Clinico-pathologic profile and pattern of p53 expression of lung adenocarcinoma in non-smokers and smokers in a tertiary cancer centre

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Smoking is undoubtedly the major risk factor of lung cancer in both genders. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer in both men and women and the most prevalent subtype in non-smokers. Lung cancer in never-smokers is a distinct entity with sparse studies. We studied the clinico-pathologic profile of lung adenocarcinoma and pattern of p53 expression in smokers and non-smokers. Methods: A prospective study involving 100 lung adenocarcinoma cases from January 2020 to June 2021 examined p53 expression using immunohistochemistry. Trucut biopsies, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) cell blocks, and pleural effusion were analyzed to identify the predominant morphological subtype of the lung adenocarcinoma. Results: The most common histological pattern of lung adenocarcinoma was solid, and the presenting symptoms were cough and dyspnoea in both smokers and non-smokers. The incidence of lung adenocarcinoma was higher in non-smokers in the study. p53 expression had a significant correlation with smoking but not with stage of disease or morphological subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: p53 mutation has a statistical correlation with smoking in adenocarcinomas in our population. Among the adenocarcinoma cases in our study, non-smokers predominate (n=53). Even though our study showed the p53 mutation has no statistical correlation with the stage of the disease or histological subtype in adenocarcinoma, more cases need to be studied to prove this observation.

Study of pulmonary functions in male current smokers and never smokers

Background: Cigarettes smoking is the principal cause of preventable disease, disability, and premature death in the world. Tobacco smoking affects multiple organ systems resulting in numerous tobacco-related diseases. The study aimed to investigate interrelationship of pulmonary functions between current smokers and never smokers. Methods: Asymptomatic, 50 males current tobacco smokers and 50 healthy never smokers aged between 25 to 50 years were selected as cases and controls. Detailed description of the subject抯 selection, data collection and methods used for performing the test. Results: Maximum incidence was seen in >31 yrs of age with mean of 38.681�5. The study found that never smokers had significantly higher pulmonary functions as compared to current smokers:- FVC in liters (3.43�55 Vs 2.44�58; p<0.05); FEV1 in liters (2.86�57 Vs 1.76�32; p<0.05); FEV1/FVC in percentage (82.72�67 Vs 73.72�.40; p<0.05); FEF 25-75 ratio in percentage (3.18�91 Vs 1.60�45; p<0.05); PEFR in liters per second (6.63�00 Vs 3.16�26; p<0.05); breath holding time in seconds (25.54�14 Vs 21.36�10; p<0.05); 40mm endurance test in seconds (22.36�58 Vs 17.70�01; p<0.05); MEP in mmHg (83.48�28 Vs 64.38�31; p<0.05) were found significant. Conclusions: The strong relationship between cigarette smoking and respiratory disease has been seen independent of the other risk factors in a number of well-designated epidemiologic studies. Spirometry is an excellent screening test to detect chronic airflow obstruction, but may be useful in detecting restrictive disorders as well to study the effect of tobacco smoking on pulmonary functions.

Disfunción sexual en pacientes con diagnóstico de lesión intraepitelial tratadas con cono cervical / Sexual dysfunction in patients with diagnosis of intraepithelial lesion treated with cervical cone

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia de disfunción sexual en pacientes con diagnóstico de lesión intraepitelial tratadas con cono cervical. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal, observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo al se incluyeron mujeres con vida sexual activa, con diagnóstico por biopsia de lesión cervical intraepitelial de alto grado a quienes se aplicó la técnica de cono con asa electroquirúrgica y un cuestionario para evaluar la función sexual antes y 12 semanas posteriores al procedimiento. Para determinar si la paciente tuvo disfunción sexual se utilizó el índice de función sexual femenina con un punto de corte de 26.5 puntos o menor. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 31 pacientes con edad promedio de 44 años DE ± 9 con límites de 29 y 58 años. Diez pacientes con hábito tabáquico e igual cantidad en las mujeres en menopausia. Dos con hipertensión y tres con diabetes. Se observó mayor frecuencia estadísticamente significativa p = 0.046 de disfunción sexual posterior a la intervención. El factor de deseo fue menor antes de la intervención p = 0.023. El deseo y excitación fueron menores luego de la intervención; sin embargo, no hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa p = 0.077. En el resto de los factores no se observó una tendencia entre ellos. CONCLUSIONES: El cono cervical con asa electroquirúrgica, como opción de tratamiento de pacientes con lesión intraepitelial de alto grado cervical, se asocia con porcentajes más altos de disfunción sexual tres meses posteriores al procedimiento. Los dominios de la función sexual más afectados fueron el deseo y la excitación.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of sexual dysfunction in patients diagnosed with intraepithelial lesion treated with cervical cone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal, observational, descriptive, and prospective study included women with an active sexual life diagnosed by biopsy of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion who underwent the cone technique with an electrosurgical loop and a questionnaire to assess sexual function before and 12 weeks after the procedure. The Female Sexual Function Index with a cut-off of 26.5 points or less was used to determine whether the patient had sexual dysfunction. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were examined with a mean age of 44 years SD ± 9 with cut-offs of 29 and 58 years. Ten patients were smokers, and the same number were menopausal. Two with hypertension and three with diabetes. A statistically significant p = 0.046 higher frequency of sexual dysfunction was observed after the intervention. The desire factor was lower before the intervention p = 0.023. Desire and arousal were lower after the intervention, but there was no statistically significant difference p = 0.077. There was no trend between the remaining factors. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical cone with electrosurgical loop, as a treatment option for patients with cervical high-grade intraepithelial lesion, is associated with a higher percentage of sexual dysfunction three months after the procedure. The domains of sexual function most affected were desire and arousal.

