Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension - Ayurvedic Understanding

Pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders are included among the most common medical complications of pregnancy with an incidence of 5–10%. Hypertension that develops as a direct result of gravid state is referred to as ‘pregnancy-induced hypertension’. The timely management of pregnancy complicated with hypertensive disorders is significant, otherwise it can lead to adverse fetal, neonatal and maternal outcomes. The basic pathology in pre-eclampsia, one of the types of hypertensive disorders is endothelial dysfunction and intense vasospasm due to abnormal placentation compromising blood flow to the foetoplacental unit. There is no direct reference of pregnancy-induced hypertension in Ayurveda classics, but the manifested symptoms can be explained within the purview of Ayurveda. Abnormality in placentation can be considered as impairment in the normal functioning of Vata dosha and when the pathology progresses further; Kapha, Pitta also play their own roles. In a woman with or without a previous history of pre-eclampsia, intervention should begin from pre-conceptional period. Planned pregnancy after pre-conceptional care followed by Garbhini paricharya along with the use of Garbhasthapaka dravya, Rasayana dravya, Masanumasika Garbhasravahara dravya can play significant roles in the prevention as well as management of pregnancy-induced hypertension thus improving the maternal and foetal outcomes.

Congenital Hyperinsulinemia of Infancy: Role of Molecular Testing in Management and Genetic Counseling

Congenital hyperinsulinemia (CHI) is a genetically and clinically heterogenous disorder. In addition to the standard care of management of the proband, genetic counseling regarding the risk of recurrence in the future siblings is an important part in the management of the disorder. The counseling needs identifcation of accurate etiology and is challenging due to the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of CHI. This case highlights the importance of molecular testing which not only helped in planning the management of the proband with CHI but also helped in providing genetic counseling for which the family had consulted the medical genetics department.

Intervención educativa en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus. Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, 2018-2019 / Educational intervention in preconceptional prevention of embryo fetal effects of diabetes mellitus. University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, 2018-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: los efectos embriofetales derivados de la exposición a la diabetes mellitus, durante el período prenatal de la vida, se extienden a la etapa posnatal con importantes repercusiones para la salud, incluyendo el efecto transgeneracional de la enfermedad. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa para incrementar el nivel de conocimientos en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus en mujeres en edad fértil, pertenecientes al Consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, del municipio Matanzas, entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2019. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención que constó de tres etapas. Un universo de 198 mujeres en edad fértil pertenecientes al Consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, durante el período señalado. Se empleó la encuesta para medir factores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus y conocimientos de las féminas en prevención preconcepcional de los efectos embriofetales de la enfermedad. Resultados: la edad superior a 30 años y la presencia de sobrepeso u obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo más detectados. Resultó calificado de malo el nivel de conocimientos en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes, previo a la intervención. Conclusiones: después de la implementación del programa educativo, se elevó el conocimiento sobre prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus en las mujeres en edad fértil del consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, del municipio Matanzas, lo que demostró su efectividad (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the embryo-fetal effects derived of the exposition to diabetes mellitus during the prenatal period of the life, extend to the postnatal stage, with important repercussions for health, including the disease's transgenerational effect. Objective: to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention for increasing knowledge on pre-conceptional prevention of embryo-fetal effects of diabetes mellitus in fertile-aged women belonging to Family Doctor's office 1, of the University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, municipality of Matanzas, from January 2018 to December 2019. Materials and methods: an interventional study was carried out, divided into three stages. The universe were 198 fertile-aged women belonging to Family Doctor's office 1, of the University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, during the stated period. A survey was used to measure diabetes mellitus risk factors and women's knowledge on pre-conceptional preventing the disease's embryo-fetal effects. Results: age over 30 and being overweight or obese were the most frequently found risk factors. The knowledge level on pre-conceptional preventing diabetes mellitus embryo-fetal effects was poor before the intervention. Conclusions: after implementing the educational program, knowledge on pre-conceptional prevention of diabetes mellitus embryo-fetal effects increased among fertile-aged women of the Family Doctor's 1, of the policlinic Carlos Verdugo, of the municipality of Matanzas, demonstrating its effectiveness (AU).

