Evaluation of Nutritive Value of Two Traditional African Vegetables (Corchorus olitorus and Hibiscus sabdariffa) Commonly Consumed in Côte d’Ivoire

Aims:Leafy vegetables play an important role as essential components of diet for rural populations in tropical Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of two leafy vegetable species (Corchorus olitorusand Hibiscus sabdariffa) consumed widely as sauces in Côte d’Ivoire.Methodology:The proximate composition, minerals, nutritive and anti-nutritional components of fresh leafy vegetables were determined according to standard methods for nutritional guidelines Results:The results obtained were as follows: moisture (85.75 -86.29% Fresh basis), proteins (13.13 -21.00% Dry basis), ash (7.00 -9.14% Dry basis), carbohydrates (26.03 -42.97% Dry basis) and lipids (4.35 -4.74% Dry basis). The mineral contents were Phosphorus (0.44 –0.62 g/100 g), Calcium (0.71 –1.41g/100g), Magnesium (1.31 –2.00 g/100g), and high amount of Iron (4.96 –5.41 g/100g). The result of computed antinutrient to mineral molar ratios suggest that Iron and Calcium bioavailability may not be impaired when the two leafy vegetables were consumed. These leafy vegetables were good sources of polyphenols (80.00 -103.00 mg/100g).Conclusion:The leaves of Corchorus olitorusand Hibiscus sabdariffa contain appreciable amount of nutrients and minerals which could participate in the maintenance of a good nutritional status of the people in Côte d’Ivoire

Postharvest quality and functional compounds in "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruit at different stages of maturity / Qualidade pós-colheita e compostos funcionais de pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari' em diferentes estádios de maturação

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruits at different maturity stages, and determine the ideal harvest stage for fresh consumption. The pepper plants were grown in the experimental field of Embrapa Hortaliças (Brasília, DF, Brazil) in 2012, and their fruits were evaluated at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 days after anthesis (DAA) to determine the soluble solid content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, color (hue angle and lightness), a, b, and total chlorophyll, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and capsanthin. It was observed that SS content increased until 70 DAA, and TA increased until 50 DAA, with decrease at 80 DAA. The a and total chlorophyll decreased until 60 DAA. Values for chlorophyll b were high until 30 DAA, and then decreased. The values for hue angle and lightness decreased until 60 DAA, indicating a change from green to red in fruits external color, with small changes in color from 60 to 80 DAA. The TPC content increased until 60 DAA, and then small increases occurred until 80 DAA. The AA increased as the fruit ripened, and the capsanthin content increased until 70 DAA. These results indicated that the ideal stage for harvest of the "dedo-de-moça" 'BRS Mari' pepper fruits is at 70 days after anthesis, when they also have a full development of red color in the fruit epidermis.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físico-químicas e propriedades funcionais da pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari', em diferentes estádios de maturação, e determinar o estádio ideal de colheita dos frutos destinados ao consumo in natura. As pimentas foram cultivadas no campo experimental da Embrapa Hortaliças (Brasília, DF, Brasil), em 2012. Seus frutos avaliados aos 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 dias após a antese (DAA) quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, coloração (ângulo hue e luminosidade), clorofilas a, b e total, compostos fenólicos totais (CFT), atividade antioxidante (AAT) e capsantina. Observou-se que o teor de SS aumentou até 70 DAA e a AT aumentou até os 50 DAA com decréscimo aos 80 DAA. Clorofilas a e total diminuíram até 60 DAA. Os valores de clorofila b foram mais elevados até 30 DAA e depois diminuíram. Os valores de ângulo hue e luminosidade diminuíram até 60 DAA, indicando mudança de verde para vermelho na 'coloração externa' dos frutos, com pequenas mudanças na coloração de 60 até 80 DAA. O conteúdo CFT aumentou até 60 DAA e depois pequenos aumentos ocorreram até 80 DAA. AAT aumentou à medida que os frutos amadureciam e o conteúdo de capsantina aumentou até 70 DAA. Esses resultados indicam que o estádio ideal para colheita da pimenta dedo-de-moça 'BRS Mari' é aos 70 dias após a antese, quando ela também apresenta o total desenvolvimento da coloração vermelha na epiderme.