Caracterización del tabaquismo en una unidad de cuidados intermedios de un hospital de referencia / Characterization of smoking in an intermediate treatment unit of a referral hospital

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), como el cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares y respiratorias, son la epidemia del siglo XXI, siendo el tabaquismo un factor de riesgo común. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes tabáquicos de la Unidad de Tratamientos Intermedios (UTI) del Instituto Nacional del Tórax. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, analítico y descriptivo. Se evaluaron 150 ingresos consecutivos a la UTI desde el 01 de septiembre al 01 de diciembre de 2022. Resultados: La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue de un 56%, incluyendo exfumadores. La media de edad fue de 64 años. La exposición a humo de segunda mano resultó significativa con un 41,7% en fumadores activos. Las asociaciones con hipertensión arterial, EPOC y cáncer pulmonar resultaron significativas. Un 20,2% de los pacientes con cáncer pulmonar tenían tabaquismo activo. No fueron significativos los días de estadía en la unidad, hospitalaria general ni fallecimientos. Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte la prevalencia de tabaquismo fue más alta que la nacional y se confirmó su vínculo con las ECNT. Identificamos que la exposición de segunda mano fue significativa, por lo que los esfuerzos para el cese del tabaquismo deben ir enfocados tanto al paciente como su entorno cercano. A pesar que algunos pacientes tenían el diagnóstico de cáncer pulmonar, un porcentaje no menor seguía fumando, por lo que es relevante incorporar a este grupo de pacientes a programas especializados para reducir morbilidad. Con nuestro estudio reafirmamos la importancia de continuar con los esfuerzos nacionales por reducir el tabaquismo como acción preventiva de las ECNT y sus complicaciones.

Introduction: Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, are the epidemic of the 21st century, smoking being a common risk factor. Objective: To characterize smoking patients in the Intermediate Treatment Unit (ICU) of the Chilean National Thorax Institute. Material and Method: Observational, analytical and descriptive study. 150 consecutive admissions to the ICU were evaluated from September 1 to December 1, 2022. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 56%, including former smokers. The average age was 64 years-old. Exposure to secondhand smoke was significant with 41.7% in active smokers. The associations with high blood pressure, COPD and lung cancer were significant. 20.2% of patients with lung cancer were active smokers. The days of stay in the unit, general hospital stay, or deaths were not significant. Conclusions: In our cohort the prevalence of smoking was higher than the national average and its link with NCDs is confirmed. We identified that secondhand exposure was significant, so efforts to stop smoking must be focused on both the patient and their immediate environment. Although some patients had a diagnosis of lung cancer, a significant percentage continued to smoke, making it important to incorporate this group of patients into specialized programs to reduce morbidity. With our study we reaffirm the importance of continuing national efforts to reduce smoking as a preventive action for NCDs and their complications.

Tratamento de periodontite estágio III localizado grau C em um indivíduo fumante: um relato de caso / Treatment of periodontitis stage III localized grade C in smoker individual: a case report

Objetivo: A periodontite é uma doença infecto-inflamatória que acomete os tecidos de inserção periodontal, e ser fumante representa um risco modificável significativo para todos os graus da doença. Ainda, indivíduos fumantes apresentam uma resposta inflamatória alterada quando comparados a não fumantes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi reportar um relato de caso de tratamento periodontal de paciente fumante pesado. Relato de caso: O paciente DRS, sexo masculino, 22 anos, foi encaminhado à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) com a queixa principal de necessidade de "realização de uma limpeza dentária". Na anamnese, relatou fumar 20 cigarros ao dia, há 7 anos (7 maços-ano). Na consulta inicial, foi encontrado índice de placa visível (IPV) de 100% e índice de sangramento gengival (ISG) de 66,67%. Foi encontrado cálculo supragengival como fator retentivo de placa (FRP) em 46,30% dos sítios. Estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de periodontite estágio III localizado grau C. Os exames periodontais foram realizados por um único pesquisador calibrado e optou-se pelo tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Ao exame de 12 meses, o paciente apresentou IPV de 23,45% e ISG de 22,83%. Houve ausência de FRP. De uma forma geral, foi possível constatar a diminuição significativa das bolsas periodontais, bem como o ganho significativo de inserção clínica periodontal. Considerações finais: Dessa forma, é possível concluir a efetividade da terapia periodontal não cirúrgica, aliada à manutenção periodontal e instruções de higiene para o tratamento de periodontite estágio III, grau C, em paciente fumante.(AU)

Objective: Periodontitis is an infect-inflammatory diseases that affects the periodontal attachment tissues, and being smoker represents a significant modifiable risk for all degrees of the disease. Moreover, smokers have an altered inflammatory response when compared to non-smokers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report a case report of periodontal treatment of a heavy smoker. Case report: A patient DRS, male, 22 years old, was referred to the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) with the main complaint of the need to "perform a dental cleaning". During the anamnesis, he reported smoking 20 cigarettes a day for 7 years (7 pack-years). In the initial appointment, a visible plaque index (VPI) of 100% and a gingival bleeding index (GBI) of 66.67% were found. Supragingival calculus was found as a plaque retentive factor (PRF) in 46.30% of the sites. The diagnosis of periodontitis stage III localized grade C was established. Periodontal examinations were performed by a single calibrated researcher and non-surgical periodontal treatment was chosen. At the 12-month appointment, the patient had an VPI of 23.45% and an GBI of 22.83%. There was absence of PRF. In general, it was possible to observe a significant decrease in periodontal pockets, as well as a significant gain in periodontal clinical attachment. Final considerations: Thus, it is possible to conclude the effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal therapy, combined with periodontal maintenance and hygiene instructions for the treatment of periodontitis stage III localized grade C in a smoker.(AU)

