizada a comparação das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos ABO entre diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Os valores percentuais do sangue do Grupo-B são dados como: (32% em DM vs. 31% em pré-diabéticos), seguido pelo sangue do Grupo-O como: (18% em DM vs. 11% em pré-diabéticos). Ao contrário dos Grupos "B" e "O", sangue do Grupo-A e Grupo-AB tiveram distribuição percentual maior de pré-diabéticos em comparação com pacientes com DM, dado como: Grupo-A (32% em pré-diabéticos vs. 26% em DM) e Grupo AB (26% em pré-diabéticos vs. 24% em pacientes diabéticos). Além disso, também foi calculada a distribuição percentual do sistema Rh, no qual o Grupo Rh + ve foi elevado e mais comum em pacientes com DM em comparação aos pré-diabéticos; dados numericamente como: Grupo Rh + ve (80% em DM vs. 72% em pré-diabéticos). Diferentes visões e dimensões do tema de pesquisa foram estudadas com o suporte da literatura, alguns não encontraram nenhuma associação e alguns estabeleceram uma associação positiva, embora alguns não estivessem claros em fazer uma conclusão sólida. Conclui-se que o DM tem correlação positiva com os grupos sanguíneos ABO, e as pessoas com o Grupo B têm maior suscetibilidade à doença DM.

Chorea Hyperglycemia Basal Ganglia Syndrome: A case report of a rare diabetes complication

Introduction@#We present a patient with long-standing uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) who developed sudden onset of choreiform movement, which rapidly resolved after insulin therapy and haloperidol.@*Case Description@#A 53-year-old Filipino male, with T2DM and hypertension for more than 10 years, presented with sudden onset of hyperkinetic, involuntary, non-patterned, continuous movements of the left upper and lower extremities. Investigations revealed severe hyperglycemia without acidemia and ketonuria. Cranial computed tomography scan showed hyperdensity on the right caudate and lentiform nuclei. On cranial magnetic resonance imaging, there was T1- weighted hyperintense and T2 - weighted hypointense signal involving the right putamen, globus pallidus and caudate. Cranial magnetic resonance angiography showed stenosis on the cavernous segment of the right internal carotid artery (ICA), left ICA and middle cerebral artery (MCA) junction, the A1 segment of the left anterior communicating artery and proximal P2 segments of the bilateral posterior cerebral arteries. The patient was managed with a basal-bolus insulin regimen to control the blood glucose and haloperidol to manage the extrapyramidal symptoms. Consequently, there was complete resolution of the involuntary movements. @*Conclusion@#This case illustrates the importance of a systematic approach to movement disorders and early recognition of this rare diabetes complication known as chorea hyperglycemia basal ganglia syndrome or diabetic striatopathy.

Medical education on hospital hyperglycemia improving knowledge and outcomes

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of medical education on hospital hyperglycemia on physician's technical knowledge and the quality of medical prescriptions, patient care, and clinical outcomes. Subjects and methods: The intervention included online classes and practical consultations provided by an endocrinologist to medical preceptors and residents of the Department of Internal Medicine. A pretest and a post-test (0 to 10 points) were applied before and after the intervention and patients medical records were reviewed before and after the intervention. The outcomes were improvement in medical knowledge, in the quality of prescriptions for patients in the clinical area, and clinical outcomes. Results: The global mean of correct answers improved with the intervention [before: 6.9 points (±1.7) versus after the intervention: 8.8 points (±1.5) (p < 0.001)]. The number of patients who did not have at least one blood glucose assessment during the entire hospitalization for acute illness decreased from 12.6% before to 2.6% (p < 0.001) after the intervention. There was also a significant reduction in hospital hypoglycemia rates (p < 0.026). The use of sliding-scale insulin as the main treatment was quite low before and after the intervention (2.2% and 0%). After 6 months, medical knowledge did not show significant reduction. Conclusion: Medical education on hospital hyperglycemia can improve medical knowledge and clinical outcomes for patients. The improvement in medical knowledge was maintained after 6 months.

