Evidências de validade convergente Raven e R-2 em crianças com TEA / Evidence of convergent validity Raven and R-2 in children with ASD / Evidencia de validez convergente Raven y R-2 en niños con TEA

Visando ampliar os estudos relacionados à avaliação da inteligência de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) este estudo investigou a relação entre os testes não verbais de inteligência R-2 e Raven, avaliando 30 crianças com TEA, grau leve e moderado, de idade entre 5 e 11 anos e 9 meses. Os dados foram analisados de forma padronizada e os escores da amostra evidenciaram níveis intelectuais dentro da média no Raven e médio superior no R-2. Com alta correlação e convergência (coeficiente r = 0,897) estes resultados creditam o R-2 como um instrumento psicométrico potencial na avaliação da inteligência no TEA.

Aiming to expand the studies related to the assessment of the intelligence of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) this study investigated the relationship between the non-verbal tests of intelligence R-2 and Raven, evaluating 30 children with ASD, mild and moderate, of age between 5 and 11 years and 9 months. The data were analyzed in a standardized, way and the sample scores showed intellectual levels within the mean in Raven and upper mean in R-2. With high correlation and convergence (coefficient r = 0.897) these results credit R-2 as a potential psychometric instrument in the assessment of intelligence in ASD.

Con el objetivo de ampliar los estudios relacionados con la evaluación de la inteligencia de los niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), este estudio investigó la relación entre las pruebas no verbales de inteligencia R-2 y Raven, evaluando a 30 niños con TEA, leve y moderada, de edad Entre 5 y 11 años y 9 meses. Los datos se analizaron de manera estandarizada y las puntuaciones de la muestra mostraron niveles intelectuales dentro de la media en Raven y la media superior en R-2. Con alta correlación y convergencia (coeficiente r = 0,897) estos resultados acreditan a R-2 como un instrumento psicométrico potencial en la evaluación de la inteligencia en TEA.

Parental Education, Children’s Nutritional Status and Non-verbal Intelligence in Rural School-children

Objective: To assess non-verbal intelligence and its relationship with nutritional status,nutrient intakes and parents’ education in school-children. Methods: A cross-sectional,observational study was conducted in children between 6-11 years, without any knownchronic disorder or intellectual disability. Data were collected regarding parents’ education,anthropometry and dietary intakes. Non-verbal intelligence was assessed by Raven’sColoured Progressive Matrices (RCPM). Results: In 323 enrolled children (52.9% boys), asignificant positive association was observed between RCPM scores and parents’ education(father’s rs=0.14, mother’s rs=0.22), height Z-scores (rs=0.14) and dietary intakes of zinc(rs=0.14), iron (rs=0.12) and folate (rs=0.14). Conclusion: Height in normal range, higherzinc, iron and folate intakes, and parental higher educational levels were associated withhigher non-verbal intelligence scores

La inteligencia a través de las generaciones: Millennials y centennials / Intelligence through generations: Millennials and centennials

Resumen Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la construcción de baremos del Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven, para la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina; y su comparación con aquellos de los años 1964 y 2000. Se seleccionó una muestra de 933 sujetos de 19 a 30 años de edad, con educación secundaria completa. El instrumento fue administrado en presencia de un examinador, de manera colectiva y sin límite de tiempo. Los resultados se analizaron en cuatro grupos de edad: 19-20 años, 21-22 años, 23-24 años y 25-30 años y se compararon con los baremos anteriores. Se constató que el efecto Flynn es seguido de un Efecto Meseta: luego del aumento significativo de los puntajes durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, se aprecia una detención de tal crecimiento. Las razones que explicaron el crecimiento de los puntajes no resultan suficientes para poder entender que ya no aumenten. Los sujetos evaluados se corresponden con los denominados nativos digitales. Lo que caracteriza a estos grupos generacionales denominados Millennials y Centennials, está ligado al desarrollo tecnológico. Sobre esta base construyen un modo de entender el mundo y de comunicarse, tan particular y diferente a lo conocido que podría estar impactando sobre las puntuaciones obtenidas en la prueba.

