"Crime sem vítimas?" Um estudo sobre corrupção, vitimização e crenças no mundo justo / "Victimless crime?" A study on corruption, victimization and beliefs in a just world" / ¿Crimen sin víctimas?" Un estudio sobre corrupción, victimización y creencias en el mundo justo

A corrupção se configura como um importante problema no Brasil, embora seja entendido como um "crime sem vítimas". Frente à importância do tema, o presente estudo buscou avaliar a influência da categoria social de uma vítima de corrupção na relação entre crenças no mundo justo e intenção de corrupção. A amostra foi composta por 127 estudantes universitários de cursos relacionados às áreas de gestão e negócios. Os participantes responderam a medidas de CMJ, intenção de corrupção e informaram dados sociodemográficos. Verificou-se que, quando uma vítima de corrupção é alguém distante do indivíduo, a intenção de corrupção é maior se comparado a uma condição em que a vítima é próxima. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que o efeito da CMJ na corrupção foi restrito quando da avaliação de uma vítima próxima. Os resultados indicam a importância de articular variáveis grupais (distância social) e pessoais (CMJ) no estudo da corrupção.

Corruption is a major problem in Brazil, although it is understood as a "victimless crime". Given the importance of the topic, this study aimed to assess the influence of the social category of a corruption victim on the relationship between beliefs in a just world and the intention of corruption. The sample consisted of 127 university students from courses related to the areas of management and business. Participants responded to measurements of BJW, the intention of corruption and reported sociodemographic data. It was found that, when a victim of corruption is someone distant from the individual, the intention of corruption is greater compared to a condition in which the victim is close. Additionally, it was found that the effect of BJW on corruption was restricted when assessing a close victim. The results indicate the importance of articulating group (social distance) and personal variables (BJW) in the study of corruption.

La corrupción es un problema importante en Brasil, aunque se entiende como un "crimen sin víctimas". Dada la importancia de la temática, el presente estudio buscó evaluar la influencia de la categoría social de una víctima de corrupción en relación a las creencias del mundo justo (CMJ) y la intención a la corrupción. La muestra consistió en 127 estudiantes universitarios de grados de gestión y negocios. Los participantes respondieron a las escalas de CMJ, intención de corrupción y reportaron datos sociodemográficos. Se ha encontrado que cuando una víctima de corrupción está lejos del individuo, la intención de corrupción es mayor en comparación a una condición en la cual la víctima está cerca. Además, se descubrió que el efecto de CMJ sobre la corrupción estaba restringido al evaluar a una víctima cercana. Los resultados indican la importancia de articular las variables grupales (distancia social) y personales (CMJ) en el estudio de la corrupción.

Assessment of the Knowledge and Reported Practice of CovidAppropriate Behaviour in a Selected Urban Community in Delhi

Life is getting back to 'ldquo;new normal'rdquo; with chaos giving rise to an order. Crowds are building up, public places are being thronged and festivals are relished as earlier. Kerala being the fi rst State to report zero cases amongst all other states suddenly witnessed a surge in Covid-19 cases and, and was later responsible for 64.2 percent cases of India. Such instances reinforce the need to follow and implement Covid-appropriate behaviour. So, this community-based study was conducted to assess the awareness and insight of general population regarding Covid-appropriate behaviour using descriptive design. Two hundred (200) samples of selected urban community in the age group 10 to 85 years were taken by convenient sampling technique to assess the knowledge and reported practice regarding Covid-appropriate behaviour. A questionnaire was prepared on knowledge and reported practice based on an Illustrative guide provided by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Structured interview technique was used and data was collected and analysed by using descriptive statistics. Results revealed that 92 percent of sample population had knowledge that hand hygiene prevents transmission of Covid-19 while only 51 percent of them washed hands frequently; 43 percent of respondents knew about mandatory social distancing while only 25.5 percent always maintained social distance; 97 percent of participants were aware of symptoms of Covid-19 while only 66.5 percent claimed that they will report or contact the healthcare centre or health care professional if they have any of the mentioned symptoms of Covid. There was difference between knowledge and reported practice regarding Covid-appropriate behaviour.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dental education: perception of professors and students / Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en educación dental: percepción de estudiantes y profesores

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate perception and feelings experienced by dentistry professors and students about distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifty professors and fifty- two students reported the perceptions and implications of distance learning imposed by the pandemic of COVID-19. The participants' answers were analyzed using the qualitative-quantitative method of the collective subject's discourse. The answers were summarized in central ideas, distributed in absolute and relative frequency. The answers with similar central ideas were grouped, obtaining the discourse of the collective subject. The similar central ideas about distance learning addressed by professors and students were: suitable for didactic courses; limited laboratory and clinical courses, and internet access difficulties. Specifically for professors: a complement to classroom teaching; stress and learning with digital technologies; difficulty in reconciling classes with domestic activities; concerns with motivation and interaction with students; asynchronous lectures favor knowledge fixation, and synchronous lectures favor interaction with students; unreliable assessment methods; concern about returning to face-to-face classes. For the students: it was applied to all courses; demotivating; fundamental to guide studies; professors' commitment; long lectures; excessive school activities; difficult attendance control and evaluation; the comfort of being at home; impact on research. Professors considered distance learning as a learning opportunity on how to use digital technologies but too limited for lab and clinical activities and interaction with students. Students found it discouraging due to the absence of practical classes and excessive school activities.