Caracterización de las complicaciones intrahospitalarias de los estados hiperglucémicos en pacientes adultos internados en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá, Paraguay, en 2015-2022

Introducción: las complicaciones más graves de la diabetes mellitus son la cetoacidosis diabética y el estado hiperglucémico hiperosmolar, muchas veces se observan alteraciones clínicas y laboratoriales que abarcan los dos espectros y que denominamos estado mixto, representan cerca del 50% de las hospitalizaciones en el servicio de urgencias en pacientes diabéticos. Objetivo: determinar las complicaciones intrahospitalarias y los desenlaces de los estados hiperglucémicos en pacientes adultos internados en el Hospital Nacional, Itauguá, Paraguay, en el periodo 2015-2022. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño de cohortes retrospectivas. Se seleccionaron pacientes con diagnósticos de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y tipo 2, mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, agrupados en tres cohortes que corresponden a cada una de las descompensaciones agudas de la diabetes mellitus. La muestra estuvo conformada por 180 pacientes distribuidos en tres grupos de cohortes con 60 pacientes cada una. Resultados: 51% correspondió al sexo masculino. Se halló mayor desarrollo de eventos cardiovasculares, infecciones intrahospitalarias, requerimiento de cuidados intensivos y mortalidad en la cohorte con estado hiperosmolar. Conclusión: la cohorte con estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico se caracterizó por la mayor cantidad de complicaciones.

Introduction: The most serious complications of diabetes mellitus are diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Clinical and laboratory alterations are often observed that cover both spectrums and which we call a mixed state. They represent close to 50% of hospitalizations in the service. of emergencies in diabetic patients. Objective: To determine in-hospital complications and outcomes of hyperglycemic states in adult patients admitted to the Hospital Nacional, Itauguá, Paraguay, in the period 2015-2022. Methodology: A retrospective cohort design was applied. Male and female patients with diagnoses of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were over 18 years of age, were selected and grouped into three cohorts that corresponded to each of the acute decompensations of diabetes mellitus. The sample was made up of 180 patients distributed into three cohort groups with 60 patients each. Results: Fifty one percent were male. A greater development of cardiovascular events, hospital-acquired infections, intensive care requirements and mortality were found in the cohort with hyperosmolar state. Conclusion: the cohort with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state was characterized by the highest number of complications.

Combined administration of gallic acid and glibenclamide mitigate systemic complication and histological changes in the cornea of diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin

Purpose: To determine the effect of gallic acid or its combination with glibenclamide on some biochemical markers and histology of the cornea of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: Following induction of diabetes, 24 male albino rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. Groups 1 and 2 (control and diabetic) received rat pellets and distilled water; group 3 (gallic acid) received rat pellets and gallic acid (10 mg/kg, orally) dissolved in the distilled water; and group 4 (gallic acid + glibenclamide) received rat pellets, gallic acid (10 mg/kg, orally), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, orally) dissolved in the distilled water. The treatments were administered for three months after which the rats were sacrificed after an overnight fast. Blood and sera were collected for the determination of biochemical parameters, while their eyes were excised for histology. Results: STZ administration to the rats induced insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, microprotenuria, loss of weight, oxidative stress, inflammation, and alteration of their cornea histology, which was abolished following supplementation with gallic acid or its combination with glibenclamide. Conclusions: The study showed the potentials of gallic acid and glibenclamide in mitigating systemic complication and histological changes in the cornea of diabetic rats induced with STZ.

Hyperglycemia-induced hemichorea-hemiballismus syndrome - a systematic review

ABSTRACT Nonketotic hyperglycemia may occur as a cause of chorea in patients with chronic decompensated diabetes. Because it is rare and consequently poorly studied, diagnosis and treatment can be delayed. Therefore, our objective was to summarize clinical and radiological features, as well as treatments performed, from previously reported cases to facilitate adequate management in clinical practice. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS databases for studies published before April 23, 2021. We included case reports and case series of adults (aged ≥ 18 years) that described hyperglycemic chorea with measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Studies were excluded if participants were pregnant women, aged < 18 years, and had no description of chorea and/or physical examination. We found 121 studies that met the inclusion criteria, for a total of 214 cases. The majority of the included studies were published in Asia (67.3%). Most patients were women (65.3%) aged > 65 years (67.3%). Almost all patients had decompensated diabetes upon arrival at the emergency department (97.2%). The most common MRI finding was abnormalities of the basal ganglia (89.2%). There was no difference in patient recovery between treatment with insulin alone and in combination with other medications. Although rare, hyperglycemic chorea is a reversible cause of this syndrome; therefore, hyperglycemia should always be considered in these cases.