Abstract This article shows the results in the construction of the Raven Progressive Matrices Test's norms, for La Plata, Argentina. These results were compared with the results obtained in 1964 and 2000. A sample of 933 subjects of 19-30 years old that have completed the high school was selected. The Test was administrated collectively, without time limit and with the examiner's presence. The results have been analyzed in four age groups: 19-20, 21-22, 23-24 and 25-30 years old, and then compared with the previous norms. It was found that the Flynn Effect is followed by a Plateau Effect: after a significant growth of average scores during the second half of the 20th century this effect has now stopped. The reasons that had explained their growth are not enough to explain this detention. The evaluated subjects are digital natives. These generational groups' (Millennials and Centennials) characteristics are linked to technological advance. They build over this their ways of seeing the world and communicating. This could be having an impact on the scores, causing the Plateau Effect.

Validity study of intelligence subtests for a Brazilian giftedness assessment battery / Validade de subtestes de inteligência para a bateria de avaliação de altas habilidades/superdotação / Validez de las pruebas de razonamiento de la batería de evaluación de altas habilidades/superdotación

Considering the importance of validity evidence studies when designing psychological instruments, this study intended on verifying the construct validity of reasoning subtests, through convergent evidence and CFA, as part of a battery for giftedness assessment. A Manova was also applied to evaluate sex and grade differences. The sample was composed of 96 students, in which 49 were female, with 6th grade (n=15), 7th grade (n=12), 8th grade (n=49) students and 2nd year (n=20) students from a public school in the state of São Paulo, aged between 10 and 18 (M = 13.4 years, SD = 1.8). The participants answered the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (general scale) and reasoning subtests that belong to the Battery for Giftedness Assessment (BAHA/G). The results from Pearson's correlation indicated convergence as the majority of the factors composed in BAHA/G showed positive and significant correlations with the Raven test factors, and the CFA displayed two latent variables with strong correlations, particularly among their total score (r=.976). With these results, we found the moderate relationship between these instruments. Further studies are recommended on other types of validity evidence of these subtests to confirm its psychometric qualities. (AU)

Considerando a importância da busca por evidências de validade no processo de construção de instrumentos psicológicos, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a validade de construto dos subtestes de raciocínio, da bateria de avaliação das altas habilidades / superdotação (BAAH/S), através de evidências de convergência e análise fatorial confirmatória. Também foi realizada a análise multivariada da variância para avaliar a influencia das variáveis sexo e série. A amostra foi composta por 96 estudantes, 49 do sexo feminino, do 6º ano (n=15), 7° ano (n=12), 8° ano (n=49) do ensino fundamental II e 2º ano (n=20) do ensino médio de uma escola pública do Estado de São Paulo, com idades entre 10 e 18 anos (M=13,4 anos; DP=1,8). Os participantes responderam ao teste Matrizes Progressivas de Raven (escala geral) e aos Subtestes de Raciocínio da Bateria de Altas Habilidades e Superdotação (BAAH/S). Os resultados da correlação de Pearson indicaram convergência entre as medidas dos fatores da BAAH/S e correlações positivas com os fatores do teste do Raven. A AFC demonstrou duas variáveis latentes com fortes correlações, principalmente considerando o escore total (r=0,976) Tais resultados demonstram uma relação moderada entre os instrumentos em questão. Novos estudos voltados à investigação de outros tipos de evidências de validade são recomendados. (AU)

Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de evidencias de validez en el proceso de construcción de instrumentos psicológicos, este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la validez de criterio de las pruebas de razonamiento de la Batería de Evaluación de altas habilidades/superdotación (BAAH/S). También fue realizado Manova para evaluar las diferencias entre sexo y ciclo. La muestra fue compuesta por 96 alumnos, 49 mujeres, el 6º año (n=15), 7 años (n=12), 8 año (n=49) de la escuela primaria y 2º año (n=20) de la escuela secundaria en una escuela pública del estado de São Paulo, con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y 18 años (M=13,4 años, SD=1,8). Los participantes respondieron al Test de matrices Progresivas de RAVEN - Escala General y la (BAAH/S). Los resultados de correlación de Pearson indicaron convergencia entre los factores de la BAAH/S y correlaciones positivas con los factores del test de RAVEN, y la AFC demostró dos variables latentes con correlaciones fuertes, teniendo en cuenta la puntuación total (r =. 976) estos resultados demuestran una relación moderada entre los instrumentos, lo que confirma la validez criterio de la prueba en el desarrollo. Además, se recomienda nuevos estudios de otros tipos de evidencia de validez. (AU)