Pólen apícola desidratado: composição físico-química, qualidade microbiologica, compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, capacidade antioxidante e origem botânica / Dehydrtated bee pollen: physicochemical, microbiological quality, phenolic and flavonoids compounds, antioxidant and botanical origin

O pólen apícola, produto da aglutinação do pólen das flores com néctar e substâncias salivares das abelhas, tem sido promovido como suplemento da dieta humana por apresentar propriedades nutricionais e bioativas. Sessenta e duas amostras de pólen apícola desidratado foram avaliadas para as análises de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, atividade antioxidante por três métodos (DPPH, sistema ß-caroteno e ORAC), origem botânica, qualidade comercial (umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas e carboidratos) e sanitária (bolores e leveduras, aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E.coli, clostrídios sulfito redutores e S.aureus.), além da atividade antimicrobiana (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). Os valores obtidos para compostos fenólicos e flavonoides totais variaram de 12,60 a 84,22 mg GAE/g de pólen apícola (GAE: equivalentes em ácido gálico) e 1,90 a 36,85 mg de quercetina/g de pólen apícola respectivamente. O EC50, determinado pelo método do DPPH, variou de 0,35 a 13,42 mg pólen apícola/mL de extrato. Os extratos de pólen apícola apresentaram valores entre 52,58 e 98,37 % para o método do ß-caroteno. Quando quantificada por ORAC, a atividade antioxidante medida ficou entre 132,98 e 575,85 µmol eq. trolox/g pólen apícola. Na avaliação da qualidade comercial foram obtidos os valores de 3,06% a 8,12% para umidade, de 1,94 a 4,61%, para cinzas, de 3,35 a 10,96% para lipídeos; de 17,73 a 34,73% para as proteínas, de 11,86 a 25,71% e de 2,77 a 15,87% para os açúcares frutose e glicose, respectivamente. Verificou-se que a presença do pólen apícola inibiu o crescimento de todos os microrganismos estudados. Candida albicans foi a mais resistente e o Staphylococcus epidermides foi o mais sensível. Observou-se 36 tipos polínicos diferentes, destacando-se: Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.), Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae, Poaceae., Euphorbiaceae e Brassica que ocorreram com maior frequência entre as amostras estudadas. Foram observadas somente correlações moderadas e fracas entre os tipos polínicos presentes e os parâmetros avaliados para as amostras desidratadas de pólen apícola

Bee pollen, a product of agglutination of flower pollen with nectar and bee salivary substances, has been promoted as a dietary supplement for human because of its nutritional and bioactive properties. Sixty-two samples of dehydrated bee pollen were analyzed for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity using three methods (DPPH, ßcarotene and ORAC), botanical composition, commercial quality (moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates), hygiene (aerobic mesophiles, yeasts and moulds, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and sulfite-reducing Clostridium), and antimicrobial activity (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). The obtained values for total phenolics ranged from 12.60 to 84.22 mg GAE/g bee pollen (GAE: gallic acid equivalents) while for total flavonoids ranged from 1.90 and 36.85 mg quercetin/g bee pollen. The EC50, determined by the DPPH method, ranged from 0.35 to 13.42 mg bee pollen/ml of extract. The bee pollen extracts showed values between 52.58 and 98.37% by ß- carotene method. When measured by ORAC, antioxidant activity was between 132.98 and 575.85 µmols eq. trolox/g bee pollen. In the evaluation of commercial quality, the following results were achieved: 3.06% to 8.12% for moisture, 1.94 to 4.61% for ashes, 3.35 to 10.96% for lipids, 17.73 to 34.73% for proteins, from 11.86 to 25.71% and 2.77 to 15.87% for the carbohydrates glucose and fructose respectively. It was verified that the presence of the bee pollen inhibited the growth of all microorganisms studied. Candida albicans was the more resistant and Staphylococcus epidermides the more sensitive. Thirty-three pollen-types were identified mainly Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.) sp., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae sp., Poaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp. and Brassica sp. that occurred more frequently among the samples studied. It was observed only moderate and weak correlations between the pollen types present and the evaluated parameters for dehydrated samples of bee pollen

