Comparative evaluation of microleakage of three different direct restorative materials (silver amalgam, glass ionomer cement, cention N), in Class II restorations using stereomicroscope: An in vitro study

Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the microleakage of three different direct restorative materials (amalgam [AA], glass ionomer cements [GICs], and Cention N [CN]) in Class II restorations using stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: A standardized Class II cavity preparation was made involving the proximal and occlusal surfaces. All prepared samples were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups, with 10 teeth each according to the restoration material used: Group I-AA; Group II-GICs; and Group III-CN. The restored teeth were stored for 24 h in distilled water and thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5°C and 55°C with a dwell time of 30 s in each bath. Samples were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h. The teeth were sectioned along the mesiodistal direction. The dye penetration of the occlusal and gingival margins of each section was evaluated independently by the observer using a stereomicroscope. Results: Statistical analysis revealed lower microleakage scores in GIC and CN. Higher microleakage was observed in Group AA. Mean microleakage score of Group-I (AA) was the highest of all groups. Mean microleakage score of Group-III (CN) was the lowest of all groups. As per the critical differences (CD), the mean microleakage score of Group-III CN) was significantly lower than that of Group-I (AA), Group-II (GIC) (P < 0.01). There is no significant difference between the mean microleakage score of Group-I (AA) and Group-II (GIC). Conclusion: Out of all the restorative materials, CN a newer restorative material displayed minimum microleakage compared to AA and GICs.

A perspective of marginal microleakage in class II composite resin restorations using different types and techniques: an in-vitro study / Una perspectiva de la microfiltración marginal en restauraciones de resina compuesta de clase II usando diferentes tipos y técnicas: un estudio in-vitro

The study aimed to introduce a perspective of the essential reason behind why marginal microleakage develops regardless of the composite type, the technique, or the bonding system applied, especially in gingival floor of class II cavities. Materials and Methods: Three types of composite resin materials (CharmfilTM, ParaFillTM, and ProMedica®) were used to evaluate microleakage of class II restorations using two restorative approaches. Twenty four newly extracted bicuspid teeth were divided into two main groups (n=12 each) according to the restoration technique (open or closed sandwich techniques). Teeth of each group were then divided into 3 groups (n= 4 each) according to the type of the composite resin used. The restorations were then subjected to a thermocycling process and then were immersed into methylene blue solution for 12 hours. Mesiodistal sectional cuts were made along the central grooves and assessed under stereomicroscope for marginal microleakage. The data were statistically analyzed with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in marginal microleakage between the three examined groups using both techniques (p>0.05). Under the microscope, the marginal microleakage was more obvious at the cervical region than at the occlusal region. Conclusion: There was no effect of the composite type or the application technique used on the occurrence of marginal microleakage. The first portion of the material applied against the cavity floor is the primary factor involved in possibly minimizing marginal microleakage.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar una perspectiva de la razón esencial por la cual se desarrolla microfiltraciones independientemente del tipo de resina compuesta, el sistema de unión aplicado, especialmente en el piso gingival de cavidades de clase II. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron tres tipos de resina compuesta (CharmfilTM, ParaFillTM y ProMedica®) para evaluar la microfiltración de restauraciones de clase II utilizando dos enfoques restaurativos. Veinticuatro dientes bicúspides recién extraídos se dividieron en dos grupos (n=12 cada uno) de acuerdo con la técnica de restauración (técnicas de sándwich abierto o cerrado). Los dientes de cada grupo se dividieron en 3 sub-grupos (n=4 cada uno) de acuerdo con el tipo de resina compuesta utilizada. Las restauraciones se sometieron después a un proceso de termociclado y finalmente se sumergieron en una solución de azul de metileno durante 12 horas. Se realizaron cortes en la sección mesiodistal a lo largo de los surcos centrales y se evaluaron bajo lupa para determinar la ocurrencia de microfiltración marginal. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente con un valor de p<0,05 considerado significativo. Resultados: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la microfiltración marginal entre los tres grupos examinados utilizando ambas técnicas (p>0.05). Bajo la lupa la microfiltración marginal fue más obvia en la región cervical que en la región oclusal. Conclusión: No hubo efecto del tipo compuesto o la técnica de aplicación utilizada en la aparición de microfiltración marginal. La primera porción del material aplicado el piso de la cavidad es el factor principal involucrado en la posibilidad de minimizar la microfiltración marginal.

