Effects of crushing and sieving on compounds contents of Euodiae Fructus and its solution / 中草药

Objective To study the effect factors and rules of the different crushing and sieving methods on the compounds contents of Euodiae Fructus (EF), and to propose an optimized crushing and sieving method which can reflect the sampling representativeness and reduce errors. Methods The bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, dehydroevodiamine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, and evocarpine were selected as the evaluation markers. The effects of the different crushing and sieving conditions were evaluated by comparing the contents and analytical precisions of EF components under different conditions by HPLC. The influencing factors and the rules were discussed and the suitable crushing and sieving method was then proposed. Results The contents of six components in EF were negatively correlated with the proportions of the endocarps in powders. Most intraday and intermediate precisions of six bioactive compounds don't meet the standards using the current pharmacopoeia method with RSD > 5%. And when all powders passing through 2# sieve, the good analytical precision and repeatability were obtained with RSD < 2%. Conclusion The cellulose particles, such as endocarps, are the key factors during the crushing and sieving process of the herbs. The crushing and sieving method with all powders passing through 2# sieve not only ensures the sampling representativeness, but also solves the analytical precision and accuracy.

Study on the preparation method of capillary electrophoresis sieving medium based on domestic genetic analyzer / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To prepare a capillary electrophoresis sieving medium and apply it in GA118-16A genetic analyzer. Methods The white solid polyacrylamide (LPA) was prepared by polymerization and lyophilized. Through the swelling of the sol buffer, the sieving medium was obtained. The sieving medium was evaluated by 1) characterizing the parameters, including molecular weight, structure and viscosity, 2) applying in the GA118-16A genetic analyzer, including the spatial calibration, the spectral calibration and the STR analysis.. Results The prepared sieving medium Mw 1.8 x 105Da, Mn 1.2 x 105 Da, is of correct structure and high purity. The polydispersity was 1.5The spatial calibration and spectral calibration files can be established successfully in GA118-16A genetic analyzer, and the sieving medium can effectively separate the DNA fragments with 1bp difference. The STR profile is of sharp peaks, no impurity peaks, no tail, and no peak loss. Conclusion The sieving medium prepared by the method can be applied to domestic genetic analyzer such as GA118-16A.

Preparation and in vitro quality evaluation of risperidone nasal gel / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To prepare a nasal gel of risperidone (RIS) and evaluate its in vitro quality. METHODS: The formulation and preparation process of RIS nasal gel were optimized with orthogonal test using appearance,spreading ability and in vitro release as main evaluation indexes. The quality items of the optimized RIS nasal gel such as appearance,pH value,contents of RIS and preservative,in vitro release and related substances were then evaluated. RESULTS: The optimal formulation of the RIS nasal gel consisted of 0.5% RIS, 0.35% carbopol 940, 0.5% chlorobutanol,20% propanediol and 15% DM-β-CD and appropriate amount of purified water. Its ideal pH value was about 6.0. Furthermore,the quality items such as the appearance,pH value,contents of RIS and preservative,in vitrorelease and related substances of the preparation all conformed to the relevant quality requirements in China Pharmacopiea (2010). CONCLUSION: The RIS nasal gel will be a promising new preparation for nasal administration due to its reasonable formulation,simple preparation process and controllable quality.

Determination of cefoperazone and sulbactam by LC-MS/MS in plasma and ultrafiltrate of patients undergone continuous renal replacement therapy / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective: To establish a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of cefoperazone and sulbactam in plasma and uhrafihrate of patients undergone continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT). Methods: Cefuroxime axetil was used as the internal standard, the plasma samples were separated on an Waters Atlantis dC,s column (150 mm× 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm). A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with ESI was used as the detector and operated in the mode of multiple reaction monitoring.Quantitive analysis of [M-H]- ions were miz 644.1→528.1(cefoperazone), miz 231.8→188.0(sulbactam) and mi z 509.3→206.9(the internal standard. IS), respectively. Results: The linear range of cefoperazone and sulbactam in human plasma and uhrafihrate were (10-500) and (6-300) μg/ml. respectively. Extraction recoveries were more than 90.0%. and intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation was less than 15%. Tłie matrix effect of plasma and ultrafiltrate showed that the matrix effect of the two media had little influence on the measurement of cefoperazone. sulbactam and IS. Conclusion: The method is simple, fast, and highly sensitive. The two drugs can be detected simultaneously in the same sample. It is appropriate to monitor drug concentration in plasma and ultrafiltrate of the patients undergone CRRT. Sieving coefficient could be calculated and provide an accurate basis for dose adjustment.