Caracterización físicoquímica de mieles de abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini) de Venezuela / Physicochemical characterization of stingless bee (Meliponini) honey from Venezuela

Las mieles producidas por abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini) tienen una composición diferente a las mieles de Apis me - llifera; sin embargo, no se han incorporado sus estándares en las normas de calidad para este producto de la colmena. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron mieles producidas en Venezuela por seis especies de abejas sin aguijón: Frieseomelitta paupera (Provancher, 1888), Scaura aff. latitarsis (Friese, 1900), Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), Plebeia sp., Scaptotrigona sp. y una especie no identificada. Se obtuvieron las siguientes variaciones en los valores de la composición físicoquímica de las mieles de abejas sin aguijón: 1. pH (3,24 - 4,94). 2. Acidez libre (16,92 - 248,52 meq/kg miel). 3. Cenizas (0,21 - 1,49 g/100 g miel). 4. Conductividad eléctrica (0,24 - 2,14 mS/cm). 5. Humedad (19,3 - 27,3 g agua/100 g miel). 6. Nitrógeno (41,91 - 335,31 mg N/100 g miel). 7. Azúcares reductores (48,18 - 71,19 g/100 g miel). 8. Sacarosa aparente (1,09 - 12,30 g/100g miel). 9. Actividad de la diastasa (positiva en todas las mieles). Hidroximetilfurfural (negativo en todas las mieles).

Honeys produced by stingless bees (Meliponini) have a different composition from Apis mellifera honey. However, their standards have not been included in norms of quality for this product of the hive. In this work Venezuelan honeys produced by six species of stingless bees, were studied: Frie - seomelitta paupera (Provancher, 1888), Scaura aff. latitarsis (Friese, 1900), Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), Plebeia sp., Scaptotrigona sp. and an non identified species. The following variations of physicochemical compo - sitional values were obtained: 1. pH (3.24 - 4.94). 2. Free acidity (16.92 - 248.52 meq/kg honey). 3. Ash (0.21 - 1.49 g/100 g honey). 4. Electrical conductivity (0.24 - 2.14 mS/cm). 5. Moisture (19.3 - 27.3 g water/100 g honey). 6. Ni trogen (41.91 - 335.31 mg N/100 g honey). 7. Reducing su gars (48.18 - 71.19 g/100 g honey). 8. Apparent sucrose (1.09 - 12.30 g/100g honey). 9. Diastase activity (positive in all honeys). Hydroxymethylfurfural (negative in all honeys).

Composición química de polen apícola fresco recolectado en el páramo de Misintá de Los Andes venezolanos / Chemical composition of fresh bee pollen collected in the Misintá páramo from the venezuelan Andes

El polen apícola venezolano no ha sido caracterizado, y su comercialización no está normalizada. El polen es consumido con fines de apiterapia por sus propiedades nutricionales y medicinales. Este producto de la colmena es el más popular después de la miel de abejas; por eso es necesario caracterizarlo y valorizarlo para iniciar una base de datos que sustente la propuesta de una norma para el control de calidad del polen apícola. Se caracterizaron muestras de polen recolectado por abejas en el páramo de Misintá del estado Mérida, según la composición química (humedad, cenizas, extracto etéreo, pH, proteínas) de cuatro fracciones de color (amarillo, anaranjado, ocre, verde). La fracción más frecuente fue el polen amarillo, con 2,18 g cenizas/100g, 5,37 g extracto etéreo/100 g, 14,88 g humedad/100 g y 37,32 g proteínas/100 g.

Venezuelan bee pollen has not been characterized, and marketing is not regulated. Pollen is consumed for apitherapeutical purposes for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This product of the hive is the most popular after honey; therefore it is necessary to characterize and to value it to initiate a database to support the proposal of a norm for bee pollen quality control. Samples of bee pollen collected by bees in the Misintá páramo of Mérida state were characterized accoridng to the chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat, pH, proteins) of four color fractions (yellow, orange, ochre, green). Yellow pollen was the most frequent fraction, with 2,18 g ash/100g, 5,37 g ether extract/100 g, 14,88 g moisture/100 g, and 37,32 g proteins/100 g.