Determination of four organotin compounds in human whole blood by high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry / 中国职业医学

{L-End}Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of dimethyltin (DMT), trimethyltin (TMT), diethyltin (DET), and triethyltin (TET) in human whole blood using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). {L-End}Methods The 1.0 mL of blood was added with 4.0 mL 65% aqueous solution (containing 6% acetic acid), extracted and separated by C4 column (150 mm×3 mm×3 μm) using a mobile phase of methanol and 4% acetic acid aqueous solution (containing 0.25 mmol/L tropolone) at a volume ratio of 35∶65, and detected by ICP-MS. {L-End}Results The linear range of DMT, TMT, DET, and TET was 30.60-550.80, 29.00-522.00, 46.10-829.80, and 34.05-612.90 μg/L, respectively. All correlation coefficients were 0.999. The detection limit of DMT, TMT, DET and TET was 21.40, 20.30, 32.27 and 23.80 μg/L, respectively. The recovery rate was 81.9%-104.9%. The within-run and between-run relative standard deviation was 1.6%-6.9% and 0.1%-10.0%, respectively. The samples can be stored at -20 ℃ and 4 ℃ for at least three days. {L-End}Conclusion This method can be used for trace analysis of DMT, TMT, DET, and TET in whole blood.

Cytotoxicity evaluation and the mode of cell death of K562 cells induced by organotin (IV) (2-methoxyethyl) methyldithiocarbamate compounds

Two new organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds, which are diphenyltin (IV) (2-methoxyethyl)methyldithiocarbamate (compound 1) and triphenyltin (IV) (2-methoxyethyl) methyldithiocarbamate (compound 2),were tested for their toxicity against human erythroleukemia cells (K562). The potential of both compounds to inducecytotoxicity against K562 cells was determined via MTT assay for 24 hours. The mode of K562 cells’ death inducedby both compounds was determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assay for 24 hours using the IC50 values obtainedfrom the MTT assay for each compound. This study found that compound 1 and compound 2 were very toxic to K562cells, producing IC50 values of less than 5.0 μg/cm3. Compound 1 showed higher cytotoxicity against K562 cells withan IC50 value of 4.0 µM (2.41 μg/cm3) compared to compound 2 which has an IC50 value of 8.0 µM (4.52 μg/cm3). Inaddition to that, both compounds were found to induce about 43.0% of K562 cell death via apoptosis. In conclusion,the compounds showed good potential to be developed into anti-leukemic agents due to their strong cytotoxicityagainst K562 cells leading to induction of cell death via apoptosis. Further studies on their mechanisms of action arewarranted in order to explore their potential to be developed into anti-leukemic agents

Imposex in Stramonita haemastoma from coastal sites of Cartagena, Colombia / Imposex em Stramonita haemastoma em locais costeiros de Cartagena, Colômbia

Abstract Imposex is the development of male sexual characteristics caused by the toxic effects of some chemicals that acts as an endocrinal disruptor. Antifouling paints contain these chemicals. Cartagena lacks studies to indicate the extent of imposex in its coastal waters. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of imposex in the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma in Cartagena, Colombia. Specimens were collected during 2013 from locations of high and low influence of port activity. Morphometric measurements and the frequency of the occurrence of imposex were registered. The comparison among morphometric variables showed statistically significant differences between the two sites studied. Furthermore, the females of the S. haemastoma species presented an imposex frequency of 93.1% in Birds' Island, Cartagena Bay, compared to 31.8% in La Bocana. The relative penis size index or RPLI (10.145 and 3.231) and vas deferens sequence index or VDSI (2.83 and 1.16), showed possible contamination by organotin compounds in both places.

Resumo Imposex é o desenvolvimento de características sexuais masculinas causadas por poluentes tóxicos de alguns produtos químicos que atuam como desreguladores endócrinos. Tintas anti-incrustantes são as que contêm estes produtos químicos. Cartagena carece de estudos para indicar a extensão do imposex nas suas águas costeiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de imposex no gastrópode Stramonita haemastoma em Cartagena, Colômbia. Os espécimes foram coletados durante 2013 de locais de alta e baixa influência da atividade portuária. Foram registradas as medidas morfométricas e a frequência da ocorrência do imposex. A comparação entre as variáveis morfométricas mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois locais estudados. Além disso, as fêmeas da espécie S. haemastomaapresentaram uma frequência de imposex de 93,1% na Ilha das Aves, Baía das Cartagena, em comparação com 31,8% em La Bocana. O índice do comprimento relativo do pênis ou RPLI (10,145 e 3,231) e o índice da sequência do vaso deferente ou VDSI (2,83 e 1,16), mostraram possível contaminação por compostos organoestânicos em ambos os locais.