Resumen: Evaluar la percepción y los sentimientos manifestados por profesores y estudiantes de odontología sobre la educación a distancia durante la pandemia por COVID-19. 50 profesores y 52 estudiantes informaron las percepciones e implicaciones del aprendizaje a distancia impuestas por motivo de la pandemia de COVID-19. Respuestas de los participantes fueron analizadas utilizando el método cualitativo-cuantitativo del discurso del sujeto colectivo. Respuestas se agruparon en ideas centrales, obteniendo el discurso del sujeto colectivo y fueron distribuidas en frecuencia absoluta y relativa. Ideas centrales similares entre profesores y estudiantes sobre el aprendizaje a distancia fueron: a) es adecuado para cursos didácticos; b) limitado para cursos de laboratorio y clínicos; c) presenta dificultades devido al acceso a Internet. Específicamente para profesores: a) complemento a la docencia en el aula; b) aumenta el estrés devido a la curva de aprendizaje con tecnologías digitales; c) dificultad para conciliar las clases con las actividades domésticas; d) preocupaciones con la motivación y la interacción con los estudiantes; e) las clases asincrónicas favorecen la fijación del conocimiento y las clases sincrónicas favorecen la interacción con los estudiantes; f) métodos de evaluación poco fiables; y g) preocupación por volver a las clases presenciales. Para los estudiantes: a) se aplicó a todos los cursos; b) desmotivador fundamental para orientar los estudios; c) compromiso de los profesores; d) conferencias largas; e) actividades escolares excesivas; f) difícil control y evaluación de asistencia; g) la comodidad de estar en casa; y h) impacto en la investigación. Profesores consideraron el aprendizaje a distancia como una oportunidad de aprendizaje sobre cómo utilizar las tecnologías digitales, pero demasiado limitado para las actividades de laboratorio y clínicas y la interacción con los estudiantes. Estudiantes lo encontraron desalentador debido a la ausencia de clases prácticas y al exceso de actividades escolares.

Digital technology in dental education during COVID-19 pandemic: worldwide experience of professors and students / Tecnología digital en la educación odontológica durante la pandemia por COVID-19: experiencia mundial de profesores y estudiantes

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to assess the use and experience with digital communication tools among dentistry professors and students to adapt to distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nine hundread and ninety five participants (479 dentistry professors and 516 students) from countries in North America, Latin America, Brazil, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East answered a questionnaire about motivation/stress/anxiety; practice with digital technologies; synchronous/asynchronous communication technologies (difficulties/benefits), and which ones would they prefer using when returning to college. Data were analyzed by the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact (α=0.05). Motivation was more affected among the female professors, male students, and Brazilians (p<0.05). Concern about the academic future, was higher among female students, up to 30 years old, from Latin America and Brazil, and lower for European professors (p<0.05). Anxiety and stress were higher for undergraduate students up to 20 years old from Latin America and Brazil (p<0.05). European professors used more synchronous videoconferencing services for lectures/questions, while Brazilians used more text messaging applications for answering questions (p<0.05). Latin American professors used more surveys for evaluation (p<0.05). Brazilian professors indicated that they would use "online meetings" and "survey administration services" when returning to face-to-face activities and European professors/students would use "email" (p<0.05). Professors from Asia/Oceania/Middle East and professors/students from Brazil indicated "remote activities were important for students not to be inactive" (p<0.05). Efforts were made to adapt Dentistry's teaching to distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the technologies used for this, feelings, and experiences differed between professors and students.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso y la experiencia con herramientas de comunicación digital entre profesores y estudiantes de odontología para adaptarse al aprendizaje a distancia durante la pandemia Covid-19. Novecientos noventa y cinco participantes (479 profesores y 516 estudiantes de odontología) de países de diferentes regiones de América del Norte, América Latina, Brasil, Europa, Asia, Oceanía y Oriente Medio respondieron un cuestionario sobre motivación/ estrés/ansiedad; práctica con tecnologías digitales; tecnologías de comunicación sincrónicas/asincrónicas (dificultades/beneficios), y cuáles continuarían usando al regresar a la universidad. Los datos se analizaron mediante las pruebas Chi-cuadrado y exacta de Fisher (α=0,05). La motivación se vio más afectada entre las profesoras, estudiantes y brasileños (p<0,05). La preocupación por el futuro académico fue mayor entre las estudiantes, hasta los 30 años, de América Latina y Brasil, y menor para el profesorado europeo (p<0,05). El estrés fue mayor para el estudiantado de pregrado de Latinoamérica y Brasil hasta los 20 años (p<0.05). El profesorado europeo utilizó más servicios de videoconferencia sincrónica para clases y consultas, mientras que el brasileño utilizó más aplicaciones de mensajería de texto para consultas (p<0,05). El profesorado latinoamericano utilizó más encuestas para evaluación (p<0.05). El profesorado brasileño indicó que utilizaría "reuniones en línea" y "servicios de encuestas" cuando regresaran a la presencialidad, mientras que el profesorado/ estudiantado europeo utilizaría "correo electrónico" (p<0,05). El profesorado de Asia/ Oceanía/Medio Oriente y profesorado/estudiantado de Brasil indicó que "las actividades remotas eran importantes para que el estudiantado no estuviera inactivo" (p<0,05). Se relizaron esfuerzos para adaptar la enseñanza de la Odontología al aprendizaje a distancia durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, las tecnologías utilizadas y las experiencias difirieron entre profesores y estudiantes.

