RESUMEN
Introducción: La Rectocolitis Ulcerativa es una enfermedad cuyo tratamiento primordial es médico, pero la cirugía es una opción terapéutica eventualmente considerada. El objetivo de esta revisión es exponer la evolución histórica, indicaciones y resultados alcanzados con las intervenciones quirúrgicas propuestas para pacientes con Rectocolitis Ulcerativa. Métodos: Análisis de artículos pertinentes al tratamiento quirúrgico de la RCU identificados electrónicamente a través de búsqueda en PubMed, Lilacs y revisión manual de las referencias bibliograficas de dichos artículos. Resultados: Las indicaciones quirúrgicas de pacientes con Rectocolitis Ulcerativa incluyen: situaciones de emergencia, displasia, cáncer colorrectal y efectos secundarios inmanejables o falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico. En las situaciones de emergencia la opción más adecuada es la colectomía subtotal o total con ileostomía terminal. La cirugía electiva cuenta con diferentes opciones. La operación más funcional es la Proctocolectomía con Reservorio Ileoanal. Esta intervención ha sido ampliamente practicada, estudiada y aceptada mundialmente y brinda al paciente resultados satisfactorios. Conclusiones: La evolución del tratamiento quirúrgico para la Rectocolitis Ulcerativa ha sido contínua. Actualmente, las intervenciones quirúrgicas propuestas ofrecen una calidad de vida adecuada. Sin embargo, ya que las opciones quirúrgicas modifican la fisiología intestinal, debe discutirse ampliamente con el paciente las expectativas postoperatorias. Dado que en nuestro país es baja la frecuencia de enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales, parece razonable establecer grupos de trabajo multidisciplinarios, que conjuguen atención medico-quirúrgica, nutricional, de enfermería y psicológica, para ofrecer a estos pacientes la mejor y más actualizada atención posible.
Background: treatment for Ulcerative Colitis is mainly medical; however, surgery is a suitable option for some patients. The aim of this review article is to delineate the historical development of surgery for ulcerative colitis, and to analyze current surgical indications and outcomes of surgical options for patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Methods: Review of suitable articles identified electronically using PubMed and Lilacs search and manual checking of the references of the cited articles. Results: Surgical indications are: emergency conditions, dysplasia-colorectal cancer and unacceptable secondary effects or lack of response to medical treatment. Either subtotal or total colectomies with terminal ileostomy are the most accepted options for those patients in an emergency situation. There are several proposed elective interventions, and, currently, restorative proctocolectomy with the creation of an ileoanal reservoir is the best option. Such intervention has been widely performed through different centers with satisfactory results worldwide. Conclusions: Surgical treatment for Ulcerative Colitis has evolved continuously. Currently, surgical options can bring to the patients an adequate quality of life. Since surgical interventions modify intestinal physiology, physicians, surgeons and patients should have a comprehensive preoperative discussion, so the patients may have reasonable postoperative expectations. On the other hand, in areas with low prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, such as Venezuela, seems reasonable to establish multidisciplinary teams to offer the best care for patients with such diseases.
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: The aims of this investigation were to access the relative ratio of epithelial types within the anal canal after a double-stapled ileoanal reservoir (DSIAR) and to review physiologic and functional differences based on this diversity in epithelial types. METHODS: According to types of the epithelium present at histologic sections of the distally excised tissue ring ("donut") after the stapling for restorative proctocolectomy with construction of a DSIAR, one hundred thirty-eight patients with ulcerative colitis were stratified into two groups: 40 patients (22 males and 18 females) were categorized to be of lower anastomosis (group I), where squamous, squamous mixed with columnar, or squamocuboidal component was reported to be present, and 98 patients (50 males and 48 females) to be of higher one (group II), which was evidenced by columnar epithelium at the "donut". Physiologic and functional parameters were appraised between 2 groups to define whether this difference in epithelial types is associated with a significant difference in postoperative anorectal functional outcome. RESULTS: None of preoperative parameters reflecting resting and squeeze pressures showed significant differences between 2 groups. Postoperative mean and maximal resting pressures (MRP and MxRP) were declined to 48.8 16.9 mmHg and 67.1 21.3 mmHg in group I, and 61.1 22.7 mmHg and 90.0 38.6 mmHg in group II, differences of which were significant (P=0.046 and 0.031, respectively). Neither postoperative mean nor maximal squeeze pressure was, however, statistically different between 2 groups. Mean length of the high pressure zone was decreased in both groups postoperatively, but there were no intergroup differences. Rectoanal inhibitory reflex decreased significantly from 97.4% to 50% in group I and from 86.5% to 53.9% in group II, respectively (P<0.0001 in both). However, there was no significant intergroup difference postoperatively. Maximal tolerance volume and compliance of the reservoir were significantly improved postoperatively in both groups; from 52.2 26.1 ml and 2.8 3.3 to 163.3 115.7 ml and 14.7 15.3 in group I (P=0.0001, and <.0001, respectively), and from 77.0 59.5 ml and 4.4 6.8 to 167.3 87.9 ml and 28.7 44.0 in group II (P<0.0001, both). But there was no intergroup difference in either parameters postoperatively. There were no significant differences between groups relative to functional outcome except the diurnal incontinence to solid stool (P<0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Although epithelial types were shown to be variable at the anal side of the anastomosis after a DSIAR, these differences were not associated with physiologic and functional differences. Therefore, if technically feasible, this procedure can be performed with safety without fear of significant functional derangement.