Análise da Produção Científica Brasileira sobre o Teste das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven / Analysis of the Brazilian Scientific Production on the Raven’ Progressives Matrices Test / Análisis de la Producción Científica Brasileña acerca de la Prueba de Raven

Resumo O Teste das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven é um instrumento não verbal para avaliação da inteligência. As pesquisas sobre ele, no Brasil, iniciaram-se na década de 1950 e continuaram a desenvolver-se com o passar dos anos, em maior ou menor escala de acordo com o período. O presente estudo objetivou quantificar e analisar a produção científica brasileira de artigos a respeito do Teste das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven, disponíveis nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia (PePSIC). Foram selecionados e analisados 71 artigos obtidos a partir das palavras-chaves “teste de Raven” e “Raven”. As produções científicas analisadas foram publicadas no período entre 1995 e 2014 e, em sua maioria, eram provenientes da região Sudeste brasileira. Notou-se que a maioria dos artigos referiu o uso do teste de Raven em contextos específicos, e poucos buscaram analisar as qualidades psicométricas do instrumento, evidenciando a demanda de mais estudos sobre as qualidades psicométricas do teste de Raven....(AU)

Abstract The Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test is a non-verbal tool for assessment of intelligence, whose research in Brazil started in the 1950s and continued over the years, to a greater or lesser extent according to the period. This study aimed to quantify and analyze the Brazilian scientific production of articles concerning the Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test, available in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Electronic Journal of Psychology (PePSIC) databases. Seventy-one articles using the keywords “Raven test” and “Raven” were selected and analyzed. The analyzed scientific works were published between 1995 and 2014 and mostly come from the Brazilian southeast region. It was noted that most of the articles reported the use of Raven Test in specific contexts and few sought to analyze the psychometric qualities of the instrument, evidencing the need for more studies on the psychometric qualities of the Raven Test....(AU)

Resumen El Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven es un instrumento no verbal para evaluación de la inteligencia, cuyas investigaciones en Brasil iniciaron en la década de 1950 y continuaron con el paso de los años, en mayor o menor medida de acuerdo con el período. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar y analizar la producción científica brasileña de artículos sobre el Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven, disponibles en las bases de datos Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y Revistas Electrónicas en Psicología (PePSIC). 71 artículos, obtenidos a partir con las palabras clave “test de Raven” y “Raven” fueron seleccionados y analizados. Las producciones científicas analizadas fueron publicadas en el período entre 1995 y 2014 y provienen, en su mayoría, de la región sudeste brasileña. Se notó que la mayoría de los artículos relataron el uso del test de Raven en contextos específicos, y pocos buscaron analizar las cualidades psicométricas del instrumento, evidenciando la demanda por más estudios sobre las cualidades psicométricas del test de Raven....(AU)

Improvement of Visuo-spatial Function Assessed by Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices in Dementia with Lewy Bodies by Donepezil Treatment

OBJECTIVE: Donepezil is used to improve cognitive impairment of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Visuo-spatial dysfunction is a well-known symptom of DLB. Non-verbal Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) were used to assess both visual perception and reasoning ability in DLB subjects treated with donepezil. METHODS: Twenty-one DLB patients (mean age, 78.7±4.5 years) were enrolled. RCPM assessment was performed at the time of starting donepezil and within one year after starting donepezil. RESULTS: There were significant improvements of RCPM in the total scores between one year donepezil treatment (p=0.013), in both Set A score (p=0.002) and Set AB score (p=0.015), but trend in the Set B score (p=0.083). CONCLUSION: Donepezil is useful for improving visuo-spatial impairment in DLB, but not for problem-solving impairment.

Factor structure of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices / Estrutura Fatorial das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven / Estructura Factorial de las Matrices Progresivas Coloridas de Raven

