RESUMEN
Vision plays a major role in acquiring various skills as the child grows, like understanding facial expression and communication. In children with intellectual disabilities, vision problems would further impair their social and learning activities. We wanted to assess the refractive errors in children with intellectual developmental disorders attending a special school.METHODSThis was a cross sectional study which included the children aged between 4 and 15 years with intellectual developmental disorders (earlier referred as mental retardation) who were attending a special school. After taking permission from the school director and consent from parents or guardian who accompanied the child, detailed ocular examination was done. Visual acuity assessment and cycloplegic retinoscopy of all children was also done and spectacles were prescribed. Children requiring further evaluation were referred to base hospital. RESULTSA total of 50 children with mental retardation were enrolled. There were 28 (56%) male and 22 (44%) female children in the study. 40 (80%) children had ocular problems, 28 (56%) children were unable to cooperate for visual assessment. Refractive error was the commonest ocular disorder noted in 22 (55%) children followed by strabismus in 7 (17.5%) children and nystagmus in 5 (12.5%) children. Among the refractive errors, myopia was noted in 64.1% of children, followed by astigmatism and hypermetropia in 23.1% and 12.8% children respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe ocular abnormalities noted among these special children increases with the severity of the disability along with worsening of their communication and cooperation. Early identification and correction of the treatable visual problems would benefit these children in their training, communication and thus helps in their rehabilitation.
RESUMEN
Abstract: Objective: This study aims to generate evidence on intellectual development disorders (IDD) in Mexico. Materials and methods: IDD disease burden will be estimated with a probabilistic model, using population-based surveys. Direct and indirect costs of catastrophic expenses of families with a member with an IDD will be evaluated. Genomic characterization of IDD will include: sequencing participant exomes and performing bioinformatics analyses to identify de novo or inherited variants through trio analysis; identifying genetic variants associated with IDD, and validating randomly selected variants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing or real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Delphi surveys will be done on best practices for IDD diagnosis and management. An external evaluation will employ qualitative case studies of two social and labor inclusion programs for people with IDD. Conclusions: The results will constitute scientific evidence for the design, promotion and evaluation of public policies, which are currently absent on IDD.
Resumen: Objetivo: Esta investigación busca generar evidencia sobre trastornos del desarrollo intelectual (TDI) en México. Material y métodos: La carga de la enfermedad por TDI se estimará con un modelo probabilístico usando encuestas poblacionales. Se estimarán costos directos e indirectos de gastos catastróficos de familias con un integrante conTDI. La caracterización genómica deTDI incluirá secuenciar exomas, realizar análisis bioinformático para identificar variantes de novo o heredadas a través de análisis de tríos, identificar variantes genéticas asociadas con TDI, y validar variantes aleatoriamente seleccionadas con reacción en cadena de polimerasa y secuenciación o qPCR. Se harán encuestas Delphi sobre mejores prácticas de diagnóstico y manejo de TDI. Una evaluación externa empleará estudios cualitativos de caso de dos programas de inclusión social y laboral para personas con TDI. Conclusiones: Los resultados serán evidencia científica que podrá ser la base para el diseño, promoción y evaluación de políticas públicas, actualmente ausentes para TDI.