Protocolización de la atención preconcepcional en diabetes mellitus / Protocolization of preconceptional care in diabetes mellitus

La diabetes mellitus constituye una entidad con una elevada prevalencia que en los últimos años ha tenido una tendencia ascendente, principalmente en población económicamente activa, lo que implica que cada vez existirán más mujeres en edad fértil con esta enfermedad. Se recomienda que estas mujeres reciban un tipo de atención especializada como la atención preconcepcional, tres meses antes de la concepción como mínimo, para coadyuvar al logro de resultados gestacionales favorables. Es conveniente, entonces, que esta actividad clínica sea protocolizada para normalizar y facilitar la práctica profesional en este campo, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de este servicio asistencial. Este constituye el motivo fundamental de la implementación del protocolo de atención preconcepcional en diabetes, en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto de Endocrinología, que se presenta en este artículo(AU)

Diabetes mellitus is an entity with a high prevalence that in recent years has had an upward trend, mainly in the economically active population, implying that more and more women of childbearing potential with this disease will exist. It is recommended that these women receive a type of specialized care such as preconception care, at least three months before conception, to help achieve favorable gestational outcomes. It is then desirable that this clinical activity can be registered in order to standardize and facilitate professional practice in this field, in order to improve the quality of this care service. This is the fundamental reason for the implementation of the preconceptional care protocol in diabetes, at the Diabetic Patients Care Center of the Institute of Endocrinology, that is presented in this article(AU)

Review of 113 cases of autoimmune disorders in pregnancy

Background: Autoimmune disorders are chronic multisystem disorders affecting women of their reproductive age. Pregnancy among these women is complicated by the disease itself. Flaring up of disease, uteroplacental insufficiency due to vasculitis and drugs used for treatment are main reason for unfavourable pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the pregnancy complications and outcome among 113 cases of autoimmune disorders.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of case records of pregnant women with autoimmune disorders. This study was conducted at PSG IMSR and Hospital, Coimbatore, and Tamil Nadu from July 2012 to June 2018. The case sheets were retrieved from medical record department and the details such as type of disease, maternal age, parity, status of disease at conception, treatment taken during pregnancy, maternal complications and fetal complications were collected and analyzed.Results: During 6-year period there were 113 pregnant women with autoimmune disorders, and they were studied of their previous and present pregnancy outcome. The disease incidence was 7.01% per 1000 deliveries. 40.7% were less than 25 years age group and 71.6% were multigravidae. We had forty-one patients (36%) who were positive for APLA syndrome which were the maximum number of patients with auto immune disorder in pregnancy and 37 patients (32.7) with SLE. We had significant numbers of maternal and fetal complications for common disorders. Most of the rare auto immune disorders were diagnosed before pregnancy and these pregnancies were managed by multi-disciplinary approach, and continued on immunomodulators throughout pregnancy, hence maternal and fetal complications were less for them.Conclusions: Adequate pre-conceptional counseling, vigilant monitoring during pregnancy and post-partum will avoid pregnancy related complications and have favorable outcomes.

Prevalência e fatores associados à ocorrência e coocorrência dos fatores de risco comportamentais em mulheres brasileiras de idade reprodutiva / Prevalence and factors associated to the occurrence and co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors in Brazilian women of reproductive age

Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) têm acarretado grande número de mortes prematuras, incapacidades e perda da qualidade de vida entre as mulheres, mesmo elas sendo as principais usuárias do sistema de saúde. Ao longo dos anos, os processos de urbanização e globalização contribuíram para o aumento dos fatores de risco comportamentais (FRC), elevando a prevalência das DCNT. Sabe-se que os FRC para DCNT afetam a saúde da mulher, inclusive a sua capacidade reprodutiva, ocasionando desfechos reprodutivos negativos. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência e os fatores sociodemográficos e de acesso à ocorrência e coocorrência dos fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na população de mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Metodologia: Estudo transversal que utilizou dados das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva, que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), em 2013. Estimou-se a ocorrência e coocorrência dos seguintes FRC: consumo insuficiente de frutas, verduras e legumes (FLV), inatividade física, consumo de álcool e tabagismo. Em seguida, estimou-se prevalências e razões de prevalência da ocorrência e coocorrência dos FRC, de acordo com as características sociodemográficas (faixa etária, escolaridade, região, zona de moradia, cor da pele/raça, estado civil) e de acesso, utilizando a combinação das variáveis plano de saúde e Papanicolau. Estimou-se também a prevalência da autoavaliação de saúde de acordo com FRC. Foram calculados os intervalos de 95% de confiança das estimativas. Utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson para estimar a razão de prevalência. Considerou-se o desenho amostral complexo do inquérito para obter estimativas populacionais. Resultados: Dentre as mulheres estudadas, mais de 70% apresentaram consulta recente no serviço de saúde. Entretanto, 89% das mulheres apresentaram consumo insuficiente de FLV; 79,9% eram inativas; 18,8% consumiam álcool; 9,7% eram tabagistas, 10% ex-tabagistas e mais da metade das mulheres apresentavam acúmulo de dois ou mais fatores de risco (65,3%). Mulheres com maior escolaridade, residentes na região Sul, que viviam na zona urbana, bem como com consulta recente no serviço privado apresentaram maior prevalência de consumo de álcool (p<0,05). Mulheres na faixa etária de 40-49 anos, com menor escolaridade e com consulta recente no serviço público apresentaram maior prevalência de inatividade física (p<0,05). Para o tabaco houve menor prevalência entre ambos os grupos de acordo com o acesso (p<0,05). Mesmo na presença de FRC, as mulheres autoavaliaram sua saúde majoritariamente como positiva. Conclusões: A maioria das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva tem acesso a uma consulta de saúde da mulher, contudo foi identificada alta ocorrência e coocorrência de FRC. Também foi identificada alta ocorrência e coocorrência de acordo com as características sociodemográficas, principalmente nas mulheres mais velhas e com baixa escolaridade. Sabe-se que esses FRC podem interferir na saúde pré-concepcional das mulheres que desejam ou não engravidar, reforçando a necessidade de ações de promoção da saúde que devem ser incorporadas às rotinas de assistência à mulher.(AU)

Introduction: Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have led to a high number of premature deaths, disabilities and loss of quality of life among women, even though they are the main users of the health system. Over the years, urbanization and globalization processes have contributed to the increase of behavioral risk factors (BRF), raising the prevalence of NCDs. We known that BRFs for NCDs affect women's health, including their reproductive capacity, leading to negative reproductive outcomes. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors (sociodemographic and access) to the occurrence and co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in the reproductive age women population. Methodology: Cross-sectional study using data from Brazilian women of reproductive age who responded to the National Health Survey (PNS), in 2013. We estimated the ocurrence and co-occurrence of the following BRFs: insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables (FLV), physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and smoking. Next, we estimated prevalence and prevalence ratios of BRF occurrence and co-occurrence according to socio-demographic characteristics (age range, schooling, region, dwelling area, skin color / race, marital status) and access using the combination of health plan and pap smear variables. It was also estimated the prevalence of health self-assessment according to the BRF. The 95% confidence intervals of the estimates were also calculated. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence ratios. We considered the complex sample design of the survey to obtain population estimates. Results: Among the women studied, more than 70% had a recent consultation in the health service. However, 89% of the women had insufficient FLV consumption; 79.9% were inactive; 18.8% consumed alcohol; 9.7% were smokers and 10%, former smokers. More than half of the women had an accumulation of two or more risk factors (65.3%). Women with higher levels of schooling, living in the South, who lived in the urban area, as well as with a recent consultation in the private service, showed a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption (p <0.05). Women in the age group 40-49, with lower schooling and with a recent public service consultation had a higher prevalence of physical inactivity (p <0.05). For tobacco, there was lower prevalence between both groups according to access (p <0.05). Even in the presence of BRF, women self-rated their health as positive. Conclusions: Most Brazilian women of reproductive age had access to a women's health consultation, however, a high occurrence and co-occurrence of BRF has been identified. High occurrence and second co-occurrence were also identified according to sociodemographic characteristics, especially in older women with low schooling. It is known that these BRFs may interfere with the preconceptional health of women who wish to become pregnant or not, reinforcing the need for health promotion interventions that should be incorporated into women's health care routines.(AU)

