FRAX-based intervention and assessment thresholds in seven Latin American countries

Age-specific intervention and assessment thresholds were developed for seven Latin American countries. The intervention threshold ranged from 1.2% (Ecuador) to 27.5% (Argentina) at the age of 50 and 90 years, respectively. In the Latin American countries, FRAX offers a substantial advance for the detection of subjects at high fracture risk.INTRODUCTION:Intervention thresholds are proposed using the Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) tool. We recommended their use to calculate the ten-year probability of fragility fracture (FF) in both, men and women with or without the inclusion of bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of this study is to compute FRAX-based intervention and BMD assessment thresholds for seven Latin American countries in men and women ≥ 40 years.METHODS:The intervention threshold (IT) was set at a 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) equivalent to a woman with a prior FF and a body mass index (BMI) equal to 25.0 kg/m2 without BMD or other clinical risk factors. The lower assessment threshold was set at a 10-year probability of a MOF in women with BMI equal to 25.0 kg/m2, no previous fracture and no clinical risk factors. The upper assessment threshold was set at 1.2 times the IT.RESULTS:For the seven LA countries, the age-specific IT varied from 1.5 to 27.5% in Argentina, 3.8 to 25.2% in Brazil, 1.6 up to 20.0% in Chile, 0.6 to 10.2% in Colombia, 0.9 up to 13.6% in Ecuador, 2.6 to 20.0% in Mexico, and 0.7 up to 22.0% in Venezuela at the age of 40 and 90 years, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:In the LA countries, FRAX-based IT offers a substantial advance for the detection of men and women at high fracture risk, particularly in the elderly. The heterogeneity of IT between the LA countries indicates that country-specific FRAX models are appropriate rather than a global LA model (AU)

Niveles de Optimismo: Diferencias entre adultos de países latinoamericanos / Levels of Optimism: Differences between adults in Latin American countries

Resumen El optimismo disposicional es la variable dentro de la Psicología Positiva que más se ha estudiado en distintos entornos, pues se presenta como relacionada y predictora de otras variables y entornos de salud. El presente estudio se dedicó a conocer si existían diferencias significativas en los niveles de Optimismo medidos a través del Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) en función del país de residencia que tenían las personas, en una muestra accidental de 464 personas de Argentina, México y Chile. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la dimensión Optimismo pero sí en la dimensión Pesimismo, en donde Argentina presenta los mayores niveles. Además, se detectaron diferencias significativas en 2 de los ítems de la dimensión Optimismo, en la que los residentes mexicanos presentaban mejores niveles, y en un ítem de la dimensión Pesimismo. Los resultados son limitados al estudio que se realizó, pero destacan la importancia de realizar más estudios en temas que los gobiernos actuales están trabajando para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas, que puede estar directamente influenciada por variables positivas como el Optimismo.

Abstract Dispositional optimism is the variable within Positive Psychology that has been studied in different environments, as it is presented as related and predictor of psychological variables and health environments. The present study investigated whether there were significant differences in Optimism levels measured through the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) according to the country of residence of the people, in an accidental sample of 464 people from Argentina, Mexico and Chile. No significant differences were found in the Optimism dimension, but in the Pessimism dimension, where Argentina presents the highest levels. In addition, significant differences were detected in 2 of the items in the Optimism dimension, where Mexican residents presented themselves with better levels, and in an item of the dimension Pessimism. The results are limited to the study that was carried out but they emphasize the importance of carrying out more studies in subjects that the present governments are working to improve the quality of life of the people that can be directly influenced by positive variables like Optimism.