Determination of cefoperazone and sulbactam by LC-MS/MS in plasma and ultrafiltrate of patients undergone continuous renal replacement therapy / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To establish a sensitiv e and specific LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of cefoperazone and sulbactam in plasma and ultrafiltrate of patients undergone continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT). Methods Cefuroxime axetil was used as the internal standard,the plasma samples were separated on an WatersAtlantis dC18 column (150 mm× 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm). A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with ESI was used as the detector and operated in the mode of multiple reaction monitoring.Quantitive analysis of[M-H]-ions were m/z 644.1→528.1(cefoperazone), m/z 231.8→188.0(sulbactam) and m/z 509.3→206.9(the internal standard, IS), respectively. Results The linear range of cefoperazone and sulbactam in human plasma and ultrafiltrate were(10-500) and(6-300)μg/ml, respectively. Extraction recoveries were more than 90.0%, and intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation was less than 15%. The matrix effect of plasma and ultrafiltrate showed that the matrix effect of the two media had little influence on the measurement of cefoperazone, sulbactam and IS. Conclusion The method is simple, fast, and highly sensitive. The two drugs can be detected simultaneously in the same sample. It is appropriate to monitor drug concentration in plasma and ultrafiltrate of the patients undergone CRRT. Sieving coefficient could be calculated and provide an accurate basis for dose adjustment.

Random amplified polymeric DNA fingerprinting of antler by high performance capillary electrophoresis / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a high performance capillary electrophoresis-random amplified polymorphic DNA (HPCE-RAPD) fingerprinting method of antler.

Concepção e avaliação de uma unidade de peneiramento forçado para a redução do tamanho de partículas presentes no esgoto bruto doméstico / Design and evaluation of a forced sieving unit (FSU) for the reduction of the particle size present in raw domestic sewage

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a concepção e o teste de uma unidade de peneiramento forçado, utilizada para o pré-tratamento do esgoto bruto com vistas à redução do tamanho de partículas de matéria orgânica. A unidade de peneiramento forçado (UPF) era constituída de uma peneira metálica (abertura de malha de 1 mm) inserida na tubulação de recalque através da qual o esgoto efluente era bombeado. O peneiramento forçado resultou em maior concentração de partículas com diâmetro entre 1,8 e 30 µm, sem que houvesse retenção de material particulado. Todavia, a UPF não influenciou na redução/retenção de DQO TOTAL do esgoto bruto.

The work focused on the conception and test of a forced sieving unit, used for the pre-treatment of raw sewage aiming at the reduction of organic matter particle size. The pre-treatment unit involved the use of a metallic sieve (1 mm cut-off) assembled inside the pipeline through which the influent sewage was pumped. The results indicated that the forced sieving resulted in a higher concentration of particles with range diameter between 1.8 and 30 µm, without the retention of particulate material. However, the forced sieving unit did not influence the reduction/retention of COD TOTAL of the raw sewage.

Influência da alteração da distribuição do tamanho de partículas no desempenho de reator UASB tratando esgoto doméstico / Influence of alteration of particle size distribution on the performance of UASB reactor treating domestic wastewater

O trabalho consistiu na avaliação do desempenho de um reator UASB tratando esgoto doméstico pré-tratado em uma unidade de peneiramento forçado (UPF), resultando na redução do tamanho médio de partículas da matéria orgânica afluente. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em dois reatores UASB em escala de demonstração idênticos, sendo um precedido da UPF e o outro utilizado como controle. Os resultados apontaram que, após a adaptação da biomassa às novas condições cinéticas e hidráulicas (reduzido TDH seguido de alta carga biológica aplicada), a redução do tamanho das partículas, na faixa de 1,8 a 30 µm, resultou na seleção de uma comunidade microbiana de maior atividade (atividade metanogênica específica de 0,072 g DQO/g STV.dia, quatro vezes superior à do reator controle). Isso propiciou um melhor desempenho do reator UASB precedido da UPF, o qual apresentou uma maior eficiência de remoção de DQO TOTAL (65 versus 54 por cento no reator controle), e um efluente com menor DQO PARTICULADA (48 versus 74 mg/L no reator controle).