Marginal microleakage of class II composite resin restorations due to restorative techniques / Microinfiltração marginal de restaurações classe II de resina composta devido às técnicas restauradoras

Purpose: To evaluate the marginal microleakage of class II composite resin (CR) restorations due to restorative techniques. Methods: Forty human extracted premolars were assigned to 4 groups (n=10). Class II cavities were prepared (4-mm wide, 2-mm axially, with the gingival margin located 1 mm beyond the cementum-enamel-junction), and the restorative adhesive system Prime & Bond 2.1/TPH3 (Dentsply) was used. CR was inserted by the oblique incremental technique (OIT) and cured in continuous exposure. The restoratives techniques were: group 1 (control): OIT; group 2: flowable resin (1 mm) applied in the gingival wall + OIT; group 3: OIT + three pre-cured spheres inserted in the first increment of CR; and, group 4: OIT + strip of fiberglass inserted in the first increment of CR. The specimens were subjected to a thermocycling regimen of 500 cycles (1 min at 5º-37º-55ºC), coated with two layers of nail varnish up to 1 mm from the restoration margins, and immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine solution for 24 h. The extension of dye penetration at the cervical wall (μm) was evaluated using an optic microscope at x40. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α=0.05). Results: The microleakage values were: G1: 370 μm ± 241; G2: 398 μm ± 354; G3:205 μm ± 119; and G4: 413 μm ± 340. No statistically significant differences were found among the restorative techniques (P=0.081). Conclusion: Marginal microleakage values were not influenced by the different restorative techniques tested.

Objetivo: Avaliar a microinfiltração marginal de restaurações classe II de resina composta (RC) em função de técnicas restauradoras. Metodologia: Quarenta pré-molares humanos extraídos foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=10). Cavidades classe II foram preparadas (4 mm de largura, 2 mm de altura e margem gengival localizada a 1 mm além da junção amelo-cementária, e foi usado o sistema adesivo Prime & Bond 2.1/TPH3 (Dentsply). A RC foi inserida pela técnica incremental oblíqua (OIT) e polimerizada em exposição contínua. As técnicas restauradoras foram: grupo 1 (controle): OIT; grupo 2: resina fluida (1 mm) aplicada na parede gengival + OIT; grupo 3: OIT + três esferas pré-polimerizadas no primeiro incremento de RC; e grupo 4: OIT + tira de fibra de vidro inserida no primeiro incremento de RC. Os espécimes foram submetidos à termociclagem por 500 ciclos (1 min a 5º-37º-55ºC), cobertos com duas camadas de esmalte até 1 mm das margens da restauração e imersos em solução de fucsina básica a 0,5% por 24 h. A extensão da penetração do corante na parede cervical (μm) foi avaliada com microscópio ótico (x40). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA (α=0,05). Resultados: Os valores de microinfiltração foram: G1: 370 μm ± 241; G2: 398 μm ± 354; G3: 205 μm ± 119 e G4: 413 μm ± 340. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as técnicas restauradoras (P=0,081). Conclusão: Os valores de microinfiltração marginal não foram influenciados pelas diferentes técnicas restauradoras neste estudo.

Novas tendências para restaurações com materiais ionoméricos / New tendencies for restorations with ionomer materials

O presente trabalho teve por meta revisar a literatura pertinente à restauração com materiais ionoméricos na prática odontológica. Foram considerados aspectos relativos como, características e propriedades físico-química dos ionômeros de vidro restauradores, assim como o conhecimento atual de técnicas alternativa para aplicação destes materiais.

The present work had for goal to revise the pertinent literature tho the restoration with ionomeric materials in dental practice. Relative aspects were considered such as, physiochemical characterístics and properties of the glass restorers' ionomer, as current knowledge of alternative techniques for application of these materials.

Marginal microleakage of single step adhesives / 대한치과보존학회지

This study evaluated the marginal microleakage of five single step adhesives. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of the single step adhesives and composite resins: Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), AQ Bond/Metafil CX (Group 2), One-Up Bond F/Palfique Toughwell (Group 3), Futurabond/Admira (Group 4), Xeno III/Spectrum TPH (Group 5). The restored teeth were thermocycled. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye solution. The teeth were bisected buccolingually and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Microleakage of enamel margins in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 1, 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 2. Microleakage of dentin margins in group 1 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 5, and that in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 3. Dentin marginal microleakage was higher than enamel marginal microleakage in all experimental groups. In conclusion, Prompt L-Pop showed the least leakage at enamel margin, and AQ Bond showed at dentin margin in this study. Marginal miroleakage in dentin was higher than that in enamel.