Salud: entre la actividad física y el sedentarismo / Health: between physical activity and sedentariness

El presente artículo se centra en el rol que desempeña la actividad física (AF) en la salud pública, destacando el papel en la prevención de la morbimortalidad producto de las enfermedades crónicas asociadas a la nutrición y muertes prematuras. La evidencia de asociación entre la actividad física y salud, ampliamente sustentada dentro de la literatura científica, justifica su consideración dentro de los programas de promoción de la salud a nivel mundial. La estrategia de búsqueda se focalizó en las reseñas históricas de los beneficios de la actividad física, como factor que subyace en el concepto de vida saludable. En este sentido se hace hincapié en la relación entre la inactividad física y la existencia de ciertos tipos de enfermedades cardio-metabólicas, la posible asociación entre la AF y las funciones cognoscitivas y la aparición del sobrepeso y obesidad el cual constituyen en la actualidad, un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. De igual manera se plantea dentro de la revisión analizada, el efecto de los cambios demográficos que propician la conducta sedentaria, las diversas metodologías empleadas para la evaluación de la A.F. y el sedentarismo, especialmente las encuestas diseñadas al efecto; datos sobre el nivel de la misma y conducta sedentaria en diferentes grupos de edad y algunos países latinoamericanos, consideraciones sobre las disposiciones legales que norman la actividad física especialmente en el ámbito escolar y, finalmente, ciertas estrategias urbanas e intervenciones empleadas en distintos grupos de edad para aminorar el efecto del sedentarismo(AU)

This article focuses on the role played by physical activity (PA) on public health, highlighting the role in preventing morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases, associated with quality of nutrition and premature deaths. Evidence of the association between physical activity and health, widely supported in the scientific literature, justify its consideration within the global health promotion programs. The research strategy focuses on the historical reviews of the benefits of physical activity, as a factor underlying the concept of healthy life. In this sense emphasis on relationship between physical inactivity and the existence of certain types of cardio-metabolic diseases, the possible association between P.A. and cognitive functions and the occurrence of overweight and obesity, which are now worldwide public health problems, were surveyed. Similarly, the review intends to summarize the effect of demographic changes that encourage sedentary behavior, different methodologies to assess P.A. and sedentariness, its current status in different groups of ages and in some Latin America countries, considerations for the legal provisions governing the physical activity, especially at school age and, finally, certain urban strategies and interventions employed in different age groups to lessen the effect of the sedentary lifestyle(AU)

Socio-demographic profile of different samples of Latin American rural extensionists / Perfil sociodemográfico de diferentes amostras de extensionistas rurais da América Latina

In order to design and implement public policies in the context of rural development, information tends to be gathered about family farming in different Latin American countries. In contrast, scarce attention has been given to the description of rural extensionists, who are the ones supporting family farming in the field. A cross-sectional investigation was conducted between 2010 and 2012 including surveys to rural extensions working in 10 different Latin American countries, this allowing for a preliminary description of the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The samples were incidental ranging from 19 (Bolivia) to 220 (Argentina) subjects, this implying that they were not representative. Significant statistical differences were found with regards to the sex, age, experience, level of education and university degree of the samples pertaining to the different countries. In average, most extensionists are men (70.1%), age 40.3 and have little more than 11 years of experience as extensionists. Brazilian practitioners surveyed are the oldest, most educated and experienced among the different samples. In general, most extensionists have a technical background and are agricultural engineers. The Uruguayan sample showed the highest percentage of extensionists coming from the area of social sciences.

A fim de elaborar e implementar políticas públicas no contexto do desenvolvimento rural, é muito comum a coleta de informações sobre a distribuição e as características da agricultura familiar. Em contraste, tem sido dada pouca atenção à descrição sociodemográfica dos extensionistas rurais, que são os que apoiam a agricultura familiar no território. Entre 2010 e 2012, foi feita umtrabalho em que foram pesquisados extensionistas rurais que trabalham em 10 países latino-americanos diferentes, permitindo, assim, uma descrição preliminar do perfil sociodemográfico destes extensionistas. As amostras foram incidentais, variando de 19 indivíduos (Bolívia) a 220 (Argentina), implicando que elas não são representativas. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no sexo, idade, experiência, nível de escolaridade e título academico dos extensionistas das amostras pertencentes aos diferentes países. Em média, a maioria dos extensionistas são homens (70,1%), tem 40,3 anos de idade e tem pouco mais de 11 anos de experiência como extensionistas rurais. Os brasileiros pesquisados são os mais idosos, educados e experientes entre as diferentes amostras. Em geral, a maioria dos extensionistas têm formação técnica e são engenheiros agrícolas. Na amostra uruguaia, pode ser encontrado o maior percentual de extensionistas provenientes da área das ciências sociais.