Tobacco and its negative impact: a case report

One of the most valuable possessions one may have is good health. Nowadays, it is acknowledged that oral health and general health go hand in hand. Oral health can be characterized as a level of wellness for the mouth and associated tissues that enable someone to eat, speak, and interact socially without experiencing any active illness, discomfort, or embarrassment and that adds to overall well-being. Because of their widespread occurrence and major social impact, oral illnesses might be categorized as a public health issue. One strategy for the management of complicated health disorders is multidisciplinary collaborative care, which includes care coordination among clinicians. This case presentation describes a collaborative effort between healthcare providers and a patient enrolled in a tobacco cessation clinic. This is a case of a smoker aged 57 years, who started reducing cigarettes and had quit smoking 6 months prior based on the health belief model but his improvement in quality of life was not significant.

Evaluation of Some Haematological Metrics among Smokers in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Introduction: Smoking is extremely toxic and has had a significant negative impact on society. One of the leading contributors to preventable illness and mortality has been found to be cigarette smoking. Aim: The goal of this study is to evaluate a few haematological metrics among smokers in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, and to verify the idea that smoking cigarettes either has a negative or favorable impact on these variables. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 100 participants between the ages of 20 and 45 were included, 50 of whom were smokers and 50 non-smokers. Venipuncture was used to obtain blood samples from the patients, which was then put into an EDTA vial for a full blood count (FBC) and other haematological analysis. The full blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were done using Haemo Auto Analyzer, Model XP-300 KOBE Japan by SYSMEX and the Westergreen method respectively. In order to analyze the data, Graph Prism Pad 6.2 and Microsoft Office Excel 2016 were both used. Using the student's independent t-test, a comparative study of mean and standard deviation values for the various parameters for test and reference ranges was conducted. Results: According to the findings, the average age of 50 smokers was 43.6200± 9.7250 years and that for the 50 non-smokers was 42.7800± 6.5440 years, which was statistically insignificant with p valve of 0.6130. Smokers’ haemoglobin level was 14.5080 ± 1.5590 (g/dL) and non-smokers was 12.1340 ± 0.70410 (g/dL). According to statistics, the level of Hb was significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers (P<0.0001). In comparison to non-smokers, the RBC count dramatically increased in smokers (P<0.0001) greater than in non-smokers at 5.2550 ± 0.6629 (x1012/L) and 4.6340 ± 0.5530 (x1012/L) respectively. While the total leucocyte count (TLC) in smokers is 8.0500 ± 1.8796 (x109/L), compared to 6.8580 ± 1.2454 (x109/L) in non-smokers. Statistics show that smokers have a higher total leucocyte count than non-smokers (P<0.0002). Smokers' platelet count is 255.7600±61.8351 (x109/L) while non-smokers' is 216.5800±35.5752 (x109/L).The study has statistically shown that smokers' platelet counts rose considerably in comparison to non-smokers (P<0.012). Conclusion: It may be concluded that uninterrupted smoking has an undue negative impact on haematological parameters such that increase occur in values of Hb, RBC, TLC and platelets. Significantly, these changes may increase the risk of serious health issues such as heart related defects, hardening of the arteries, Vaqu

Comparison of microvascular endothelial function as measured by laser Doppler flowmeter among non-smoker and smoker males

Background: To understand the role of smoking in influencing endothelial function as assessed by LDF among non-smoker and smoker males. Methods: The LDF measurement for a total of 35 non-smokers and 16 smokers was done in the central research laboratory after written informed consent. The change in LDF signal in response to acetylcholine 100 µl, which was delivered to the forearm skin by iontophoresis, was measured as perfusion units (PU). Results: The pre-ACh LDF signal were statistically not significant between the groups. The increase in LDF signal was more prominent in non-smoker group. The LDF signal parameters such as differences in minimal response pre and post-ACh; difference in mean response pre and post ACh; the difference in maximal response pre and post ACh was not statistically significant between groups. However, the difference in the area under curve (AUC) pre and post-ACh (PU.min) (non-smoker 20089.34 (3438.92) vs smoker 13220.72 (3379.52); p=0.16) showed a trend towards statistical significance. Conclusions: Microvascular endothelial function as assessed by LDF signal among smokers (pack-years;1.9±1.44) and non-smokers is statistically insignificant. However, lower microvascular endothelial function is observed among smokers.

Tabagismo no Brasil: percepções dos resultados de pesquisas domiciliares / Smoking in Brazil: insights from the results of the household surveys / Tabaquismo en Brasil: percepciones de los resultados de encuestas en hogares

Introdução: o uso do tabaco em suas diferentes formas continua a ser uma das principais causas de morte evitáveis no Brasil. Com uma história de sucesso notável, o Brasil alcançou uma das maiores reduções significativas na prevalência do tabagismo desde 1990. No entanto, é preocupante que a taxa de declínio do consumo de tabaco tenha diminuído nos últimos anos, conforme sugerem as pesquisas. Objetivos: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os resultados de três pesquisas domiciliares realizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Métodos: foi realizada a comparação da prevalência do uso de tabaco entre entrevistados com 18 anos ou mais, assim como foi avaliada a porcentagem de mudanças na prevalência entre 2008, 2013 e 2019, usando dados de três pesquisas: The Global Tobacco Adult Survey, do ano de 2008, e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Brasil, dos anos de 2013 e 2019. Além disso, analisamos a prevalência no Brasil e seus estados de acordo com idade, gênero, nível educacional e raça. Resultados: a prevalência do tabagismo ativo diminuiu 19% entre 2008 e 2013, passando de 18,2% (IC 95%: 17,7;18,7%), em 2008, para 14,7% (IC 95%: 14,2;15,2%), em 2013. No entanto, em 2019, a prevalência foi de 12,6% (IC 95%: 12,2;13,0%), revelando uma redução de 14,3%. O tabagismo foi maior entre a população com baixo nível de escolaridade, status de renda mais baixo e raça/cor da pele preta e parda. Conclusão: a prevalência do tabagismo diminuiu no Brasil nas últimas três décadas. No entanto, recentemente, houve uma redução na intensidade da queda, exigindo atenção e análise cuidadosa das estratégias de prevenção e abandono do tabagismo.(AU)