The influence of IRM temporary restorations on marginal microleakage of dentin adhesives / 대한치과보존학회지

This study investigated the influence of IRM on marginal microleakage of 5th generation adhesives. Class V cavities with gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 and 4 received no temporary restoration with IRM. Group 2 and 5 were covered with IRM mixed at P/L ratio(10g/1g). Group 3 and 6 were covered with IRM mixed at P/L ratio(10g/2g). The temporary restorations were removed mechanically with an ultrasonic scaler after one-week storage in distilled water. The cavities were restored using one of two adhesives and composites; Single Bond/Filtek Z 250(Group 1, 2 and 3), UniFil Bond/UniFil F(Group 4, 5 and 6). Following one day storage in distilled water, the restored teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles(between 5degrees C and 55degrees C) and immersed in 2% methylene blue for dye penetration testing. The results were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranked test at a significance level of 0.05. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Ranking of mean microleakage scores at the enamel margins was Group 10.05). 4. At the dentin margins, the microleakage of the group not pretreated with IRM was lower than that of the group pretreated with IRM. And the microleakage of UniFil Bond was lower than that of Single Bond. 5. Compared with microleakages between the enamel and dentin margins of each groups, Group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 at dentin margin were higher microleakage than those at enamel margin. There were significant difference between enamel and dentin microleakage of Group 2 and 3(p<0.05).

Marginal microleakage of self-etching primer adhesives and a self-etching adhesive / 대한치과보존학회지

This study evaluated the microleakage performance of four self-etcing primer adhesives(Clearfil SE Bond, Clearfil Liner Bond 2, UniFil Bond, and FL Bond) and one self-etching adhesive(Prompt L-Pop). Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of five adhesives and composite resins: Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z 250(Group 1), Clearfil SE Bond/Clearfil AP-X(Group 2), Clearfil Liner Bond 2/Clearfil AP-X(Group 3), UniFil Bond/UniFil F(Group 4), and FL Bond/Filtek Z 250(Group 5). Following one day storage in room temperature water, the restored teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5degrees C and 55degrees C. Marginal microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye. After 24 hours, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The microleakges at both enamel and dentinal margins were the lowest in group 4, increasing among groups in the following order: group 2, follwed by group 5, follwed by group 1, and the highest in group 3. 2. At the enamel margins, the microleakage of group 3 was significantly higher than those of groups 2, 4 and 5(p0.05).

Estudo da microinfiltração marginal nas paredes oclusal e cervical de cavidades de classe V, restauradas com resina composta compactável. Efeito de diferentes materiais intermediários / In vitro marginal microleakage evaluation in oclusal and gengival walls of class V restored with packable composite resin. Effect of different intermediary materials

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a microinfiltração marginal em restaurações de classe V com resina composta compactável com a interposição de três diferentes materiais intermediários, sendo uma resina composta fluída (Flow-It! TM), um ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Vitrebond TM) e um compômero fluido (Dyract flow). Foram preparadas cavidades de classe V padronizadas nas faces vestibulares e linguais de 30 terceiros molares humanos extraídos, com a parede oclusal em esmalte e a parede gengival em dentina/cemento. Os dentes foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=15), sendo o primeiro restaurado usando apenaas o sistema adesivo Prime & Bond NT, ou seja, sem qualquer material intermediário; o segundo foi restaurado com Prime & Bond NT/Flow-It! TM; o terceiro grupo foi restaurado com Vitrebond TM/Prime & Bond NT TM e o quarto grupo com Prime & Bond NT TM/Dyract flow. Todas as cavidades foram restauradas com a resina composta compactável, SureFil TM. Em seguida, os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada, a 37º C, por 24 horas e então, as restaurações foram polidas com discos sequenciais Sof-Lex Pop-On. Os dentes foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica de 500 ciclos às temperaturas de 5º C +- 2º C e 55º C +_ 2º C, com 20 segundos de imersão em cada banho. Para análise da microinfiltração marginal, os dentes foram imersos em solução de nitrato de prata a 50% por 2 horas. Em seguida, as amostras foram lavadas em água corrente, seccionadas e avaliadas em lupa estereoscópica Zeiss, quanto a penetração do traçador, por escores (0-4). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis (ao nível de significância 5%) e demonstraram que todos os materiais testados evitaram a microinfiltração marginal na parede oclusal, porém nenhum foi capaz de bloquear completamente a microinfiltração nas margens cervicais, não apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante entre si. A microinfiltração marginal ocorreu em maior grau na parede cervical, quando comparada com a parede oclusal

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the margina microleakage in class V with packable composite resin restorations with a linear of three different intermediary materials, where a flowable composite resin (Flow-It! TM), glass ionomer cement (Vitrebond TM) and a flowable compomer restorative (Dyract flow). Sixty standardized class V cavities were prepared in buccal and lingual faces of 30 recently extracted human 3rd molars, wher occlusal walls were located in enamel and the margin gengival in dentin/cement. The teeth were divided in four groups (n=15). The first group was restored using only the bonding system (Prime & Bond NT TM), with no intermediary material. The second group was restored with Prime & Bond NT/Flow-It! TM. The third group was restored with Vitrebond TM/ Prime & Bond NT TM and the fourth group was restored with Prime & Bond NT TM/Dyract flow. All cavities were restored with packable composite resin - SureFil TM. Afterwards, the samples were stored in distilled water at 37º C for 24 hours. Then, the restorations were finished with a graded series of SofLex disks. All specimens were subjected to thermical cycling at 500 cycles between 5º C +- 2º C and 55º C +- 2º C, with a dwell time of 20 seconds in each water bath. In order to evaluate marginal microleakage, teeth were immersed for two hours in silver nitrate 50%. After that, the samples were washed in running water, sectioned and evaluated in ZEISS stereoscopie lens to visualize marker penetration and scored 0-4. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test at 5% significance level. The results showed that pratically all materials avoided marginal microleakage in occlusal walls, but none was able to fully prevent marginal microleakage, presenting no statistically significant differences. The microleakage is greater in cervical walls than in occlusal walls