The work aimed at evaluating the performance of an UASB reactor treating domestic sewage pre-treated in a Forced Sieving Unit (FSU) which resulted in size reduction of the influent organic matter particles. The experiments were carried out in two identical demonstration-scale UASB reactors, one with a FSU upstream and the other used as control reactor. The results showed that, after biomass adaptation to new kinetic and hydraulic conditions (low hydraulic detention time followed by high sludge load), the particles size reduction, in the range of 1.8 to 30 µm, resulted in a microbial community selection with higher activity (specific methanogenic activity of 0.072 g COD/g VTS.day four times higher than in the control reactor). This enabled a better performance of the UASB reactor with the FSU, which showed a higher removal efficiency in terms of COD TOTAL (65 versus 54 percent in the control reactor), and an effluent with lower concentration of COD PARTICULATE (48 versus 74 mg/L in the control reactor).

Influência da redução do tamanho de partículas na taxa de hidrólise de esgoto bruto doméstico / Influence of particle size reduction on the hydrolisis rate of domestic raw sewage

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações nas taxas de conversão do material particulado do esgoto bruto doméstico, após passar por uma unidade de pré-tratamento que utilizou o peneiramento forçado através de malhas metálicas com aberturas de 1,0 e 0,5 mm como estratégia para reduzir o tamanho médio das partículas. Os resultados mostraram que o peneiramento forçado e a redução do tamanho das partículas presentes no esgoto bruto não foram suficientes para aumentar as taxas de hidrólise do material particulado, uma vez que as constantes de hidrólise para o esgoto bruto e peneirado, estimadas pela relação cinética de primeira ordem, analisando o parâmetro sólidos suspensos voláteis, apresentaram valores semelhantes, da ordem de 0,0492 ± 0,0146 d-1, para o esgoto bruto, e de 0,0472 ± 0,0079 d-1 e 0,0470 ± 0,0117 d-1, para o esgoto bruto peneirado nas malhas de 1 e 0,5 mm, respectivamente.

The work aimed at assessing the changes in the particulate material conversion rates of domestic raw sewage, after passing through a pre-treatment unit that used the forced sieving through metallic sieves with apertures of 1.0 and 0.5 mm as strategy to reduce particles' size. The results indicated that the forced sieving and the reduction of particle size were not enough to increase the particulate material hydrolysis rates, since the hydrolysis constants for the raw and sieved sewage, estimated by the first order relation kinetics, analyzing the volatile suspended solids parameter, had similar values, in order of 0.0492 ± 0.0147 d-1, for the raw sewage, and of 0.0472 ± 0.0079 d-1 and 0.0470 ± 0.00117 d-1, for the raw sewage sieved in metallic sieves with apertures of 1.0 and 0.5 mm, respectively.

Estado oclusal y rendimiento masticatorio / State occlusal and masticatory performance

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento masticatorio a través del estado oclusal. Fueron evaluados 100 sujetos. El rendimiento masticatorio fue evaluado a través del grado de trituración de pastillas de silicona y análisis de tamizado. El estado oclusal fue medido a través de la contabilización de pares oclusales anteriores y posteriores, y convertidos a unidades oclusales, asignando un valor agregado a cada tipo de par oclusal. Los resultados fueron evaluados a través de las pruebas de Kruskal Wallis, U-Mann Whitney, Spearman, y regresión múltiple stepwise. Se encontrón diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de pares y unidades oclusales con respecto al rendimiento masticatorio (p<.001). El rendimiento masticatorio presentó una correlación muy fuerte con los pares oclusales (+.930) y unidades oclusales (+.919); considerable con los pares oclusales posteriores (+.877), pares molares (+.835) pares premolares (+.796); moderada con los pares anteriores (+.757) y la edad (-.679). Bajo las condiciones de este trabajo, aquellos sujetos con menor número de pares y unidades oclusales presentaron menor rendimiento masticatorio. La valorización de los pares como unidades oclusales ofrece una mejor descripción del potencial masticatorio de los dientes según el rendimiento obtenido