Ocorrência de alterações nos potenciais evocados auditivos de fumantes: revisão sistemática da literatura / Occurrence of changes in the auditory evoked potentials of smokers: systematic review of the literature

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a ocorrência de alterações nos exames de potencial evocado (PEA) auditivo em adultos fumantes normo-ouvintes. Estratégia de pesquisa Revisão sistemática da literatura de acordo com recomendações do PRISMA, buscando responder à pergunta: "Há alterações nos resultados do exame de PEA em adultos fumantes?", estratégia PECOS. Pesquisa realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, LIVIVO, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS e Scielo. Busca adicional da literatura cinzenta: Google Scholar e ProQuest e busca manual das referências dos estudos incluídos. Critérios de seleção Foram selecionados estudos com delineamento transversal, sem restrição do ano de publicação e idioma. Análise dos dados Primeiramente foram analisados os títulos e resumos de todos os estudos encontrados, seguido da leitura na íntegra dos estudos elegíveis. Resultados Foram obtidos 898 artigos, que após remoção dos duplicados e análise cega por três pesquisadores, foram selecionados oito trabalhos. Grande parte dos estudos encontrou uma associação entre tabagismo ativo e alterações nos testes eletrofisiológicos. Conclusão Adultos fumantes normo-ouvintes apresentam alterações nos exames de PEA de curta e longa latência. No potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico, os principais componentes alterados foram o aumento das latências das ondas I e III e nos interpicos I - III e III - V, bem como diminuição da amplitude das ondas. No Mismatch Negativity, houve aumento significativo da amplitude da onda e da latência. No potencial de longa latência, P300, houve aumento das latências e redução das amplitudes nos componentes N1 (em Fz) e P3.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the occurrence of abnormal auditory evoked potentials (AEP) tests in adult smokers. Research strategies Systematic review of the literature according to the PRISMA guidelines, to answer the question: "Are there any changes in the AEP results in adult smokers?", PECOS strategy. Research carried out on PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, LIVIVO, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS and Scielo databases. Additional search of gray literature: Google Scholar and ProQuest hand searching of reference lists of the included studies. Selection criteria Cross-sectional studies were selected, without restriction on the year of publication and language. Data analysis First, the titles and abstracts of all the studies were analyzed, followed by the full reading of the eligible studies. Results 898 articles were collected, after the duplicate studies were removed and after blind analysis by three researchers, 8 studies of the observational type were selected. Most studies have found an association between active smoking and changes in electrophysiological tests. Conclusion Normal hearing adult smokers present alterations in short and long AEP. In the auditory brainstem response, the main altered components were the increase in waves latencies of I and III and in the interpeaks I - III and III - V, as well as a decrease in the amplitude of the waves. In Mismatch Negativity, there was a significant increase in wave amplitude and latency. In the long latency potential, P300, there was an increase in latencies and decreased amplitudes in the components N1 (in Fz) and P3.

Factores de riesgo de aterosclerosis en ancianos fumadores de provincia Holguín, Cuba

Introducción: La aterosclerosis, sus factores de riesgo y enfermedades consecuentes han sido motivo de estudio desde hace varias décadas. Su origen multifactorial hace que sea de interés permanente. Objetivo: Caracterizar los factores de riesgo de aterosclerosis en ancianos fumadores del Hogar de Ancianos Pedro Vázquez Hidalgo, perteneciente a la provincia de Holguín, durante el año 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal donde el universo lo conformaron 104 ancianos fumadores de 60 años y más, de ambos sexos. Las variables estudiadas fueron obtenidas de las historias clínicas: edad, sexo, hábitos tóxicos asociados al tabaquismo (alcohol y/o café), evaluación nutricional, exámenes de laboratorio (glucemia, ácido úrico, triglicéridos, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol) y enfermedades cardiovasculares relacionadas con la aterosclerosis (hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, obesidad, cardiopatía isquémica, enfermedad renal crónica, enfermedad vascular periférica, enfermedad cerebrovascular). Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino en el grupo etario de 75 años y más (56,6 %), mientras que en el sexo femenino predominó el consumo de café y alcohol relacionado con el tabaquismo (61,9 %). Hubo una nutrición adecuada en ambos sexos (29 %). Los exámenes de HDL-colesterol resultaron elevados en el 80,9 % del sexo femenino y en el 94 % del sexo masculino, además de un incremento de los triglicéridos en el 37,3 % de este último. Tanto la hipertensión como la cardiopatía isquémica se destacaron en las mujeres con el 90,5 % y 66,6 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El estudio de los factores de riesgo de aterosclerosis en ancianos fumadores tales como los hábitos tóxicos, evaluación nutricional, entre otros, son importantes para la prevención de las complicaciones que se derivan de esta enfermedad en este grupo poblacional.