Calidad del proceso en la ejecución del programa de riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional / Process quality in the implementation of the program of preconceptional reproductive risk

Se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud para evaluar la calidad del proceso de ejecución del Programa de Riesgo Preconcepcional a través de la competencia profesional de 45 médicos y enfermeras del Policlínico Ramón López Peña de Santiago de Cuba, desde abril hasta noviembre del 2016. Un comité de expertos preestableció criterios, indicadores y estándares de evaluación. Hubo dificultades en el conocimiento sobre criterios de control, salida y fallo del programa, en el seguimiento de las parejas, así como en lo concerniente a las historias clínicas y la interconsulta con obstetra u otros especialistas afines al factor de riesgo. La calidad en la ejecución del programa no fue la mejor; las dificultades detectadas pudieran incidir en los resultados negativos del Programa de Atención Materno-Infantil en el área de salud. Resulta necesario evaluar otras dimensiones de la calidad y capacitar a los profesionales en los aspectos con dificultades

An investigation in health systems and services was carried out to evaluate the process quality in the implementation of the Preconceptional Risk Program by means of the professional competence of 45 doctors and nurses of Ramón López Peña Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from April to November, 2016. An experts committee prestablished evaluation approaches, indicators and standards. There were difficulties in the knowledge about control, emission and failure of the program approaches, in the follow up of couples, as well as in everything concerning the medical records and the consultation with the obstetrician or other specialists related to the risk factor. The quality in the implementation of the program was not the best; the difficulties detected could impact in the negative results of the Maternal and Child Care Program in the health area. It is necessary to evaluate other dimensions of the quality and qualify the professionals in the aspects with difficulties

Caracterización epidemiológica de mujeres con riesgo preconcepcional / Epidemiological characterization of women with preconceptional risk

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 154 mujeres con riesgo preconcepcional del Grupo Básico de Trabajo No.1, quienes fueron atendidas en la Consulta de Planificación Familiar del Policlínico Universitario Municipal, desde junio hasta agosto del 2014, con vistas a caracterizarles según variables epidemiológicas. El dato primario se obtuvo de las historias clínicas individuales y las tarjetas del riesgo preconcepcional; solo en los casos necesarios se realizó la entrevista personalizada. Se utilizaron la frecuencia absoluta y el porcentaje como medidas de resumen para variables cualitativas. La hipertensión arterial, la desnutrición y los antecedentes desfavorables en obstetricia fueron los factores de riesgo biológicos más frecuentes. La mayoría de las féminas emplearon los anticonceptivos hormonales inyectables por ser más eficaces; sin embargo, estos provocaron mayores efectos secundarios

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 154 women with preconceptional risk was carried out. They belonged to No.1 Basic Work Group and were assisted in the Family Planning Service of the Municipal University Polyclinic, from June to August, 2014, aimed at characterizing them according to epidemiological variables. The primary fact was obtained from the individual medical records and the preconceptional risk cards; the personalized interview was carried out just in the necessary cases. The absolute frequency and percentage as summary measures were used for qualitative variables. Hypertension, malnutrition and unfavorable obstetrics history were the most frequent biological risk factors. Most of the women used injectable hormonal contraceptives because they were more effective; however, they caused higher side effects

Study on Pregnancy Outcomes after Transabdominal Cervico-Isthmic Cerclage before Pregnancy / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage before pregnancy among the patients who had poor obstetric outcome from previous failed transvaginal cervical cerclage and/or an anatomically defective cervix. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of pre-conceptional transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage patients was conducted at Hanyang University Medical Center from 1989 to 1997, and analysis of the pregnancy outcomes after preconceptional transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage operation. RESULTS: The fifteen patients had 11 successful pregnancy outcomes. Two patients had two consecutive succesful pregnancies and repeat cesarean section deliveries after TCIC. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage before pregnancy offers a high rate of fetal salvage with a minimal complications in patients with extremely poor obstertric histories as a result of cervical incompetence, where vaginal cerclage is not warranted.