Imposex in Stramonita haemastoma from coastal sites of Cartagena, Colombia

Abstract Imposex is the development of male sexual characteristics caused by the toxic effects of some chemicals that acts as an endocrinal disruptor. Antifouling paints contain these chemicals. Cartagena lacks studies to indicate the extent of imposex in its coastal waters. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of imposex in the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma in Cartagena, Colombia. Specimens were collected during 2013 from locations of high and low influence of port activity. Morphometric measurements and the frequency of the occurrence of imposex were registered. The comparison among morphometric variables showed statistically significant differences between the two sites studied. Furthermore, the females of the S. haemastoma species presented an imposex frequency of 93.1% in Birds Island, Cartagena Bay, compared to 31.8% in La Bocana. The relative penis size index or RPLI (10.145 and 3.231) and vas deferens sequence index or VDSI (2.83 and 1.16), showed possible contamination by organotin compounds in both places.

Resumo Imposex é o desenvolvimento de características sexuais masculinas causadas por poluentes tóxicos de alguns produtos químicos que atuam como desreguladores endócrinos. Tintas anti-incrustantes são as que contêm estes produtos químicos. Cartagena carece de estudos para indicar a extensão do imposex nas suas águas costeiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de imposex no gastrópode Stramonita haemastoma em Cartagena, Colômbia. Os espécimes foram coletados durante 2013 de locais de alta e baixa influência da atividade portuária. Foram registradas as medidas morfométricas e a frequência da ocorrência do imposex. A comparação entre as variáveis morfométricas mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois locais estudados. Além disso, as fêmeas da espécie S. haemastomaapresentaram uma frequência de imposex de 93,1% na Ilha das Aves, Baía das Cartagena, em comparação com 31,8% em La Bocana. O índice do comprimento relativo do pênis ou RPLI (10,145 e 3,231) e o índice da sequência do vaso deferente ou VDSI (2,83 e 1,16), mostraram possível contaminação por compostos organoestânicos em ambos os locais.

The Effectiveness of Diphenyltin(IV) and Triphenyltin(IV) Alkylphenyldithiocarbamate Compounds as Insecticide Against Aedes aegypti LINN.(Diptera: Culicidae) in Laboratory / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

The development of using insecticide of organotin(IV) compound against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have been explored and test the effectiveness of compound to prevent resistance insecticide. The aim of this research was to examine the insecticidal effect which is larvisidal and adulticidal effect two series of diphenyltin(IV) and triphenyltin(IV) alkylphenyldithiocarbamate compounds against Ae. aegypti in laboratory. Four compounds which diphenyltin(IV) ethylphenylditiocarbamate (DFEF), triphenyltin(IV) ethylphenylditiocarbamate (TFEF), diphenyltin(IV) butylphenylditiocarbamate (DFBF) and triphenyltin(IV) butylphenylditiocarbamate(DFBF) were carried out larvicidal bioassay testing against third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Based on activity of larvicidal testing, further study was continued to compound WHO showed the best activity larvicidal to test adulticide effect against female mosquito adults of Aedes aegypti. The results showed that TFEF compound showed the best larvicidal effect with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.082 ppm and 0.184 ppm, respectively. Therefore, TFBF compound showed a good larvicide effect with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.108 ppm and 0.273 ppm respectively. However, both of two compounds DFEF and DFBF were not a good of larvicide effect. Based on adultisial testing, TFEF compound not showed good activity of adulticidal effect with high LC50 and LC90 values which is 31,556.03 ppm and 98,427.05 ppm respectively. TFEF compound not show the good adulticide effect but it has potential to develop as larvicide. In conclusion, further study was needed to elucidate and ensure this compound will be used safely as larvicide

Diagnosis and treatment of organotin poisoned patients / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND:With the development of industry and agriculture, organotin compounds have been widely used in China. Organotin compounds cause a common occupational poisoning. The toxicity of organotin was reported in animal studies; however the reports about human organotin intoxication are very rare. In this study we retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations of 15 organotin-poisoned patients who had been treated at our hospital from 2002 through 2007. METHODS:Fifteen patients with organotin poisoning were admitted to Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine from 2002 to 2007. They were 9 males and 6 females, aged from 25 to 52 years. Clinical manifestations and Glasgow Coma Scales showed that the poisoning was mild in 4 patients, moderate in 6 and severe in 5. The severe patients were given glucocorticoid after hospitalization by intravenous guttae of 500 mg methylprednisolone for the first day, followed by 160 mg methylprednisolone per day for three days, and then 80 mg methylprednisolone per day for another three days. Potassium glutamate and sodium glutamate were intravenously dripped to reduce blood ammonia; intravenous guttae plus oral administration of potassium 9 g/day was used to correct intractable hypokalemia; sodium bicarbonate was used to correct metabolic acidosis, and sedatives were used to control spasm and twitch; mechanical ventilators were used in 4 patients with dyspnea. RESULTS:Most of the patients showed elevated level of blood ammonia, decreased level of blood potassium and metabolic acidosis, but some had demyelination changes shown by CT and MRI. Treatments included correction of metabolic acids, blood potassium and ammonia, and mechanical ventilation when necessary. For patients with injuries of the nervous system, glucocorticoids were given immediately after hospitalization. These patients showed intractable hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis during the treatment. Forteen patients recovered completely without long-term side-effect. One patient in the aphasiac stage restored the linguistic capacity during a 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS:Elevated level of blood ammonia, decresed level of blood potassium, and metabolic acidosis are common in patients with organotin poisoning. Demyelination can be observed in patients with severe poisoning. The abnormalities of the patients are reversible after suitable treatments.