Insuficiencia pancreática endocrina transitoria secundaria a pancreatitis aguda necrotizante grave en una niña

Producto de una pancreatitis aguda (PA) puede haber una diabetes posterior o una hiperglicemia transitoria durante el episodio de PA. La incidencia de PA en edad pediátrica es de hasta 12,2 casos por 100 000 niños al año y sólo el 4 a 5% desarrollan luego diabetes. Con respecto a la hiperglicemia transitoria en niños, la información es escasa y no se ha hecho publicaciones al respecto en nuestro país. Se reporta el caso de una niña con hiperglicemia transitoria secundaria a una PA necrotizante grave. Es importante realizar un monitoreo constante de los niveles de glucosa y el tratamiento oportuno de la hiperglicemia en niños con PA ya que, al menos en adultos, se asocia a PA severa y mayor mortalidad.

As a result of acute pancreatitis (AP), there may be subsequent diabetes or transient hyperglycemia during the episode of AP. The incidence of AP in pediatric age is up to 12.2 cases per 100,000 children per year and only 4 to 5% later develop diabetes. Regarding transient hyperglycemia in children, information is scarce, and no publications have been made about it in our country. The case of a girl with transient hyperglycemia secondary to severe necrotizing AP is reported. It is important to constantly monitor glucose levels and timely manage hyperglycemia in children with AP since, at least in adults, it is associated with severe AP and higher mortality.

El control glicémico perioperatorio: principal factor en la disminución de complicaciones postoperatorias en pacientes diabéticos

La incidencia y prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus ha aumentado exponencialmente a nivel mundial en las últimas décadas. Los pacientes diabéticos presentan mayor probabilidad de sufrir graves complicaciones, en los procedimientos quirúrgicos en relación a la población general. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo, describir la repercusión del estado hiperglucémico perioperatorio en la etapa postoperatoria en pacientes diabéticos. Para el logro del objetivo planteado se realizó la consulta de diversas obras, que abarcan los resultados de investigación con diferentes modalidades relacionadas con la temática. Se pudo apreciar que la hiperglucemia perioperatoria se vincula con resultados adversos en pacientes a los que se les realiza cirugía general y que padecen diabetes mellitus, sin embargo, en los pacientes que se ha logrado control glicémico con terapia insulínica antes de la intervención, no presentaron mayor riesgo, que el que aparece en sujetos con buen control metabólico. La regulación de la glucosa en la etapa perioperatoria es un parámetro importante en el paciente diabético, que reduce considerablemente las complicaciones en los procedimientos quirúrgicos, las prolongadas estancias en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, e incluso, la muerte.

The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased exponentially worldwide in recent decades. Diabetic patients are more likely to suffer serious complications in surgical procedures compared to the general population. The objective of this article is to describe the repercussion of the perioperative hyperglycemic state in the post-surgical stage in diabetic patients. In order to achieve the stated objective, various works were consulted, which include the results of research with different modalities related to the subject. It was possible to appreciate that perioperative hyperglycemia is associated with adverse results in general surgery patients with diabetes mellitus, however, in patients who have achieved glycemic control with insulin therapy before the intervention, they did not present a greater risk than that which appears in subjects with good metabolic control. Glucose regulation in the perioperative stage is an important parameter in diabetic patients, which considerably reduces complications in surgical procedures, long stays in Intensive Care Units, and even death.