Factores sociodemográficos relacionados con el uso adecuado de las mascarillas y el distanciamiento social apropiado para evitar el contagio del SARS-CoV-2 en un mercado de abastos en Lima, Perú

Objetivo: Determinar la relación de los factores sociodemográficos con el uso adecuado de las mascarillas y el distanciamiento social apropiado para evitar el contagio del SARS-CoV-2 en las personas que visitan el mercado n.º 2 de Surquillo (Lima, Perú). Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo comunitario. Se encuestó a 385 sujetos que acudieron al mercado de Surquillo entre septiembre y octubre del 2020 y se aplicó una lista de cotejo a los participantes. El tamaño muestral se obtuvo mediante EPIDAT 4.2 con una proporción esperada de prácticas inadecuadas del 50 %, nivel de confianza 95 % y precisión absoluta del 5 %. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. La información fue analizada mediante SPSS v25. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y analítica usando prueba de X2 y regresión logística, con un nivel de confianza del 95 % y un p < 0,05. Resultados: El 48,80 % de los participantes fueron hombres. La edad promedio fue 42,61 ± 13,84 años. El 64,70% (n = 249) tuvo instrucción superior (técnico y universitario). El 47,50% (n = 183) de los encuestados procedía del distrito de Surquillo, y el 42,90 % (n = 165) fueron empleados independientes. El 48,80 % (n = 188) portaba una mascarilla en óptima condición. El 32,20 % (n = 124) cubría nariz y boca con un buen acople. La mascarilla de algodón fue la más usada: 35,10 % de los participantes (n = 135). El 70,00 % opinó que el distanciamiento debe ser de 1,5 m. Durante la observación, el 94 % mantuvo una distancia menor de 1,5 m. Existió una relación significativa entre el grado de instrucción superior y el uso adecuado de la mascarilla con p < 0,00, pero no para el distanciamiento social. Conclusiones: Existe una relación significativa entre el grado de instrucción y el uso adecuado de la mascarilla.

Objective: To determine the relationship that sociodemographic factors have with the proper use of masks and appropriate social distancing to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in people who attend the Surquillo No. 2 market (Lima, Peru). Materials and methods: A quantitative, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective community study. Both a survey and a checklist were administered to 385 subjects who attended the Surquillo market between September and October 2020. The sample size was obtained using Epidat 4.2 with an expected proportion of inadequate practices of 50 %, a confidence level of 95 % and an absolute precision of 5 %. Non-probability convenience sampling was used. The information was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics V25. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression with a confidence level of 95 % and p < 0.05. Results: Forty-eight point eight zero percent (48.80 %) of the research participants were males. Their mean age was 42.61 ± 13.84 years. Sixty-four point seven zero percent (64.70 %) (n = 249) had higher (technical and university) education, 47.50 % (n = 183) lived in Surquillo, 42.90 % (n = 165) were self-employed, 48.80 % (n = 188) wore a well-fitting mask in good condition, 32.20 % (n = 124) covered their nose and mouth properly, 35.10 % (n = 135) used cotton masks, 70.00 % thought that a distance of 1.5 m should be kept from others, and 94 % maintained a physical distance of less than 1.5 m during the observation. There was a significant relationship between the higher education level and the proper use of masks (p < 0.001) but not between the education level and social distancing. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between the education level and the proper use of masks.

COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing: economic, psychological, family, and technological effects

Abstract Introduction The concept of social isolation is currently understood as a measure of epidemiological containment that aims to reduce the speed of spread of the disease, enabling health services to prepare their resources to cope with the likely increase in demand, while also seeking to provide additional protection to groups considered to be at higher risk. Objective The present narrative review aims to compile and synthesize the literature related to social isolation produced during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Method This study is a narrative review of the literature on social isolation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results 73 publications were included for full-text reading and were classified into the following categories: levels of social isolation, economic effects, family relationships, health system, mental health of the population, and use of technology. Conclusions It is necessary to plan an escalation of responses to the consequences of the pandemic, especially in view of the increased demand on the health sector and social services. The negative effects of social isolation can be prevented by public policies that offer a response to the economic recession, maintenance of social work, encouragement of quality care in mental health services, and community support for vulnerable families.

Social distancing and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission: A case study from Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the impact of social distancing on the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). METHODS: Using data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, we conducted an interrupted time series analysis to estimate the impact of lockdown on the number of daily cases of COVID-19 in Araraquara, São Paulo. RESULTS: Policy changes neutralized the positive trend of the disease. To provide more reliable evidence, we added two control cases from Araçatuba and São Carlos to the regression model, and the results remained consistent. CONCLUSIONS: Social distancing interventions are effective tools for flattening epidemic curves.