Avaliação da microinfiltração marginal nas paredes gengivais de cavidades de classe II restauradas com resina composta condensável e três diferentes sistemas adesivos, com e sem interposição de resina composta fluída / An evaluation of marginal microleakage on gingival walls of class II cavites restored with condensable composite resin and three different dentin bonding agents, with and without a liner of flowable composite resin

Avaliou-se in vitro a microinfiltração marginal em restaurações de classe II com resina composta condensável com e sem interposição de resina composta fluida. Foram preparadas cavidades de classe II MOD padronizadas em 60 pré-molares extraídos, com a parede gengival de uma das caixas localizada em esmalte e da caixa oposta em cemento/dentina. Os dentes foram divididos em três grupos, assim, o primeiro foi restaurado usando o sistema adesivo Single Bond ((3M), o segundo grupo de dentes foi restaurado com o sistema Clearfil Liner Bond 2 (Kuraray) e o terceiro com Etch&Prime 3.0 (Degussa). Em metade dasa amostras de cada grupo foi inserida a resina Flow-it (Jeneric/Pentron) e todos os dentes foram restaurados com Alert (Jeneric/Pentron). Após as restaurações, os espécimes foram armazenados em solução fisiológica a 37º C por 24 horas e então as restaurações foram polidas. Todos os dentes foram submetidos a 200 ciclos térmicos às temperaturas de 5+- 2º C e 55+- 2º C, com 15 segundos de imersão em cada banho. As amostras foram recobertas com Araldite e esmalte, guardando uma margem de 1 mm aquém das margens das restaurações e imersas em solução aquosa de fucsina básica a 0,5% por 24 horas à temperatura de 37º C. Em seguida, foram lavadas em água corrente por 24 horas e seccionadas para avaliação. A penetração do corante na parede gengival foi avaliada por escores de zero (sem infiltração) a 3 (infiltração até a parede axial), usando uma lupa estereoscópica Zeiss com aumento de 25 vezes. Os resultados foram submetidos às análises não paramétricas de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney (ao nível de significância de 5%), e demonstraram que: nenhum sistema adesivo foi capaz de bloquear totalmente a microinfiltração marginal; o sistema adesivo Single Bond apresentou os menores índices de microinfiltração; a interposição da resina Flow-it nao melhorou o vedamento marginal e; de maneira geral, a microinfiltração marginal foi maior nas paredes terminadas em cemento/dentina comparadas com as paredes terminadas em esmalte

The marginal microleakage in class II condensable composite resin restorations with and without a liner of flowable composite resin was evaluated in vitro. Sixty standardized MOD class II cavities were prepared in human extracted premolars. Each tooth had one proximal box with gingival margin at enamel level and another one at cementum/dentin level. The teeth were divided in three groups. The first group (n=20) was bonded with Single Bond System (3M). The second group (n=20) was bonded with Clearfil Liner Bond 2 System (Kuraray). The third group (n=20) was bonded with Etch&Prime 3.0 (Degussa). Half of the cavities of each group was lined with Flow-it resin (Jeneric/Pentron) and all teeth were restored with Alert resin (Jeneric/Pentron). Afterwards the samples were stored in isotonic saline solution for 24 hours at 37º C. Then, the restoration were polished. All specimens were thermocycled 200 times between 5 +- 2º C and 55 +- 2º C, with a dewell time of 15 seconds in each water bath. All teeth were coared with nail varnish and araldite, leaving one mm margin beneath the restorations' margins, and afther this, they were immersed in 0,5 % basic fucsin solution for 24 hours at 37º C. Moreover, the specimens were washed in running water for 24 hours and sectioned to be evaluated. The depth of dye penetration in the gingival walls was scored from zero (no dye penetration) to 3 (penetration until axial wall). This evaluation was made using a Zeiss stereoscope at 25 times of magnification. The data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney non-parametric tests at 5% significance level. The results showed that none of the systems studied was able to fully prevent marginal microleakage; the Single Bond System showed least microleakage; the use of flowable composite resin did not improve the marginal seal; furthermore marginal microleakage was higher in proximal boxes at dentin/cementum level compared with those at enamel level