Introduction: Atherosclerosis, its risk factors and associated diseases have been reviewed for decades. So, its multifactorial origin becomes it a continuing interest of study. Objective: Characterization of the risk factors for atherosclerosis in the older smokers from the Hogar de Ancianos Pedro Vázquez Hidalgo, Holguín, in 2019. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, in which a total of 104 older smokers of 60 years old or older and both sex were involved. All variables studied were obtained from the medical records: age, sex, toxic habits associated with smoking (alcohol and/or coffee), nutritional evaluation, laboratory tests (blood glucose, uric acid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and cardiovascular diseases associated to the atherosclerosis (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease). Results: Male sex predominated in the age group of 75 years old or older (56.6%), while the consumption of coffee and alcohol linked with smoking predominated in the female sex (61.9%). There was adequate nutrition in both sexes (29%). The HDL-cholesterol tests were elevated in 80.9% of the female sex and 94% of the male sex, in addition to an increasing triglycerides in 37.3% of the latter. Both hypertension (90.5%) and ischemic heart disease (66.6%) were most common risk factors observed in women. Conclusions: The study of risk factors for atherosclerosis in older smokers such as toxic habits, nutritional evaluation, among others, are very important for preventing related disease complications in in this population group.

Introdução: A aterosclerose, seus fatores de risco e consequentes doenças são objeto de estudo há várias décadas. Sua origem multifatorial o torna de interesse permanente. Objetivo: Caracterizar os fatores de risco para aterosclerose em idosos fumantes da Hogar de Ancianos Pedro Vázquez Hidalgo, pertencente à província de Holguín, durante o ano de 2019. Método: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal onde o universo foi composto por 104 idosos fumantes de 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos. As variáveis estudadas foram obtidas dos prontuários: idade, sexo, hábitos tóxicos associados ao tabagismo (álcool e/ou café), avaliação nutricional, exames laboratoriais (glicemia, ácido úrico, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol ) e doenças cardiovasculares relacionadas à aterosclerose (hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, obesidade, cardiopatia isquêmica, doença renal crônica, doença vascular periférica, doença cerebrovascular). Resultados: O sexo masculino predominou na faixa etária de 75 anos e mais (56,6%), enquanto o consumo de café e álcool relacionado ao tabagismo predominou no sexo feminino (61,9%). Houve nutrição adequada em ambos os sexos (29%). As dosagens de HDL-colesterol estavam elevadas em 80,9% do sexo feminino e em 94% do sexo masculino, além de aumento dos triglicerídeos em 37,3% deste último. Tanto a hipertensão quanto a doença isquêmica do coração se destacaram nas mulheres com 90,5% e 66,6%, respectivamente. Conclusões: O estudo dos fatores de risco para aterosclerose em idosos tabagistas como hábitos tóxicos, avaliação nutricional, entre outros, são importantes para a prevenção de complicações decorrentes desta doença neste grupo populacional.

Influence of smoking on autonomic functions in light and heavy smokers measured by heart rate variability

Background: Various studies using heart rate variability (HRV) as a tool have found reduced HRV in smokers in comparison with non-smokers. However, not many studies have studied the influence of smoking on HRV in light and heavy smokers calculated by pack years. Aim and Objective: The main aim of this study was to measure and compare the influence of smoking on autonomic functions in male light and heavy cigarette smokers using HRV. Materials and Methods: The present was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Navodaya Medical College, Raichur. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Institutional research ethical committee. This study was conducted among male cigarette smokers with age between 20 and 50 years who were apparently healthy. The selection of subjects participating in the study was done by simple random sampling, the subjects were residents of the Raichur district. The study group subjects were divided into light and heavy smokers considering both the amount and duration of smoking calculated by pack years. HRV was recorded by using the instrument Polygraph (AD instruments, Australia, model noML870). Statistical analysis was done by independent sample t-test to compare between the groups using EPI Info Version 7.0 software. A P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant whereas a P < 0.001 was considered as highly significant. Results: The HRV parameters indicating sympathetic function such as low frequency (LF) component, LF power expressed in normalized unit (LFnu) and LF-HF ratio were significantly increased in heavy smokers in comparison to light smokers, whereas the HRV parameters indicating parasympathetic function such as total power, high frequency (HF) component and HF power expressed in normalized unit (HFnu) were significantly decreased in heavy smokers in comparison to light smokers. Conclusion: Increased sympathetic stimulation associated with a decrease in the cardiac vagal modulation leading to imbalance in the autonomic functions was more in heavy smokers when compared to light smokers.

Necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en diabéticos fumadores y no fumadores y su relación con criterios clínicos

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la asociación correlacional que pudiera presentarse entre necesidad de tratamiento periodontal con los siguientes criterios clínicos: tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, hábito de fumar, conocimiento de la influencia de la diabetes, presencia de cálculo visible, movilidad dentaria, sangrado al sondaje en diabéticos fumadores y no fumadores que concurren al Programa Nacional de Diabetes del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social durante los meses de abril a setiembre del 2014. Participaron del estudio 242 sujetos seleccionados al azar y que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo-correlacional estableciéndose como límite de significancia un valor de p<0,05. En cuanto a los resultados se encontró un nivel de correlación significativa (p< 0,05) en conocimiento de la influencia de la diabetes; y muy significativa (p < 0,01) en índice comunitario de hábito de fumar, presencia de cálculo visible, movilidad dentaria y en el sangrado al sondaje. En conclusión, se encontró asociación entre los siguientes criterios clínicos considerados en esta investigación: el hábito de fumar, conocimiento de la influencia de la diabetes, presencia de cálculo visible, movilidad dentaria, sangrado al sondaje en diabéticos fumadores y no fumadores.