Abstract This study's objective was to verify the factor structure of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM). The database used included the responses of 1,279 children, 50.2% of which were males with an average age of 8.48 years old and a standard deviation of 1.49 yrs. Confirmatory factor analyses were run to test seven models based on CPM theory and on a Brazilian study addressing the test's structure. The results did not confirm the CPM theoretical proposition concerning the scales but indicated that the test can be interpreted by one general factor and one specific factor or one general factor and three specific factors; both are bi-dimensional models. The three-factor model is, however, more interpretable, suggesting that the factors can be used as a means of screening children's cognitive developmental stage.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a estrutura fatorial das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven - MPC. Para isso, utilizou-se um banco de dados contendo as respostas a MPC de 1.279 crianças, 50,2% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 8,48 anos e desvio-padrão de 1,49 anos. Foram efetuadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias testando sete modelos arquitetados a partir da teoria das MPC e de um estudo brasileiro que explorou a estrutura desse teste. Os resultados não confirmaram a proposta teórica da MPC referente às escalas propostas no teste, mas indicaram que o teste pode ser interpretado por um fator geral e um fator específico, ou um fator geral e três específicos, os dois modelos sendo bidimensionais. No entanto, o modelo com três fatores específicos é mais interpretável, sugerindo que os fatores podem ser utilizados como screening do estágio de desenvolvimento cognitivo que a criança se encontra.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue verificar la estructura factorial de las Matrices Progresivas Coloridas de Raven - MPC. Para el estudio se utilizó un banco de datos que contenía las respuestas de 1.279 niños a las MPC, siendo 50,2% del sexo masculino, con edad media de 8,48 años y desviación estándar de 1,49 años. Fueron realizados análisis factoriales confirmatorios utilizando siete modelos ideados a partir de la teoría de las MPC y de un estudio brasileño que investigó la estructura de ese test. Los resultados no confirmaron la propuesta teórica de las MPC con respecto a las escalas propuestas en el test, pero indicaron que el test puede ser interpretado por un factor general y un factor específico, o un factor general y tres específicos, siendo los dos modelos bidimensionales. Pese a eso, el modelo con tres factores específicos es el más interpretable, sugiriendo que los factores pueden ser utilizados como screening de la etapa de desarrollo cognitivo en que el niño se encuentra.

Propriedades psicométricas do Raven Geral no contexto de Minas Gerais / Psychometric properties of the Standard Progressive Matrices in the Minas Gerais State / Propiedades psicométricas del Raven General en el contexto de Minas Gerais

Este estudo investigou os parâmetros psicométricos do teste de inteligência Matrizes Progressivas de Raven - Escala Geral para o estado de Minas Gerais. Participaram da pesquisa 1.956 pessoas, com idade entre 7 e 65 anos. A análise dos itens, por meio da Teoria de Resposta ao Item, modelo 2P, mostrou apropriados índices de dificuldade e discriminação de todos os itens, exceto o E12, o qual se mostrou extremamente difícil. A função de informação do teste indicou que o Raven foi respondido com relativa facilidade pela amostra de Minas Gerais. O efeito Flynn, ou ganhos cognitivos de geração, pode ser o fator responsável. A predição do desempenho escolar de crianças e adolescentes utilizando o teste Raven ainda é possível. Implicações para uso profissional são discutidas...

The psychometric parameters of the Standard Progressive Matrices of Raven (SPM) test for Minas Gerais state were investigated. 1956 people aged between 07 and 65 were the participants. The analysis of the items through the Item Response Theory, Model 2P, showed appropriate levels of difficulty and discrimination of all items except for item E12, which was extremely difficult. The test information function indicated that the SPM test was relatively easily to carry out by the sample of Minas Gerais. The Flynn effect, or cognitive gains of generation, may be the factor responsible. However, the prediction of school performance (criterion validity) using the SPM test is still possible. Implications for professional use are discussed...

Este estudio ha investigado los parámetros psicométricos del test de inteligencia Matrices Progresivas de Raven - Escala General para el estado de Minas Gerais. Participaron de la investigación 1.956 personas, con edad entre 07 y 65 años. El análisis de los ítems utilizando la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem, modelo 2P, mostró un buen ajuste de los índices de dificultad y discriminación de todos los ítems, excepto el ítem E12, que resultó ser extremamente difícil. La función de información de la prueba indicó que el test de Raven fue respondido con relativa facilidad por la muestra de Minas Gerais. El efecto "Flynn", o ganancia cognitiva de generación, puede ser el factor responsable. La predicción del desempeño escolar de los niños y adolescentes utilizando el test de Raven aún es posible. Se discuten las implicaciones para el uso professional del test...