Medidas de contenção de tipo lockdown para prevenção e controle da COVID-19: estudo ecológico descritivo, com dados da África do Sul, Alemanha, Brasil, Espanha, Estados Unidos, Itália e Nova Zelândia, fevereiro a agosto de 2020 / Medidas de contención tipo lockdown para prevención y control del COVID-19: estudio ecológico descriptivo con datos de febrero a agosto de 2020 en Sudáfrica, Alemania, Brasil, España, Estados Unidos, Italia y Nueva Zelanda / Lockdown-type containment measures for COVID-19 prevention and control: a descriptive ecological study with data from South Africa, Germany, Brazil, Spain, United States, Italy and New Zealand, February - August 2020

Objetivo: Descrever as medidas de contenção de tipo lockdown e a incidência da COVID-19 em sete países: África do Sul, Alemanha, Brasil, Espanha, Estados Unidos, Itália e Nova Zelândia. Métodos: Estudo ecológico descritivo, com dados da incidência diária dos casos confirmados de COVID-19 entre 22 de fevereiro e 31 de agosto de 2020, e informações sobre medidas de lockdown implementadas pelo governo de cada país. Resultados: Os países que implementaram lockdown tiveram diminuição da incidência diária de COVID-19 (casos por milhão de habitantes) no período de três semanas, a contar do início da medida: África do Sul (3,7 a 1,7), Alemanha (37,5 a 33,7), Espanha (176,3 a 82,0), Itália (92,0 a 52,1) e Nova Zelândia (7,5 a 1,7). O Brasil e os Estados Unidos, que não implementaram lockdown, não apresentaram uma diminuição considerável. Conclusão: Após a implementação de lockdown, houve uma diminuição considerável do número de casos confirmados.

Objetivo: Describir las medidas de contención tipo lockdown y la incidencia de COVID-19 en los países de Sudáfrica, Alemania, Brasil, España, Estados Unidos, Italia y Nueva Zelanda. Métodos: Estudio ecológico descriptivo con datos de la incidencia diaria de los casos confirmados de COVID-19, del 22 de febrero al 31 de agosto de 2020 e informaciones sobre medidas de contención lockdown implementadas por los gobiernos de cada uno de los países. Resultados: Los países que implementaron lockdown, desde el inicio de su implementación hasta tres semanas después, tuvieron una disminución en la incidencia diaria (casos por millón de habitantes): Sudáfrica (3,7 a 1,7), Alemania (37,5 a 33,7), España (176,3 a 82,0), Italia (92,0 a 52,1) y Nueva Zelanda (7,5 a 1,7). Brasil y Estados Unidos, que no implementaron lockdown, no tuvieron una disminución considerable Conclusión: Luego de la implementación del lockdown, hubo una disminución considerable en el número de casos confirmados.

Objective: To describe lockdown-type containment measures and COVID-19 incidence in South Africa, Germany, Brazil, Spain, United States, Italy and New Zealand. Methods: This is a descriptive ecological study with data on daily incidence of confirmed COVID-19 cases from February 22 to August 31 2020, as well as information on lockdown measures implemented by the governments of each country. Results: Daily COVID-19 incidence (cases per 1 million inhabitants) decreased within three weeks after lockdown started in the countries that implemented it: South Africa (3.7 to 1.7), Germany (37.5 to 33.7) Spain (176.3 to 82.0), Italy (92.0 to 52.1) and New Zealand (7.5 to 1.7). As for Brazil and the United States, which did not implement lockdown, there was no considerable decrease. Conclusion: After lockdown implementation, there was a considerable decrease in the number of confirmed cases.

fique em casa: a gestão de riscos em contextos de incerteza / queda-te en casa: gestión de riesgos en contextos de incertidumbre / stay at home: risk management in contexts of uncertainty

Resumo Partindo do pressuposto de que há lacunas no conhecimento sobre o novo coronavírus, este ensaio versa sobre a gestão de riscos em situações de incerteza. Inicia-se situando a pandemia de SARS CoV-2 e as características que nos levam a afirmar que há zonas de incertezas a ele associadas. A seguir, introduz-se a noção de gerenciamento de riscos como preâmbulo para uma breve síntese das medidas governamentais adotadas para controle da epidemia. Nesse enquadre é problematizada a "dança das palavras," focalizando as estratégias de distanciamento social, discussão que leva à comunicação sobre risco e suas implicações para a adesão às medidas de distanciamento social no enquadre das teorizações sobre percepção de risco. Conclui-se, propondo que a contribuição da Psicologia Social, nessas situações, requer duas habilidades: de um lado, a comunicação sobre riscos e, de outro, entender como essas informações são processadas e significadas em distintos segmentos sociais.

Resumen Partiendo del supuesto de que existen lagunas en el conocimiento sobre el nuevo coronavirus, este ensayo aborda la gestión de riesgos en situaciones de incertidumbre. Comienza por situar la pandemia del SARS CoV-2 y las características que nos llevan a afirmar que existen zonas de incertidumbre asociadas a ella. A continuación, se introduce la noción de gestión de riesgos como preámbulo de un breve resumen de las medidas gubernamentales adoptadas para controlar la epidemia. En este contexto, se discute la "danza de las palabras", centrada en las estrategias de distanciamiento social, una discusión que conduce la comunicación sobre el riesgo y sus implicaciones para la adhesión a medidas de distanciamiento social en el marco de las teorías sobre la percepción del riesgo. Concluimos proponiendo que el aporte de la Psicología Social, en estas situaciones, requiere dos habilidades: la comunicación sobre riesgos y comprender cómo se procesa y se significa esta información en los diferentes segmentos sociales.