USPSTF and ISPAD Guidelines on Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents

The rising trends of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes in adults are worrisome globally. The majority of antecedents to adult noncommunicable diseases begin in childhood. Type 2 diabetes is recognized as one of the major diseases that contribute to the NCD burden in childhood. Recently, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) released their guidelines on diagnosis and management of prediabetes and diabetes in children targeted screening for youth-onset type 2 diabetes is suggested in at-risk children (obese, positive family history of type 2 diabetes, etc.), while the role of screening asymptomatic children is not substantiated. Obesity and insulin resistance are important risk factors for type 2 diabetes. The cutoffs of fasting plasma glucose for the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes are >100 to 125 and ?126 mg/dL, respectively. This update briefly summarizes the recommendations on screening for youth-onset prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Bi-directional screening for COVID-19, tuberculosis and diabetes in flu, DOTS and NCD clinics in a rural hospital in Northern India

Introduction: To assess the status of bi-directional screening for COVID-19, tuberculosis and diabetes among people attending Non-communicable Disease (NCD), Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS), and flu clinics of a secondary care hospital in rural northern India. Material and Methods: A cross?sectional, analytical study was conducted among the eligible (aged ?18 years) population who attended the study clinics in a rural sub-district hospital. In the flu clinic, consecutive patients were assessed for screening for TB (symptom-based) and diabetes (random blood sugar) and status of referral to DOTS and NCD clinics. Similarly, the screening for diabetes and COVID-19, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in the DOTS clinic, and TB and COVID-19 in the NCD clinic were assessed. The independent association of factors with COVID-19 positivity were assessed by calculating the adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Of the 405 people assessed, 279 (68.9%), 102 (25.2%), and 24 (5.9%) were from flu, NCD, and DOTS clinics, respectively. 26 (25.5%) and 22 (91.7%) of NCD and DOTS clinic patients underwent RT-PCR for COVID-19. TB screening in NCD and flu clinics was done among 4 (3.9%) and 7 (12.5%), respectively. A total of 23 (9.0%) were found positive for COVID-19, and no factors other than the presence of COVID-19 symptoms (aPR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.33–6.29) had any independent association with COVID-19 positive status. Conclusion: The low screening for TB in NCD and flu clinics indicates the need to strengthen the implementation the TB-DM and TB-COVID-19 bidirectional screening. Similarly, the low screening or testing for COVID-19 in the NCD clinic can be improved by the implementation of systematic screening strategies like TB-DM bidirectional screening.

The association of hyperglycemia with the development of infectious complications in adult Filipino patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract Introduction Hyperglycemia occurs in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) due to chemotherapeutic agents and may be stress-induced. Given the potential impact of hyperglycemia on the clinical outcomes of ALL patients, we sought to determine the association of hyperglycemia with the development of infectious complications. Methods This is a retrospective cohort involving adult Filipino ALL patients admitted at a tertiary referral center. Patients were stratified according to blood glucose levels and infections were classified into microbiologically and clinically defined infections. Logistic regression was performed to determine whether hyperglycemia was associated with the development of infectious complications. Results Of the 174 patients admitted for ALL, only 76 patients (44%) underwent blood glucose monitoring and were thus included in this study. Hyperglycemia was observed in 64 patients (84.21%). Infectious complications were seen in 56 patients (73.68%), of whom 37 patients (48.68%) had microbiologically defined infections and 19 (25%) had clinically defined infections. The respiratory tract was the most common site of infection and gram-negative bacteria were the predominant isolates. Hyperglycemia significantly increased the likelihood of infectious complications, particularly at blood glucose levels ≥ 200 mg/dL. Conclusion Hyperglycemia is associated with an increased likelihood of infectious complications in Filipino ALL patients. With sepsis being one of the main causes of mortality in this population, our study provides compelling evidence for us to consider routine blood glucose monitoring in order to manage and potentially decrease the occurrence of infections in these patients.