Estudio sobre la pertinencia del uso de las normas disponibles del Raven en adultos mayores chilenos / Study on the relevance of using available norms Raven in Chileans older adults / Estudo sobre a pertinência da utilização das normas disponíveis de Raven em idosos chilenos

La evaluación de la inteligencia en población adulto mayor ha aumentado su relevancia debido al incremento de la esperanza de vida. Este estudio centra su interés en la pertinencia de normas disponibles para el Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven para dicha población. Se utilizaron normas de Colchester (1942, en Raven, Court y Raven, 2008), las más completas existentes. Participaron 102 adultos mayores voluntarios (más de 60 años). El diseño fue no experimental transversal correlacional. Los resultados indican que las normas resultan poco exigentes para ese grupo y que existen diferencias significativas entre los adultos de la tercera y cuarta edad, privilegiando a los del primer grupo. El índice de discrepancia mostró alta sensibilidad, indicando que la distribución de puntajes esperados no se corresponde al de la población general. Se discuten los resultados en torno a la necesidad de actualización de las normas y la consideración de las nuevas características de este periodo vital.

The assessment of intelligence in the elderly population has increased its importance in terms of increased life expectancy. The present study focuses its interest on the relevance of available norms for Raven Progressive Matrices Test in the evaluation of elderly population. Standards were used Colchester (1942, en Raven, Court y Raven, 2008), the most comprehensive available. The non-probability sample involved 102 elderly (aged over 60 years old) who were volunteers. The study used a non-experimental cross-correlation design. The results indicate that the current norms are not very demanding for the aging population, and that there are significant differences between adults of the third and fourth age, better for the first group. Moreover, the discrepancy index showed high sensitivity, indicating that the expected distribution of scores does not correspond to the general population. Results are discussed regarding the need to update the norms and the consideration of the new features involved in this vital period.

A avaliação da inteligência na população idosa tem aumentado sua importância devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida. Este estudo está centrado na relevância das normas disponíveis para o teste de Matrizes Progressivas de Raven para essa população. Foram utilizadas as normas de Colchester (1942, citado por Raven, Court y Raven, 2008), as mais completas disponíveis. Participaram 102 idosos voluntários (com idade superior a 60 anos). O desenho do estudo foi não experimental transversal correlacional. Os resultados indicam que as normas são pouco exigentes para esse grupo e que existem diferenças significativas entre os adultos da terceira e quarta idade, privilegiando o primeiro grupo. O índice de discrepância mostrou alta sensibilidade, indicando que a distribuição de pontuações esperadas não corresponde a da população em geral. Os resultados são discutidos em relação à necessidade de atualização das normas e da consideração das novas características desse período vital.

Meditation as an intervention for cognitive disturbances following total sleep deprivation.

Background & objectives: Decline in cognitive functions is a major challenge for professionals during sustained wakefulness. We used middle latency response (MLR), event related potentials P300-ERP and contingent negative variation (CNV) and Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) - a standard neuropsychological test were used to evaluate cognitive impairment after total sleep deprivation (SD); and to study the impact of meditation as an intervention for this impairment. Methods: Healthy male volunteers (n=10) drawn randomly from the Indian Army participated in a 6-night study design executed before and after two months of meditation practice: night 1–adaptation, night 2–baseline, night 3–24 h SD, night 4–recovery sleep, night 5–24 h SD after 60 days meditation, night 6–recovery sleep after SD. A 36 h SD was obtained by keeping the subject awake for 12 h after 24 h SD. Results: The latency and amplitude of P300 increased after 36 h SD. Amplitudes and latencies of both early and late CNV increased after 24 and 36 h SD, indicating deficient orientation and impairment of attention and perception. Prolonged CNV reaction time after 36 h SD manifested deficient motor response following second (imperative) stimulus. Latency of MLR Na registered significant change following 36 h SD compared to baseline (P<0.01) and recovery (P<0.05). RAPM score showed significant decrease after 36 h of wakefulness indicating impaired analytical ability and difficulty in problem solving. None of these parameters showed any significant alteration after SD, following meditation practice. Interpretation & conclusions: The present results showed that SD impaired cognitive performance to graded extents significantly, but this deterioration could be improved to a significant extent using meditation.