Abstract Based on the assumption that there are gaps in knowledge about the new coronavirus, this essay concerns risk management in situations of uncertainty. It begins by situating the SARS CoV-2 pandemic and the characteristics that lead the assertion that there are zones of uncertainty associated with it. Next, it introduces the notion of risk management as a preamble to a brief summary of measures adopted by government to control the epidemic. In this context, the "dance of words" is problematized with a specific focus on social distance strategies, discussion that leads to communication about risk and its implications for adherence to social distance measures within the framework of risk perception theories. It concludes by proposing that the contribution of social psychology in these situations requires two skills: on one hand, communication about risks and, on the other hand, understanding how this information is processed and signified in different social segments.

Vertical social distancing policy is ineffective to contain the COVID-19 pandemic / A política de distanciamento social vertical é ineficaz para conter a pandemia da COVID-19 / La política de aislamiento social vertical es ineficaz para contener la pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract: Considering numerical simulations, this study shows that the so-called vertical social distancing health policy is ineffective to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. We present the SEIR-Net model, for a network of social group interactions, as a development of the classic mathematical model of SEIR epidemics (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected (symptomatic and asymptomatic)-Removed). In the SEIR-Net model, we can simulate social contacts between groups divided by age groups and analyze different strategies of social distancing. In the vertical distancing policy, only older people are distanced, whereas in the horizontal distancing policy all age groups adhere to social distancing. These two scenarios are compared to a control scenario in which no intervention is made to distance people. The vertical distancing scenario is almost as bad as the control, both in terms of people infected and in the acceleration of cases. On the other hand, horizontal distancing, if applied with the same intensity in all age groups, significantly reduces the total infected people "flattening the disease growth curve". Our analysis considers the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, but similar conclusions apply to other cities as well. Code implementation of the model in R-language is provided in the supplementary material.

Resumo: O artigo demonstra através de simulações numéricas que a política do chamado distanciamento social vertical é ineficaz para conter a pandemia da COVID-19. Os autores apresentam o modelo SEIR-Net para uma rede de interações entre grupos sociais, enquanto desdobramento do modelo matemático clássico para epidemias, chamado SEIR (Suscetíveis-Expostos-Infectados (sintomáticos e assintomáticos)-Removidos). No modelo SEIR-Net, pode-se simular contatos sociais entre grupos, divididos por faixas etárias, e analisar diferentes estratégias de distanciamento social. Na política de distanciamento vertical, apenas os idosos ficam distanciados, ao contrário da política de distanciamento horizontal, em que todas as faixas etárias aderem ao distanciamento. O artigo compara esses dois cenários a um cenário controle, sem nenhuma intervenção para distanciar as pessoas umas das outras. O cenário do distanciamento vertical é quase tão ruim quanto aquele sem nenhum distanciamento, em termos tanto do número de infectados quanto da aceleração do número de casos. Por outro lado, o distanciamento horizontal, desde que aplicado com a mesma intensidade a todos os grupos etários, reduz significativamente o número total de infectados e "achata a curva de crescimento da doença". Nossa análise foi feita no Município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, mas conclusões semelhantes se aplicam igualmente a outras cidades. O material suplementar do artigo fornece detalhes sobre a implementação do código do modelo na linguagem R.

Demostramos mediante simulaciones numéricas que la denominada política de salud de aislamiento social vertical es ineficaz para contener la pandemia de COVID-19. Presentamos el modelo SEIR-Net para interacciones de grupo en una red social, como una evolución del clásico modelo matemático SEIR epidemics (Susceptibles-Expuestos-Infectados (sintomáticos y asintomáticos)-Removidos). En el modelo SEIR-Net, podemos simular contactos sociales entre grupos divididos por grupos de edad y analizar diferentes estrategias de distanciamiento social. En la política de aislamiento vertical, solamente se aísla a los ancianos, frente a la política de aislamiento horizontal, donde todos los grupos de edad se adhieren al aislamiento social. Estos dos escenarios se compararon a un escenario de control, en el que no se realiza ninguna intervención para aislar a la gente. El escenario de aislamiento vertical es casi tan malo, como el escenario donde no se aplica ningún tipo de aislamiento, tanto en términos del número de infectados, como en la aceleración del número de casos. Por otro lado, el aislamiento horizontal, si se aplica con la misma intensidad en todos los grupos de edad, reduce significativamente el número total de infectados y "aplana la curva de crecimiento de la enfermedad". Nuestro análisis se realiza en la municipalidad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, pero conclusiones similares se pueden aplicar también a otras ciudades. En el material complementario se facilita la implementación del código del modelo en R-language.

Attitudes related to social distance between commissioned welfare volunteers (minsei-iin) and people with mental illness / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: This study explored the factors influencing commissioned welfare volunteers’ (CWVs) attitudes toward mental illnesses and how their attitudes correlated with their social distance from people with mental illness.Materials and Methods: Data from 223 CWVs were analyzed statistically. Factor extractions for the Image for Mental Illness Scale (IMI) and Social Distance Scale (SDS) were calculated. We examined the relations between factors in IMI and SDS.Results: CWVs’ attitudes were classified as Understanding (understanding of the condition), Secure (feelings of safety in the presence of those with mental illness), and Activity (reactions to the behaviors of people with mental illness). Social distance from those with mental illness was classified as Public and Private Interactions. CWVs’ interactions with people with mental illness were significantly influenced by feeling Secure in the presence of the latter. Low Public and Private Interactions were influenced by older age. CWVs’ “experience in providing consultations for mental illness” led to the avoidance of Private Interactions.Conclusion: CWVs should feel safe when involved in Public or Private Interactions with individuals with mental illness. CWVs reported a preference for a higher level of social distance from people with mental illness.