The objectiveof this study was to determine the correlation between the need for periodontal treatment and the following clinical criteria considered: time of evolution of diabetes, smoking, knowledge of the influence of diabetes, presence of visible calculus, tooth mobility, bleeding on probing in diabetic smokers and non-smokers attending the National Diabetes Program of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare during the months of April to September, 2014. A total of 242 randomly selected subjects who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study. A descriptive-correlational statistical analysis was performed, establishing a p-value <0.05 as the limit of significance. Regarding the results, a significant level of correlation was found (p<0.05) in knowledge of the influence of diabetes and highly significant (p<0.01) in community smoking index, presence of visible calculus, tooth mobility and bleeding on probing. In conclusion, an association was found between the following clinical criteria considered in this research: smoking, knowledge of the influence of diabetes, presence of visible calculus, tooth mobility, bleeding on probing in diabetic smokers and non-smokers.

Conducta tabáquica en estudiantes universitarios en Tunja (Boyacá)

Objetivo: Determinar el grado dependencia al tabaquismo y la motivación a la cesación del consumo de tabaco en estudiantes fumadores de una institución universitaria en la ciudad de Tunja (Boyacá). Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con fase correlacional, con muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados. La identificación de la conducta tabáquica se realizó a través de los instrumentos de Fagerström y Richmond, en relación con la medición de los niveles de concentración de monóxido de carbono a través de cooximetría de pulso. Resultados: En los 79 estudiantes se observó una edad promedio de 21 años, siendo en la mayoría del sexo masculino (86%), con un consumo de cigarrillo en promedio de 4.2 años. Se pudo establecer que el 82.3% [IC : 73.4 - 91.1] de los estudiantes fumaron menos de 10 cigarrillos al día, con un grado leve correspondiente al 89 % [IC : 81.0-94.9], quienes se caracterizaron por fumar 5 o menos paquetes de cigarrillos al año. De igual manera el 82 % [IC : 73.4 - 89.9] de los fumadores se clasificaron como moderados y el 94 % [IC : 87.3 - 98.7] de ellos son poco dependientes a la nicotina. De igual forma, se estableció que solo el 32.91 % [IC : 24.1 - 43.0] presentó alto grado de motivación para dejar de fumar. En relación con el nivel de porcentaje de saturación de monóxido de carbono, en promedio fue de 6 % (DE 2.2), existiendo relación directamente proporcional con el grado y la clasificación del fumador determinada a través del método de Wilcoxon (P=0.00). Conclusión: Se identificó que la mayoría de los participantes presenta moderada motivación para la cesación del consumo; por lo tanto, es necesario incentivar el inicio de programas de deshabituación tabáquica que impacten la calidad de vida en adultos jóvenes, así mismo, en la reducción de la morbi/mortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias crónicas a futuro.

Objective: To determine the degree of dependence on smoking and the motivation to stop smoking in students of a university institution in the city of Tunja (Boyacá). Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study with a correlational phase, with probabilistic cluster sampling. The identification of smoking behavior was carried out using the Fagerström and Richmond instruments, in relation to the measurement of carbon monoxide concentration levels through pulse co-oximetry. Results: An average age of 21 years was observed in the 79 students, with the majority being male (86%), with an average cigarette consumption of 4.2 years. It was established that 82.3% [95% CI: 73.4 - 91.1] of the students smoked less than 10 cigarettes a day, with a slight degree corresponding to 89% [95% CI: 81.0-94.9] who were characterized by smoking 5 or less cigarette packs per year. Similarly, 82% [95% CI: 73.4 - 89.9] of smokers were classified as moderate and 94% [95% CI: 87.3 - 98.7] of them were little dependent on nicotine. Similarly, it was established that only 32.91% [95% CI: 24.1 - 43.0] presented a high degree of motivation to quit smoking. In relation to the level of percentage of carbon monoxide saturation, on average it was 6% (SD 2.2), with a directly proportional relationship with the degree and classification of the smoker determined through the Wilcoxon method (P = 0.00). Conclusion: Most of the participants were found to present moderate motivation to stop smoking, therefore, it is necessary to encourage the start of smoking cessation programs that impact the quality of life in young adults, as well as reducing morbidity/mortality from chronic respiratory diseases in the future.

Association of the lipoprotein lipase and Apolipoprotein C-II gene polymorphisms with risk of dyslipidemia in smokers and non-smokers male

Objective: Dyslipidaemia is considered a metabolic abnormality andan important risk factor that leads to atherogenic cardiovascular diseases. Cigarette smoking is associated with dyslipidaemia. This study aimed to demonstrate whether lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) and Apolipoprotein CII (APOCII) gene polymorphisms can be considered as independent genetic risk factors for dyslipidaemia among smokers with various smoking durations. Methods: A total of 185 males (90 smokers and 95 non-smokers)were included in this study, Lipid profiles were measured and DNA was isolated. The LPL-Hind III and APO CII-Ava II polymorphisms were determined using the polymerase reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) technique. Results: For the LPL-Hind IIIpolymorphism HþHþ genotype group, the triglycerides TG and very-lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol VLDL-C concentrations were significantly higher and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C concentration was significantly lower than those of the HeH- genotype. ForAPO CII-Ava II polymorphisms, compared with those of the A2A2 genotype group, the total cholesterol TC, TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C and VLDL-C concentrations were significantly increased in the A1A2 genotype group, while the HDL-C concentration was significantly decreased. Conclusions: The study revealed that the HþHþ or H þ H-genotype of the LPL-Hind III polymorphism and the A1A1or A1A2 genotype of the APOCII-Ava II polymorphism were at higher risk of developing dyslipidaemia compared to the HeH- genotype of the LPL-Hind III polymorphism and A2A2 genotype of the APOCII-Ava II polymorphism.

