RESUMEN
ObjectiveThe biosynthetic pathways of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids（BIAs） in Nelumbo nucifera are of great theoretical and economic value. In this paper， N. nucifera O-methyltransferase（NnOMT） and N. nucifera N-methyltransferase（NnNMT） gene families were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics in order to facilitate the biosynthetic pathway of BIAs in N. nucifera. MethodBased on the whole genome of N. nucifera， UniPort and National Center for Biotechnology Information（NCBI） databases were used to identify the NnOMT and NnNMT gene families of N. nucifera， and analyze their physicochemical properties and subcellular localization， then TBtools， MEME， MEGA 11.0， FigTree 1.4.4 and other tools were used to analyze the phylogeny， sequence characteristics， gene structure， functional annotation and cis-acting elements of NnOMT and NnNMT genes identified in the previous stage. ResultA total of 61 NnOMT and NnNMT genes were identified in this paper， the number of amino acids encoded by these genes ranged from 168 aa to 580 aa， the isoelectric point ranged from 4.76 to 9.16， and the relative molecular weight ranged from 18 699.52 Da to 64 934.53 Da， most of which showed acidic and mostly hydrophilic proteins. There were 10 conserved motifs， Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） analysis enriched a total of 12 pathways， including metabolism， biosynthesis of phenylpropane and isoquinoline alkaloids， etc. And Visualization of Gene Ontology（GO） enrichment results showed that 61 NnOMT and NnNMT genes were annotated to 32 items， which included 16 molecular functions［such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide（NADH） activity and exopeptidase activity］ and 16 biological processes（such as metabolic process of carbon tetrachloride， anaerobic carbon tetrachloride metabolic process and responses to exogenous biological stimuli）. There were a variety of cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of NnOMT and NnNMT genes， mainly promoter and enhancer regions element， light responsive element and methyl jasmonate responsive element. ConclusionIn this study， a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of 61 NnOMT and NnNMT genes is carried out based on the genome data of N. nucifera， which lays a foundation for research on the gene structure and function of NnOMT and NnNMT gene families， and provides a reference for biosynthetic pathway elucidation of BIAs in N. nucifera.
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Objectives: To study the protective effects of Nao Mai Tong(NMT) on middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) induced focal brain ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Methods: After rats were respectively given NMT 1 g/kg, 3 g/kg, 9 g/kg ig everyday for 1 week, the effects of NMT on the histological changes and behavior disorder caused by focal brain ischemia reperfusion which was made by occlusion of middle cerebral artery were investigated. The gasping time after the cutting of the head in ischemia reperfusion rat was recorded. The contents of ATP and LA were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: NMT significantly reduced the extent of behavior disorder, descended the rate of cerebral infarction area, and improved histological injury of brain tissues. The grasping time after head cutting was prolonged. It was found that the level of ATP was increased and LA was decreased markedly. Conclusions: NMT shows a significant protective effect on histological, behavior and energy metabolic consequences of MCAO induced focal brain ischemia reperfusion injury.
RESUMEN
Anticholinergics are commonly used to block undesirable musearinic effects of the anticholinesterase agents. The results observed in man and animal seem indicate that atropine may interfere with the neuromuscular junction. Our study investigate this role in clinical anesthesia, when anticholinergics are given at the beginning of recovery from vecuronium induced neuromuscular blockade. Forty-four ASA I-II adult anesthetized(tbiopental, enflurane, N, vecuronium) patients undergoing elective surgery were monitored with ParaGraph. The patients received intravenously 0.9% normal saline 2ml in control and atropine 0.5mg,atropine 1.0mg, or glycopyrrolate 0.4mg in study group when twitch height spontaneously was beginning to regain. After administration of atropine and glycopyrrolate,TOF ratio and DBS ratio were observed at every 6min intervals. On the other hand, vecumnium 0.8mg in 0.9% normal saline20ml(control) and vecuronium 0.8mg mixed atropine 0.25mg in 0.9% normal saline 20ml(study) were given I.V. each forearm of one patient with double isolation arm test under the normal twitch height. After tourniquet release, first twitch height and TOF ratio were observed at every 5min intervals, All results were no significant different between the control group and those study groups, for all the observed tests, but anticholinergics seem to be shown to enhance the recovery in clinical doses and to delay in large doses from neuromuscular blockade. The mechanism of action of antieholinergics, at the neuromuscular junction, are discussed with references, possibly by acting on muscarinic presynaptic inhibitory receptors, which are invalued in the negative feedback mechanism of transmitter release.