Efecto de los probióticos en los niveles de glucosa y el incremento de peso en ratones expuestos a dosis bajas de malatión / Effect of probiotics on glucose levels and weight gain in mice exposed to low doses of malathion

Resumen Introducción: Debido a su capacidad para reducir la toxicidad de contaminantes ambientales que constituyen factores de riesgo de diabetes y obesidad, el uso de bacterias probióticas podría ayudar al tratamiento de esas enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la exposición crónica a malatión a dosis bajas sobre el peso y los niveles de glucosa de ratones, así como evaluar el papel protector de un suplemento probiótico. Métodos: Cada 10 días se determinó el peso y la glucosa sérica de cuatro grupos de ratones (de control, expuestos a malatión (10 ppm), probióticos y malatión + probióticos) durante 180 días. Resultados: La administración de malatión provocó un incremento del peso y los niveles de glucosa en los ratones del grupo con malatión comparados con los demás grupos. Conclusiones: El consumo de alimentos contaminados con residuos de malatión aumenta los niveles de glucosa y favorece el incremento del peso; el consumo de probióticos disminuye los efectos generados por los residuos en los alimentos.

Abstract Introduction: Owing to its ability to reduce the toxicity of environmental pollutants that are risk factors for diabetes and obesity, the use of probiotic bacteria might aid the treatment of these diseases. Objective: To determine the effects of chronic exposure to low-dose malathion on weight and glucose levels in mice, as well as to evaluate the protective role of a probiotic supplement. Methods: Weight and serum glucose levels of four groups of mice (control, malathion-exposed [10 ppm], probiotics and malathion + probiotics) were determined every 10 days for 180 days. Results: Malathion administration induced an increase in weight and glucose levels in the malathion group mice in comparison with the other groups. Conclusions: Consumption of food contaminated with malathion residues increases glucose levels and favors weight gain, while consumption of probiotics reduces the effects generated by residues in food.

Diacylated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (Ipomoeabatatas L.) attenuate hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia in mice induced by a high-fructose/high-fat diet / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Studies have shown that targeting xanthine oxidase (XO) can be a feasible treatment for fructose-induced hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the dual regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of diacylated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (diacylated AF-PSPs) on hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia induced by a high-fructose/high-fat diet. The body weight, organ index, serum biochemical indexes, and liver antioxidant indexes of mice were measured, and the kidneys were observed in pathological sections. The relative expression levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of fructose metabolism pathway enzymes in kidney were detected by fluorescent real-time quantitative polymerase chain (qPCR) reaction technique, and the expression of renal transporter protein and inflammatory factor pathway protein was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique. Results showed that diacylated AF-PSPs alleviated hyperuricemia in mice, and that this effect might be related to the regulation of liver XO activity, lipid accumulation, and relevant renal transporters. Diacylated AF-PSPs reduced body weight and relieved lipid metabolism disorder, liver lipid accumulation, and liver oxidative stress, thereby enhancing insulin utilization and sensitivity, lowering blood sugar, and reducing hyperglycemia in mice. Also, diacylated AF-PSPs restored mRNA levels related to renal fructose metabolism, and reduced kidney injury and inflammation. This study provided experimental evidence for the mechanisms of dual regulation of blood glucose and uric acid (UA) by diacylated AF-PSPs and their utilization as functional foods in the management of metabolic syndrome.

Morphological and immune characteristics of periodontal tissues under hyperglycemia / 口腔医学

@#Diabetes mellitus can increase the risk and severity of periodontitis and may be associated with changes in the immune characteristics of periodontal tissues. In this paper, the morphological and immune characteristics of periodontal tissues in diabetic patients were reviewed in terms of the changes of morphology, structure and local immune cells in periodontal tissues caused by hyperglycemia and their regulatory mechanisms.

Small-leaf Kuding Extract Decreases Hyperglycemia in Mice by Upregulating Nrf2 / INS Expression at the Protein Level / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

In recent years, the prevalence of hyperglycemia has been increasing, and patients’ bodies have been seriously damaged. Compared with conventional Western drugs, natural products have fewer adverse reactions and delay the complications of hyperglycemia. As a valuable natural product resource, Small-leaf Kuding (SLK) contains various beneficial components for the human body. The aim of this study was to study the regulation effect of SLK extract at different doses on blood glucose metabolism in hyperglycemic mice. Lipopolysaccharide and streptozotocin were used to induce hyperglycemia in mice. Extract of SLK were administered intragastrically at low, medium, and high doses (5 g·kg