Is it time to talk about the end of social distancing? A joinpoint analysis of COVID-19 time series in Brazilian capitals

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Monitoring coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related infections and deaths in Brazil is controversial, with increasing pressure to ease social distance measures. However, no evidence of a sustained, widespread fall in cases exists. METHODS We used segmented (joinpoint) regression analysis to describe the behavior of COVID-19 infections in Brazilian capital cities. RESULTS All capitals showed an exponential or a near-exponential increase in cases through May. A decline in reported cases was subsequently noted in 20 cities but was only significant for 8 (29.6%) and was followed in two by a renewed increase. CONCLUSIONS Caution is warranted when considering the relaxation of restrictions.

The effect of lockdown on the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil: evidence from an interrupted time series design / O efeito do lockdown sobre a epidemia da COVID-19 no Brasil: evidências a partir de uma análise de séries temporais interrompidas / El efecto del confinamiento por la epidemia de COVID-19 en Brasil: evidencia de un diseño de serie temporal interrumpida

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide have implemented social distancing policies with different levels of both enforcement and compliance. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis to estimate the impact of lockdowns on reducing the number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in Brazil. Official daily data was collected for four city capitals before and after their respective policies interventions based on a 14 days observation window. We estimated a segmented linear regression to evaluate the effectiveness of lockdown measures on COVID-19 incidence and mortality. The initial number of new cases and new deaths had a positive trend prior to policy change. After lockdown, a statistically significant decrease in new confirmed cases was found in all state capitals. We also found evidence that lockdown measures were likely to reverse the trend of new daily deaths due to COVID-19. In São Luís, we observed a reduction of 37.85% while in Fortaleza the decrease was 33.4% on the average difference in daily deaths if the lockdown had not been implemented. Similarly, the intervention diminished mortality in Recife by 21.76% and Belém by 16.77%. Social distancing policies can be useful tools in flattening the epidemic curve.

Em resposta à pandemia da COVID-19, muitos governos no mundo adotaram políticas de distanciamento social, com diferentes níveis de implementação e adesão. Realizamos uma análise de séries temporárias interrompidas para estimar o impacto dos lockdowns na redução do número de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 no Brasil. Os dados diários oficiais foram coletados para quatro capitais estaduais, antes e depois das respectivas intervenções políticas, com base em uma janela de 14 dias de observação. Estimamos uma regressão linear segmentada para avaliar a efetividade das medidas de lockdown sobre a incidência e mortalidade de COVID-19. O número inicial de novos casos e óbitos mostrou uma tendência positiva antes da mudança política. Depois do lockdown, foi observada uma queda estatisticamente significativa em novos casos confirmados, em todas as capitais. De maneira semelhante, as evidências mostraram que medidas de distanciamento revertiam a tendência de novos óbitos diários pela COVID-19. Em São Luís, observamos uma redução de 37,85%, enquanto em Fortaleza a queda foi de 33,4% na diferença média em óbitos diários, comparado com uma eventual não implementação de lockdown. Além disso, a intervenção diminuiu a mortalidade em Recife em 21,76%, e em Belém em 16,77%. As políticas de distanciamento social podem ser ferramentas úteis no achatamento da curva epidêmica.

En respuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19, muchos gobiernos en todo el mundo han implementado las políticas de distanciamiento social con diferentes niveles, tanto en lo que se refiere a la observancia, como al cumplimiento. Realizamos un análisis de serie temporal interrumpida para estimar el impacto de los confinamientos en reducir el número de casos y muertes, debidos a la COVID-19 en Brasil. Los datos oficiales diarios fueron recogidos de cuatro capitales antes y después de sus respectivas políticas de intervención, basadas en el mantenimiento de 14 días de observación de autoconfinamiento. Estimamos una regresión lineal segmentada para evaluar la efectividad de las medidas de confinamiento en la incidencia de COVID-19 y la mortalidad. El número inicial de nuevos casos y nuevas muertes tuvo una tendencia positiva previa al cambio de política. Tras el confinamiento, se presentó una disminución estadísticamente significativa de nuevos casos confirmados, que fueron encontrados en todas las capitales de estado. De igual modo, encontramos evidencias de que las medidas de confinamiento probablemente revirtieron la tendencia de nuevas muertes diarias debidas al COVID-19. En São Luís, observamos la reducción de un 37,85%, mientras en Fortaleza la disminución fue de un 33,4% en la diferencia media en muertes diarias, si no se hubiera implementado el confinamiento. Igualmente, la intervención redujo la mortalidad en Recife en un 21,76% y Belém tuvo un 16,77%. Las políticas de distanciamiento social pueden ser herramientas útiles en el aplanamiento de la curva epidémica.