The Flynn effect in Brazil: Examining generational changes in the Draw-a-Person and in the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices / El efecto Flynn en Brasil: Examinando los cambios generacionales en los tests Dibujo de la figura humana y Matrices de Colores Progresivas de Raven

Studies have shown an increase in intelligence test scores across decades - the "Flynn effect". Nevertheless, the fact that this effect has not been consistently observed when different sources of cognitive ability are used is one of the main topics of discussion. Thus, the present research aimed to shed some light on this issue. Two studies using different cognitive ability measures were designed in order to control for potential measure effects. Children were Brazilian, aged between 6-12 years. The first study had the Draw-a-Person test as a measure of intelligence; 294 children were assessed during 1980 decade, whilst 203 were assessed during the 2000 decade. The second study used the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. A total of 562 children were assessed during 1990 decade, and 243 in 2000 decade. Results showed no significant generation effects regardless of the measure used. Educational and social aspects are considered in order to explain these results.

Diferentes estudios han mostrado un aumento en las puntuaciones de los tests de inteligencia a lo largo de las últimas décadas - el "efecto Flynn". Sin embargo, el hecho de que este efecto no se haya observado consistentemente cuando las fuentes de habilidad cognitiva son utilizadas, hace que éste sea uno de los principales temas de discusión. Por tanto, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo arrojar algo de luz sobre esta cuestión. Dos estudios que utilizaron diferentes medidas de habilidad cognitiva fueron diseñados con el fin de controlar los efectos de medición potencial. En el estudio participaron niños brasileños con edades comprendidas entre 6-12 años. El primer estudio tenía la prueba Dibujo de la figura humana como medida de la inteligencia; 294 niños fueron evaluados durante la década de 1980, mientras que 203 fueron evaluados durante la década del 2000. El segundo estudio utilizo las matrices de colores progresivas de Raven. Un total de 562 niños fueron evaluados durante la década de 1990, y 243 en la década del 2000. Los resultados no mostraron efectos significativos de generación, independientemente de la medida utilizada. Los aspectos educativos y sociales son considerados para explicar estos resultados.

O que mede o desenho da figura humana?: Estudos de validade convergente e disciminante / What the human figure drawing test measure?: Convergent and discriminant validity study

O Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) constitui um dos instrumentos mais utilizados na prática de avaliação psicológica no Brasil. São poucos os estudos de validade como instrumento de avaliação cognitiva. O presente trabalho analisa o desempenho de crianças belo horizontinas no DFH (sistema Wechsler de correção) e nos testes Matrizes Progressivas de Raven, Escala Verbal do WISC-III, Teste R-2 e Teste de Bender (sistema Koppitz). Os resultados de correlação parcial (controlando-se a idade das amostras) apontaram baixas associações,porém significativas, entre o DFH e os testes Raven (0,204); Escala Verbal do WISC-III (0,299); R-2 (0,330) eBender (-0,396). Por outro lado, ao comparar três sistemas de correção do DFH (Wechsler, Goodenough eHarris), encontraram-se altos coeficientes de correlação entre eles (0,72 a 0,79). Conclui-se que o DFH é umamedida "proxy" (intermediária) da inteligência e que demanda, em intensidade baixa a moderada, tanto componentes cognitivos quanto psicomotores. Também, observa-se não haver diferença substancial entre os três sistemas de correção, abrindo a possibilidade de usar um ou outro sistema.

The Human Figure Drawing Test (HFD) constitutes an instrument often used in Brazilian psychological assessmentpractices. Few studies of its validity as a cognitive assessment instrument can be found. The present paperanalyses the performance of several samples of children from Belo Horizonte on the HFD (Wechsler scoringsystem) and on others tests such as Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices, verbal scale of WISC-III, R-2 Test,and Bender Test (Koppitz system). The results of partial correlation (controlling age) indicated low, but significantvalues, between HFD and Raven (.204); IQ verbal (.299); R-2 (.330), and Bender (-.396). In addition, threescoring systems of HFD (Wechsler, Goodenough, and Harris systems) were compared. High coefficients werefound (.72 to .79). It is concluded that the HFD is a proxy measure of intelligence and is fairly associated tocognitive and psychomotor abilities. On the other hand, there are not significant differences between the threescoring systems which means that it is possible to use either of them.