A Case of Cerebellar Dysfunction After Acute Organotin Poisoning / 대한산업의학회지

BACKGROUND: We performed a follow-up study of an acute organotin poisoning case on the neurological sequelae that remained after 3 years since diagnosis. CASE: In the previous study, a 43-year-old male was reported for acute organotin poisoning. After 3 years, the neurological sequelae were studied using neurological examination, cognitive tests, neurobehavioral tests (by CAYSYS 2000(TM)), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT. Upon neurological examination and other tests, orientation was improved compared to that 3 years before, but cerebellar ataxia, dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia remained the same, with little change. Brain MRI showed cerebellar atrophy. 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed mildly decreased metabolic activity in the pons and in both cerebellar hemispheres. DISCUSSION: This is the first brain MRI study on cerebellar atrophy caused by organotin poisoning. Cerebellar ataxia was confirmed by decreased metabolic activity in 18F-FDG PET/CT.

Imposex in endemic volutid from Northeast Brazil (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Imposex is characterized by the development of masculine sexual organs in neogastropod females. Almost 120 mollusk species are known to present imposex when exposed to organic tin compounds as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT). These compounds are used as biocide agents in antifouling paints to prevent the incrustations on boats. Five gastropod species are known to present imposex in Brazil: Stramonita haemastoma, Stramonita rustica, Leucozonia nassa, Cymathium parthenopeum and Olivancillaria vesica. This paper reports the first record of imposex observed in the endemic gastropod Voluta ebraea from Pacheco Beach, Northeast Brazil. Animals presenting imposex had regular female reproductive organs (capsule gland, oviduct and sperm-ingesting gland) and an abnormal penis. As imposex occurs in mollusks exposed to organotin compounds typically found at harbors, marinas, shipyards and areas with high shipping activities, probably contamination of Pacheco Beach is a consequence of a shipyard activity located in the nearest areas.

O imposex caracteriza-se pelo surgimento de estruturas sexuais masculinas, em fêmeas de gastrópodes. Cerca de 120 espécies de moluscos que exibem o fenômeno quando expostas a contaminação por compostos orgânicos de estanho tais como o Tributilestanho (TBT) e o Trifenilestanho (TPT). Esses compostos são utilizados, sobretudo em embarcações, no intuito de evitar a bioincrustração que danifica as embarcações e eleva os custos das viagens marítimas. No Brasil se conhecem 5 espécies de moluscos gastrópodes que manifestam imposex, são elas: Stramonita haemastoma, Stramonita rustica, Leucozonia nassa, Cymathium parthenopeum e Olivancillaria vesica. No Nordeste, monitoramentos da contaminação por organoestânicos foram realizados utilizando o imposex em gastrópodes como biomarcador. O presente estudo tem por objetivo notificar a primeira ocorrência de imposex na espécie endêmica do Nordeste brasileiro, Voluta ebraea. De um total de 11 animais observados, duas fêmeas apresentaram imposex, provenientes da Praia do Pacheco no litoral do Ceará. Observou-se nesses indivíduos a presença de glândula de cápsulas, ovidutos e receptáculo seminal concomitantemente ao pênis o que caracteriza o imposex. Como o imposex só se manifesta em moluscos expostos a compostos organoestânicos tipicamente encontrados em portos, marinas, estaleiros e locais com grande fluxo de embarcações atribui-se a origem dessa contaminação provavelmente a um estaleiro localizado nas proximidades da área de coleta.

Human Exposure Assessment of Organotin / 环境与健康杂志

Due to the presence of various organotins from numerous anthropogenic sources, a widespread human exposure to these pollutants can be suggested. Human exposed to organotins mainly from dietary besides skin and lung absorption. Based on the exposure routes of organotins to human, such as air, drinking water, food and household commodities, the exposure level of organotins to human and its harmful effects were reviewed. Finally, the methods of human risk assessment of organotins were simply introduced, and the primary problems at present were put forward.

Progress in Studies of Environmental Organotin Pollution and Monitoring Method / 环境与健康杂志

Organotin compounds are extensively used in industry, agriculture, medicine and so on, but they may cause serious environmental pollution. Source of organotin in environment, impacts on human body, pollution to environment and methods of analysis were reviewed in the present paper.