Silêncios em discurso: Família, conflito e micropolítica em narrativas sobre a revelação da homossexualidade / Silencios en el discurso: Familia, conflicto y micropolítica en las narraciones sobre la revelación de la homosexualidad / Silences in discourse: family, conflict and micropolitics in narratives about the revelation of homosexuality

Resumo Este artigo aborda experiências de revelação da orientação sexual para a família de origem entre gays e lésbicas, baseado em entrevistas e observação participante conduzidas na cidade de Belo Horizonte, entre 2017 e 2018. O trabalho explora sentidos e efeitos do silêncio vivenciado no cotidiano da casa após a revelação da orientação homossexual para a família, considerando como este integra disputas micropolíticas. Argumentamos que as formas plurais pelas quais silêncios podem ser constituídos, percebidos e relatados guardam relação com a constituição de lugares e distâncias sociais dentro da família, situadas no interior de contextos político-culturais mais abrangentes.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las experiencias de revelar orientación sexual a la familia de origen entre gays y lesbianas, en base a entrevistas y observación participante realizada en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, entre 2017 y 2018. El artículo explora los significados y los efectos del silencio experimentado en la vida cotidiana de la casa. después de la revelación de la orientación homosexual a la familia, considerando cómo integra las disputas micropolíticas. Argumentamos que las formas plurales en las que se pueden constituir, percibir e informar los silencios están relacionadas con la constitución de lugares y distancias sociales dentro de la familia, situadas en contextos político-culturales más amplios.

Abstract This article discusses experiences of coming out to the family of origin between gays and lesbians, based on participant observation and interviews conducted in the city of Belo Horizonte, between 2017 and 2018. The study explores meanings and effects of silence experienced in the everyday life of households after the revelation of homosexual orientation for the family, considering how it takes part in micropolitical disputes. We argue that the plural forms by which silences can be constituted, perceived and narrated are articulated with the constitution of social places and social distances in the family, located within broader political-cultural contexts.

Stigma among doctors towards people with mental illness

Background: Stigma towards adults with mental illness is a longstanding and widespread phenomenon. Stigmatizing attitudes are prevalent not only among the general population but also among doctors. Negative stereotyping of people with mental illness (PMI) leads to prejudice and discrimination, affecting all aspects of their medical care and well-being. The present study attempted to explore stigmatizing attitudes among doctors towards PMI.Methods: The research was observational and cross-sectional in design carried out on doctors in a medical college. Socio-demographic data including field of specialization, experience, and academic post were recorded. The community attitudes towards mental illness (CAMI) and social distance scale were administered. Social desirability bias was corrected for by using the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale.Results: Around 54 doctors from the specializations of medicine (n=24), surgery (n=19), and non-clinical fields (n=11) participated. We found no significant differences in attitudes towards mentally ill and social distance between medical specializations (p-values >0.05) even after adjusting for the effects of social desirability bias. Years of specialization experience (p=0.037) and having a family member or close friend with mental illness (p=0.012) were significantly associated with higher scores in the community mental health ideology sub-scale of CAMI. Higher social restrictiveness (p=0.014) and lower community mental health ideology (p=0.008) were associated with greater social distance from PMI.Conclusions: Doctors are not immune to biases and stigmatizing attitudes towards PMI. These attitudes are present across all fields of medical specialization and must be addressed by mental health professionals to ensure optimal care of this vulnerable population.

Attitudes toward persons who abuse drugs in one urban community on the island of New Providence, Bahamas / Atitudes frente las personas que abusan drogas en una comunidad urbana en la isla de New Providence, Bahamas / Atitudes frente às pessoas que abusam drogas em uma comunidade urbana de New Providence, Bahamas

ABSTRACT Objective: to explore the attitudes toward persons who abuse drugs (alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) in one urban community on the Island of New Providence, in the Bahamas. Method: a cross-sectional survey was utilized to get the data. The sample size was 126 respondents. Results: attitudes toward persons who abuse cocaine were significantly more negative compared to attitudes toward persons who abuse marijuana and alcohol. Age and level of educational attainment were associated with more negative attitudes toward persons who abuse cocaine. Personal use of marijuana and knowing someone who abused the substance were correlated with more positive attitudes toward persons who abuse marijuana. Conclusion: attitudes toward persons who abuse drug in the Bahamas varied depending on the type of drug abused.

RESUMEN Objetivo: explorar las actitudes frente a las personas que abusan de las drogas (alcohol, marihuana, y cocaína) en una comunidad urbana en la Isla de New Providence en las Bahamas. Método: la metodología de estudio transversal fue utilizada para colectar los datos. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 126 personas. Resultados: las actitudes hacia las personas que abusan de cocaína eran significativamente más negativas respecto a las actitudes hacia las personas que abusan de la marihuana y el alcohol. Edad y nivel de logro educativo se asociaron con las actitudes más negativas hacia las personas que abusan de la cocaína. Uso personal de marihuana y conocer a alguien que abuso de la sustancia se correlacionaron con actitudes más positivas hacia las personas que abusan de la marihuana. Conclusión: las actitudes hacia las personas que abusan de la droga en las Bahamas variaron dependiendo del tipo de droga abusada.

RESUMO: Objetivo: explorar as atitudes com relação à pessoas que abusan de drogas (álcool, maconha e cocaina) em uma comunidade urbana da Ilha de New Providence em Bahamas. Método: a metodologia de pesquisa transversal foi utilizada para coletar os dados. O tamanho da amostra foi de 126 respondentes. Resultados: Atitudes em relação a pessoas que abusam de cocaína eram significativamente mais negativas em comparação com as atitudes para com as pessoas que abusam de álcool e maconha. Idade e nível de escolaridade foram associados com atitudes mais negativas para as pessoas que abusam de cocaína. Uso pessoal de maconha e conhecer alguém que abusaram da substância foram correlacionados com atitudes mais positivas para pessoas que abusam de maconha. Conclusão: atitudes em relação às pessoas que abusam de drogas nas Bahamas variou dependendo do tipo de drogas abusadas.