Influence of risk factors on the long-term survival of oral rehabilitation with extra-narrow implants: a retrospective study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to retrospectively collect clinical data to evaluate the influence of possible risk factors on the long-term success of implant treatment with extra-narrow (2.9 mm diameter) implants in a daily dental practice setting. Methodology Data were collected from records of patients who received at least one extra-narrow implant from 2012 to 2017, regarding implant survival, prosthesis survival, patient characteristics, and implant characteristics. The association between the dependent variables "implant survival", "prosthesis survival," and "adverse events" related to patient and implant characteristics was statistically evaluated by chi-square tests. Moreover, implant and prosthesis survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results The sample was constituted of 58 patients (37 women and 21 men) with a mean age of 54.8 years old (SD: 12.5), followed up for up to eight years. In total, 86 extra-narrow implants were placed within this sample. Four implants were lost, resulting in an implant survival rate of 95.3%. A total of 55 prostheses were inserted and only one (1.8%) was lost, resulting in a prosthesis survival rate of 98.2%. The mean implant and prosthesis survival time was, respectively, 7.1 years and 6.3 years, according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. A correlation was found between smoking and implant loss, which makes implant loss eight times more likely to occur in smokers than non-smokers. A significant association was also found between prosthesis loss and previous need of prosthesis repair. However, it was not considered clinically relevant. No association was found between the occurrence of adverse events and later implant or prosthesis loss. Conclusion High implant and prosthesis survival rates were found in the long term for treatment with extra-narrow implants. Moreover, a significant correlation between smoking and implant loss was observed.

Indicadores referentes à cessação do comportamento de fumar no Brasil, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, edições 2013 e 2019 / Indicadores relacionados con el abandono del comportamiento de fumar en Brasil, Encuesta Nacional de Salud, ediciones 2013 y 2019 / Indicators related to smoking cessation in Brazil, National Health Survey, 2013 and 2019 editions

Objetivo: Descrever os indicadores de abandono do uso de tabaco, em 2013 e 2019, para o Brasil e as Unidades da Federação, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, coletadas na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Métodos: Estudo transversal, populacional e descritivo realizado com dados da PNS 2013 e 2019, uma pesquisa domiciliar coletada por entrevistadores treinados. Foram calculadas a prevalência de ex-fumantes e a proporção de fumantes que tentaram parar de fumar nos últimos 12 meses imediatamente anteriores à data da entrevista, e os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%), segundo as variáveis sociodemográficas. Ademais, calculou-se a variação percentual entre os anos estudados. Resultados: Em 2013, a prevalência de ex-fumantes foi 17,5% (IC95% 16,9;18,0) e, em 2019, 26,6% (IC95% 26,1;27,2). Tentaram parar de fumar 51,1% (IC95% 49,3;52,9), em 2013, e 46,6% (IC95% 45,0;48,3) em 2019. Conclusão: É importante o fortalecimento e manutenção de estratégias para enfrentamento do uso de tabaco no país, de forma a aumentar a disposição e a capacidade do fumante atual de parar de fumar.

Objetivo: Describir los indicadores de abandono del hábito tabáquico en 2013 y 2019 para Brasil y Unidades Federadas, según variables sociodemográficas, recogidas en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS). Métodos: Estudio transversal, poblacional y descriptivo con datos de las PNS, 2013 y 2019, una encuesta de hogares recolectada por entrevistadores capacitados. Se calculó la prevalencia de exfumadores y proporción de fumadores que intentaron dejar de fumar en los últimos 12 meses y respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC95%), según variables sociodemográficas. Además, se calculó la variación porcentual entre los años. Resultados: En 2013, la prevalencia de exfumadores fue de 17,5% (IC95% 16,9;18,0), en 2019, 26,6% (IC95% 26,1;27,2). En 2013, el 51,1% intentó dejar de fumar (IC95% 49,3;52,9), y, en 2019, el 46,6% (IC95% 45,0;48,3). Conclusión: Es importante fortalecer y mantener las estrategias de afrontamiento del tabaquismo, para incrementar la disposición y capacidad del fumador actual para dejar de fumar.

Objective: To describe the indicators of smoking cessation in 2013 and 2019 for Brazil and federative units, according to sociodemographic variables, collected in the National Health Survey (PNS). Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based and descriptive study with data from the 2013 and 2019 PNS, a household survey collected by trained interviewers. The prevalence of ex-smokers and the proportion of smokers who tried to quit smoking in the 12 months prior to the interview, and respective confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated, according to sociodemographic variables. Additionally, the percentage variation between the years was calculated. Results: In 2013, the prevalence of ex-smokers was 17.5% (95%CI 16.9;18.0) and, in 2019, 26.6% (95%CI 26.1;27.2). In 2013, 51.1% tried to quit smoking (95%CI 49.3;52.9) and, in 2019, 46.6% (95%CI 45.0;48.3). Conclusion: It is important to strengthen and maintain strategies for coping with tobacco use in Brazil, to increase the current smoker's willingness and ability to quit smoking.

Adaptación transcultural y validación de la escala de autoeficacia/tentaciones en Argentina / Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Self-efficacy/Temptations Scale in Argentina

Resumen La autoeficacia es la confianza en las propias habilidades para evitar fumar en situaciones que puedan desencadenar el deseo. Se la considera un importante predictor de recaídas. En Argentina no existe un instrumento válido que permita evaluarla. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue adaptar y validar una versión en español (Argentina) de la Escala de Autoeficacia/Tentaciones. Se llevó a cabo la adaptación transcul tural de la escala: traducción, revisión por un comité de expertos, traducción inversa, nueva revisión y prueba del cuestionario. Luego se evaluaron la confiabilidad (reproducibilidad, estabilidad y consistencia interna) y la validez. Se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación Varimax con datos de una muestra de 200 pacientes fumadores. Se obtuvo una versión cultural y lingüísticamente adaptada del instrumento, con una confiabilidad interobservador evaluada con el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (ICC) = 0.90 y estabilidad de ICC = 0.77. En el análisis de la consistencia interna se obtuvo un α de Crombach global de 0.93 y de 0.85 para las versiones de 20 y 9 ítems, respectivamente. En el dominio de afectos positivos α = 0.82 y α = 0.89; afectos negativos α = 0.89 y α = 0.90 y para deseo intenso de fumar (craving) α = 0.84 y α = 0.75, también respectivamente para las dos versiones. En el análisis factorial exploratorio se identificaron tres factores que explicaron el 95% de la varianza del cuestionario en su versión extensa y 69% en su versión corta. Se obtuvo una versión argentina de la Escala de Autoeficacia/Tentaciones confiable y válida para ser aplicada a fumadores.