The aim of this study was to assess masticatory performance through occlusal state. One hundred subjects with general health were evaluated. The masticatory performance was evaluated through the degree of crushing of pills of silicone and sieving test. The oclusal state was measured through the accounting of occlusal anterior and posterior pairs, and turned to occlusal units, assigning an aggregate value to each type of occlusal pair. The results were evaluated through the tests of Kruskal Wallis, U-Mann Whitney, Spearman, and stepwise multiple regression. There were statistically significant differences between the groups of occlusal pairs and units with respect to the masticatory performance (p<.001). The masticatory performance presented very hard correlation with the occlusal pairs (+.930) and occlusal units (+.919); considerable with the posterior occlusal pairs (+.877), molar pairs (+.835) and premolar pairs (+.796); and moderate with the anterior pairs (+.757) and with the age (- 679). Under the conditions of this work, those subjects with less number of occlusal pairs and units presented less masticatory performance. The valuation of the occlusal pairs as occlusal units offers one better description of the masticatory potential of the teeth according to the masticatory performance obtained

A study of ionic dissociation on various calcium hydroxide pastes using molecular sieving model / 대한치과보존학회지

The purpose of this study was two-fold. First was to evaluate whether the molecular sieving model was appropriate for ionic dissociation experiment. Second was to compare the dissociation of calcium and hydroxyl ions from five types of calcium hydroxide pastes (Pure calcium hydroxide paste, DT temporary dressing(R), Metapaste(R), Chidopex(R), Metapex(R)) in three vehicles (aqueous, viscous and oily) and the antibacterial effect. Each calcium hydroxide pastes was placed into 0.65ml tube with cap and then 15% polyacrylamide gel was placed onto calcium hydroxide pastes. After the gel was hardened, the tubes were filled with tridistilled water (pH 7.14) and closed with cap. The tubes were stored in 37degrees C, 100% incubator. The pH reading and the concentration of calcium ions were taken at 1, 4, 7, 10, and 14 days. The brain heart infusion agar plates with S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans were used for antibacterial activity test. Middle of agar plate was filled with the calcium hydroxide pastes. The plates were incubated at 37degrees C and observations were made to detect the zones of inhibition. These data were evaluated statistically by use of the analysis of variance and duncan test. The results were as follows. 1. In fresh mixing state, the pH of five types of calcium hydroxide pastes were measured between 12.5 and 12.8. 2. The pH was increased in all five types of calcium hydroxide pastes compared with control group. In 14 days, Pure calcium hydroxide paste (11.45) and DT temporary dressing(R) (11.33) showed highest pH, followed by Metapaste(R) (9.49), Chidopex(R) (8.37) and Metapex(R) (7.59). 3. Calcium was higher in all five types of calcium hydroxide pastes compared with control group. In 14 days, Pure calcium hydroxide paste (137.29 mg%) and DT temporary dressing(R) (124.6 mg%) showed highest value, followed by Metapaste(R) (116.74 mg%), Chidopex(R) (111.84 mg%) and Metapex(R) (60.22 mg%). 4. The zones of bacterial inhibition were seen around all five types of calcium hydroxide pastes. Chidopex(R) and Metapex(R) groups which include iodoform were observed significantly larger zone of inhibition in A. actinomycetemcomitans compared with the other calcium hydroxide groups (p<0.05). However, Metapex(R) showed the least antibacterial effect on S. mutans compared with other groups (p<0.05). The molecular sieving model was found to be acceptable in dissociation experiment of hydroxyl and calcium ions when compared with the previous tooth model study. But this model was not appropriate for the antibacterial test.