Factors Affecting the Social Distance toward Older Adults of Nursing Students

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the factors related to the social distance toward older adults in nursing college students.METHODS: The participants comprised 137 students in a nursing college. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires in March 2019. The measurement instruments included social distance scales, the Fact on Aging Quiz (FAQ I), a 20-item semantic differential scale (to assess attitudes), and the perceived elderly stigma scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation coefficient, and a multiple regression analysis.RESULTS: The total score for social distance toward older adults was 3.98±0.54 out of a maximum of 5. Social distance had a statistically significant relationship with knowledge (r=.20, p=.022), attitudes toward older adults (r=−.31, p < .001), and elderly stigma (r=−.27 p=.008). The factors affecting social distance were education in geriatrics (β=.33, p=.004), grade (β=-.29, p=.014), attitudes (β=−.21, p=.018), academic major satisfaction (β=.19, p=.028), and knowledge (β=.15, p=.048); the explanatory power of the model was 34%.CONCLUSION: There is a need for departmental efforts that nursing students acquire correct knowledge about the life and health of the elderly with the aging process and develop positive attitudes toward older adults through various experiences in gerontological nursing practicum and community senior-college student link programs.

Evaluación in silico de una epidemia de influenza aviar AH5N1 con transmisión humano-humano: efecto de las medidas sanitarias en Valencia, Venezuela, 2012 / In silico evaluation of an aviar influenza AH5N1 virus outbreak with human to human transmission: effects of sanitary measures in Valencia, Venezuela, 2012

Introducción: Existe el riesgo de una pandemia de influenza aviar por virus AH5N1. Objetivo: Conocer la magnitud e impacto en áreas latinoamericanas de una pandemia AH5N1 a fin de planificar las medidas sanitarias para reducir la morbimortalidad. Material y Método: Mediante el simulador InfluSim se modeló una epidemia por virus AH5N1 con transmisión Humano-Humano, en Valencia, Venezuela. Se calculó el día de máximo número de casos, cantidad de enfermos moderados, graves, expuestos, muertos, y costos en cinco escenarios diferentes: sin intervención sanitaria; tratamiento antiviral; reducción en 20% del contacto en la población; cierre de 20% de las instituciones educativas; reducción de 50% de las reuniones públicas. Parámetros usados: Población: 829.856 habitantes, Porcentaje de riesgo 6-47%, Contagiosidad índice (Ro) 2,5; Contagiosidad relativa 90%, Tasa de letalidad global 64,1 %, costos según Canasta Básica oficial. Resultados: En 200 días de epidemia: Muertes totales por escenario: a: 29.907; b: 29.900; c: 9.701; d: 29.295 y d: 14.752. Similar tendencia en costos. Discusión: Reducir 20% los contactos de la población produjo una reducción significativa de 68% en el número de casos. La epidemia colapsará los sistemas de salud disponibles por cantidad de casos. El tratamiento antiviral no es eficiente durante la epidemia. La reducción en los contactos interpersonales muestra ser la mejor medida sanitaria.

Background: There is a risk for an avian influenza AH5N1 virus pandemia. Aim : To estimate the magnitude and impact of an AH5N1 pandemic in areas of Latin-America in order to design interventions and to reduce morbidity-mortality. Methods : The InfluSim program was used to simulate a highly pathogenic AH5N1 aviar virus epidemic outbreak with human to human transmission in Valencia, Venezuela. We estimated the day of maximal number of cases, number of moderately and severely ill patients, exposed individuals, deaths and associated costs for 5 different interventions: absence of any intervention; implementation of antiviral treatment; reduction of 20% in population general contacts; closure of 20% of educational institutions; and reduction of 50% in massive public gatherings. Simulation parameters used were: population: 829.856 persons, infection risk 6-47%, contagiousness Index Rh o 2,5; relative contagiousness 90%, overall lethality 64,1% and, costs according to the official basic budget. Results: For an outbreak lasting 200 days direct and indirect deaths by intervention strategies would be: 29,907; 29,900; 9,701; 29,295 and 14,752. Costs would follow a similar trend. Discussion: Reduction of 20% in general population contacts results in a significant reduction of up to 68% of cases. The outbreak would collapse the health care system. Antiviral treatment would not be efficient during the outbreak. Interpersonal contact reduction proved to be the best sanitary measure to control an AH5N1 theoretical epidemic outbreak.

Social Distance Attitudes of Nursing Students towards Adults with Mental Disorders / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with the social distance attitudes of nursing students towards adults with mental disorders. The relationship between social distance and attitudes toward adults with mental disorders was also examined. METHODS: A descriptive research was conducted to describe the characteristics of the population and the data were collected from September 22 to October 2, 2014. The sample included 359 participants. Social distance was measured by a modified version of the Social Distance Scale and CAMI was used to assess attitudes towards adults with mental disorders. RESULTS: Participants showed less authoritarian, more benevolence, less social restrictiveness in attitudes towards adults with mental disorders. The participants also showed a positive community mental health ideology. More importantly, the attitudes towards people with mental disorders was the strongest predictor (β=.67), explaining 35% of the social distance. CONCLUSION: With a deeper understanding of social distance as related to attitudes towards people with mental disorders, it is possible to create targeted interventions with the overall goal of minimizing the social distance and authoritarianism and of facilitating benevolence among nursing students.