Abstract Self-efficacy is the confidence in one's own abilities to avoid smoking in situations that can trigger desire. It is considered an important predictor of relapses. In Argentina there is no valid instrument to evaluate it. The objective of this article was to adapt and validate a Spanish version (in local Argentinean language) of the Self-Efficacy/Temptation Scale. The transcultural adaptation of the scale was carried out: translation, review by a committee of experts, reverse translation, new review and test of the questionnaire. Reliability (reproduc ibility, stability and internal consistency) and validity were then evaluated. We performed a factor analysis of main components with Varimax rotation with data from a sample of 200 smokers. A culturally and linguistically adapted version of the instrument was obtained, with inter-observer reliability of Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.90 and stability of ICC = 0.77. The internal consistency analysis yielded a global Crombach α = 0.93 and 0.85 for versions of 20 and 9 items, respectively. In the domain of Positive Affections α = 0.82 and α = 0.89; Negative Affections α = 0.89 and α = 0.90 and for Craving α = 0.84 and α = 0.75, also respectively for the two versions. In the exploratory factor analysis, three factors were identified that explained 95% of the variance of the questionnaire in its extensive version and 69% in its short version. A reliable and valid Argentinean version of the Self-Efficacy/Temptation Scale was obtained, to be applied to smokers.

Effect Of Cigarette Smoking On Sperm Morphology Of Infertile Men

Background:Cigarette smoking is a serious health problem of most societies. Smoking has been suggested to contribute to a number of diseases including male infertility. The present study was aimed at studying effect of cigarette smoking on Sperm morphology of infertile men.Material And Methods:A total of one hundred infertile men (50 Non-smokersand 50 Smokers) between the age group 20-45 years were taken into study. The Sperm morphology in the infertile Non-smokersand infertile Smokers group were compared using Z Test. Infertile Smokers which were divided into Group A (?1 and ?10 cigarettes/ day), Group B (>10 and <20 cigarettes/ day) and Group C (?20 cigarettes/ day) were analyzed for Sperm morphology by ANOVA Test. Result:We observed that Sperm morphology was significantly lower (p<0.01) in infertile Smokers group than infertile Non-smokersgroup. We also observed that Sperm morphology was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in accordance with the severity of smoking.Conclusion:Cigarette smoking adversely affect sperm morphology.

Factores asociados al recubrimiento total de recesiones gingivales clases I y II de Miller / Factors associated to complete coverage of Miller class I and II gingival recessions

Introducción: La recesión gingival es uno de los defectos estético-funcionales más comunes en la cavidad oral. Se caracteriza por la exposición de la superficie de la raíz debido a un desplazamiento del margen gingival apical a la unión amelocementaria. La literatura reporta un porcentaje de recubrimiento de la raíz favorable en recesiones gingivales clases I y II de Miller; sin embargo, varios estudios no lograron el recubrimiento total, lo que ha sido asociado a varios factores. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados al recubrimiento total de recesiones gingivales clases I y II de Miller en dientes tratados con colgajo de reposición coronal. Métodos: Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed SciELO, Redalyc, Lilacs y Scopus. De 105 investigaciones, se analizaron 7 que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Análisis e integración de las informaciones: El metaanálisis dio resultados no concluyentes, debido a la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios. Sin embargo, se detectaron los siguientes factores: el uso de ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (p < 0,0001), la presencia de tejido queratinizado adjunto ≥ 2 mm (p = 0,019), una profundidad de recesión gingival inicial > 3 mm (p = 0,020) y pacientes que fumaban más de 10 cigarrillos diarios (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Se identificaron el uso de ácido etilendiaminotetracético, la presencia de tejido queratinizado, la profundidad de la recesión y pacientes fumadores como posibles factores que intervienen el recubrimiento total de recesiones gingivales clases I y II de Miller en dientes tratados con colgajo de reposición coronal(AU)

Introduction: Gingival recession is one of the most common esthetic-functional defects of the oral cavity. It is characterized by exposure of the root surface due to displacement of the apical gingival margin to the cementoenamel junction. The literature about the topic reports a percentage of favorable root coverage of Miller class I and II gingival recessions. However, several studies do not report complete coverage, which has been associated to a number of factors. Objective: Identify the factors associated to complete coverage of Miller class I and II gingival recessions in teeth treated with coronally repositioned flap. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc, Lilacs and Scopus. Of a total 105 studies retrieved, seven met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis and integration: The meta-analysis did not achieve conclusive results, due to the high heterogeneity of the studies. However, the following factors were identified: use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (p < 0.0001), presence of adjacent keratinized tissue ≥ 2 mm (p = 0.019), initial gingival recession depth > 3 mm (p = 0.020) and patients who smoked more than 10 cigarettes a day (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, presence of keratinized tissue, recession depth and smoker patients were identified as possible factors involved in the complete coverage Miller class I and II gingival recessions in teeth treated with coronally repositioned flap(AU)