Effects of Exposure to Arsenic through Drinking Water on Simple Visual Reaction Time and IQ of Combined Raven's Test in Children / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore the intellectual effects of arsenic in drinking water on children. Methods Intellectual effects were evaluated by computer-based reaction time and Combined Raven's Test. Children aged 9 to 11 years living in three villages of Inner Mongolia were investigated in April, 2006. The arsenic concentrations in the drinking water of the three villages were 0.16 mg/L, 0.09 mg/L and less than 0.05 mg/L (control group). Results The mean, fastest and slowest visual reaction time of children exposed to the high levels of arsenic through drinking water were longer than those of children in control. The differences of mean, fastest and slowest visual reaction time between girls exposed to 0.16 mg/L arsenic and control were significant; the differences of the mean and slowest visual reaction time between 10-year old children exposed to 0.16 mg/L arsenic and control were significant. IQ of girls exposed to 0.16 mg/L arsenic was significantly lower than that in control. Conclusion Intellectual function of children can be affected by arsenic in drinking water, and the intellectual effects of arsenic on girls are more obvious.

Actualización de Baremos del Test de las Matrices Progresivas de Raven, escala general y coloreada 2003 / Baremo’s update of Raven’s Progressive Matrices general and color forms 2003

En el presente trabajo se presentan los baremos del test de Matrices progresivas de Raven, escala coloreada y escala general, producto de una evaluación realizada durante el período 1998-2003, en una muestra de niños entre 6 y 12 años. La muestra esta compuesta por 700 niños, distribuyéndose en 100 niños por edad diferenciados en 50 varones y 50 mujeres, de la Ciudad Autónoma de Bs. As y Conurbano de la Provincia de Buenos Aires de la República Argentina. La muestra será comparada con los baremos de 1993, realizados por la Dra. Alicia Cayssials. Los tests fueron administrados, durante el 2003, en escuelas públicas y privadas por estudiantes y graduados recientes de la carrera Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.

A Report on the Third Revision of Combined Raven's Test(CRT-C3) for Children in China / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective;To revise the third time the norm of Combined Raven's Test(CRT-C2) applied for 10 years by standardized sampling.Methods;According to the population distribution of national survey in 2001,sampling was chosen from 17 provinces of 6 administration districts.The range of each age group was one year(male;female 1;1).It was designed to have 240 children in each age group,from 7 to 16 years old in city and 7-14 years old in rural areas,with original CRT text book and instruction.Results;The averages of raw score among age groups had an obviously increase along with the age.The differences of same age group between city and countryside were showed significance.However,no difference of gender among all age groups was founded.The Cronbach's coefficient,reliability of re-test and split-half of rural children were 0.94,0.88 and 0.91 respectively.The correlation coefficients of test scores with the performances of Chinese and mathematics subject were 0.35 and 0.40.Conclusion;Two age norms of city(CRT-CC3)and countryside(CRT-RC3)were established based on new standardized sampling.

The results of Denwer and Raven test in 238 cerebral palsy patients

The results of Danver test and Raven test on 238 > 6 years old of age children with cerebral palsy in HaTay province were assessed. With Ravent test, only 2% among them had not mental retardation, but 98% had mental retardation in various levels. Among the subjects of floppy form of cerebral palsy there is not any case of normal mental level, but a light level of retardation. With Denver test, 26% of cerebral palsy children had got normal development in comparing with the other. But there are different levels of retardation in various domains, 97% of cerebral palsy children got retardation in mobility domain, 85% in individual and social domain, 61% in adaptative mobility and 53.7% in laguage domain

Impact of cerebral vascular diseases on elderly intellectual status: A neuropsychological study / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo study the impact of stroke on elderly's mental status.Methods71 elderly inpatients aged between 60 to 90 who suffered stroke(31 cases) or not(40 cases) were assessed the mental status as a whole, the evaluation of comprehension of linguistic information,and non-verbal reasoning abilities using Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE), Token Test and Raven Test.The relationships between these cognitive aspects and stroke was also analysed.ResultsThere were 68% of elderly suffering dementia symptoms in stroke group which was much higher than Non-stroke group (15%).The correlation between MMSE and Token is more close than the correlation between MMSE and Raven in stroke group. The correlations among MMSE, Token and Raven were significant different between stroke and Non-stroke groups. There is a positive correlation coefficient between age and Token scores in dementing patients; whereas a closer relationship between age, education level and Raven in Non-stroke group was found. This implied the impacts of stroke on the time-course of mental degeneration.Conclusions stroke can interrupt normal mental structure and speed up the process of degeneration of cognitive functions. Semantic dysfunction might manifestation earlier than non-linguistic functions. Token is more sensitive than Raven in detecting dementia symptoms of stroke type.