Diagnosis and individualized drug therapy for the rejection with hyperglycemia after liver Transplantation / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To establish individualized drug therapy strategy for patients with rejection and hyperglycemia after liver transplantation. METHODS: Clinical pharmacist collaborated with the surgeons and participated in the diagnosis and treatment of rejection and hyperglycemia after liver transplantation. Taking together liver function, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug-drug interactions between tacrolimus and wuzhi capsule, individualized drug therapy was adapted to improve the prognosis. RESULTS: The patient recovered well and survived in good health till now. CONCLUSION: It is highly suggested that clinical pharmacists actively involved in treatment of more severe and difficult-to-treat disease and design the individualized dosing regimens. This will largely contribute in reduced adverse drug reaction, improved safety and effectiveness in drug use as well as the quality of life in the "post-transplantation era".

Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs).Methods:From October 2020 to December 2021, VLBWIs with gestational age(GA) ≤32 weeks admitted to the neonatal department of our hospital were retrospectively studied. According to the occurrence of ROP, they were assigned into ROP group and non-ROP group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared and the risk factors of ROP in VLBWI were analyzed.Results:A total of 251 VLBWIs were enrolled, including 60 cases (23.9%) in ROP group and 191 (76.1%) in non-ROP group. The GA and birth weight (BW) of ROP group were significantly lower than non-ROP group [28(26,30) w vs. 29(28,31) w, 1 035(840,1 285) g vs. 1 260(1 110,1 380) g, respectively, all P<0.001]. The ROP group had longer duration of oxygen therapy [42.0(26.0, 53.5) d vs. 24.0(18.0, 34.0) d], higher incidences of blood transfusion [2.5(1.0, 3.0) times vs. 2.0 (1.0, 2.0) times] and hyperglycemia (80.0% vs. 16.8%), higher average [(5.6±0.5) mmol/L vs. (5.1±0.5) mmol/L] and peak [10.4(7.8,13.2) mmol/L vs. 6.5(6.1,6.8) mmol/L] blood glucose levels in the first week than the non-ROP group (all P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that longer duration of oxygen therapy ( OR=1.047, 95% CI 1.008-1.087, P=0.018) and higher peak blood glucose level in the first week ( OR=1.268, 95% CI 1.092-1.474, P=0.002) were the independent risk factors for ROP. Conclusions:Longer duration of oxygen therapy and higher peak of blood glucose level in the first week are risk factors for ROP in VLBWIs.

The incidence and risk factors of early hyperglycemia in extremely preterm infants / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the incidence and risk factors of early hyperglycemia in extremely preterm infants (EPIs).Methods:From January 2018 to December 2021, EPIs with gestational age (GA) <28 w born in our hospital and admitted to the neonatal department were retrospectively studied. According to the occurrence of early hyperglycemia (within 1 w after birth), the infants were assigned into hyperglycemia group and non-hyperglycemia group. Univariate and logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors of early hyperglycemia in EPIs.Results:A total of 218 cases of EPIs were enrolled, including 70 (32.1%) in the hyperglycemia group and 148 (67.9%) in the non-hyperglycemia group. The incidence of early hyperglycemia in EPIs with GA<25 w was 10/20 and 11/16 in EPIs with birth weight (BW) ≤700 g. The GA and BW of the hyperglycemia group were significantly lower than the non-hyperglycemia group ( P<0.05). More infants in the hyperglycemia group had 1-min and 5-min Apgar≤7 than the non-hyperglycemia group ( P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that increased BW ( OR=0.995, 95% CI 0.993~0.997, P<0.05) was a protective factor for early hyperglycemia in EPIs, while male gender ( OR=2.512,95% CI 1.232~5.123, P<0.05), vasoactive drug use during the first week of life ( OR=2.687, 95% CI 1.126~6.414, P<0.05), maternal hypertension during pregnancy ( OR=14.735, 95% CI 1.578~137.585, P<0.05) were risk factors for early hyperglycaemia in EPIs. Conclusions:Early hyperglycemia are common among EPIs. Low BW, male gender, vasoactive drug use during the first week of life and maternal hypertension during pregnancy may increase the risk of early hyperglycemia.