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Abstract Objective: To compare the measurements of the lumbar safety triangle (Kambin's triangle) and the invasion of the dorsal root ganglion in the triangle in coronal and coronal oblique planes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, in which 210 3.0-T magnetic resonance images of L2-L5 were analyzed in coronal and coronal oblique planes. Exams with lumbar spine anomalies were excluded. Demographic (sex and age) and radiological variables were recorded by a single evaluator. Results: Most sample was female (57.1%), mean age 45.5 ± 13.3 (18-98 years). The measurements average, as well as the areas, gradually increased from L2 to L5. The dorsal root ganglion invaded the triangle in all images. The safety triangle average area was smaller in the coronal oblique plane than in the coronal plane. Of the seven dimensions of safety triangle obtained for each level of the lumbar spine, six were significantly smaller in the coronal oblique plane than in the coronal plane. The only dimension that showed no difference was the smallest ganglion dimension. Conclusion: The dimensions and areas investigated were smaller in coronal oblique plane, especially the area (difference > 1 mm). The analysis of the triangular zone in this plane becomes important in the preoperative assessment of minimally invasive procedures.
Resumo Objetivo: Comparar as medidas do triângulo de segurança lombar (triângulo de Kambin) e invasão do gânglio da raiz dorsal no triângulo nas incidências coronal e coronal oblíqua. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, em que foram analisadas 210 imagens de ressonância magnética 3.0-T de L2-L5 nos planos coronal e coronal oblíquo. Foram excluídos exames com anomalias da coluna lombar. Variáveis demográficas (sexo e idade) e radiológicas foram registradas por um único avaliador. Resultados: A maioria da amostra era do sexo feminino (57,1%), com idade média de 45,5 ± 13,3 (18-98 anos). A média das medidas, assim como as áreas, aumentaram gradativamente de L2 a L5. O gânglio da raiz dorsal invadiu o triângulo em todas as imagens. A área média do triângulo de segurança foi menor na incidência coronal oblíqua do que na incidência coronal. Das sete dimensões do triângulo de segurança obtidas para cada nível da coluna lombar, seis foram significativamente menores no plano coronal oblíquo do que no plano coronal. Única dimensão que não apresentou diferença foi a menor dimensão do gânglio. Conclusão: As dimensões e áreas investigadas foram menores na incidência coronal oblíqua, especialmente a área (diferença > 1 mm). A análise da zona triangular nesta incidência torna-se importante na avaliação pré-operatória de procedimentos minimamente invasivos.
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Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is an aquaporin distributed in the peripheral nervous system. It has been found in neurons and glial cells of peripheral nerve structures, including trigeminal ganglion, dorsal root ganglion and enteric nervous system. AQP1 may be involved in the regulation of water balance of ganglia and nerve fiber bundles in the peripheral nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions, and plays a key role in maintaining the intracellular and extracellular water balance of peripheral nervous system under pathological condition. Knowing the structure and function of AQP1 can contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the nervous system, providing new ways and methods for clinical treatment. This review summarizes the recent researches on AQP1.
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Descrever a localização do gânglio da raiz dorsal em relação ao disco intervertebral, incluindo a zona "triangular"de segurança para cirurgia minimamente invasiva na coluna lombar. MÉTODOS: Oito cadáveres adultos foram dissecados bilateralmente, na região lombar, com a abordagem posterolateral, até exposição dos espaços L3L4 e L4L5 e se obtiveram medidas referentes ao espaço entre o disco intervertebral, os pedículos cranial e caudal ao disco, o trajeto da raiz nervosa, o gânglio dorsal e o triângulo de segurança. RESULTADOS: As medidas obtidas foram constantes, sem diferenças significativas entre níveis ou lateralidade. O gânglio dorsal ocupou a borda lateral da zona triangular de segurança em todos os espécimes analisados. CONCLUSÃO: A localização precisa do gânglio mostra que a margem de segurança para procedimentos minimamente invasivos é menor do que a apresentada nos estudos que envolvem apenas medidas da raiz nervosa, o que explica talvez a presença de dor neuropática após alguns desses procedimentos.
To describe the location of the dorsal root ganglion in relation to the intervertebral disc, including the "triangular" safety zone for minimally invasive surgery in the lumbar spine. METHODS: Eight adult cadavers were dissected bilaterally in the lumbar region, using a posterolateral approach, so as to expose the L3L4 and L4L5 spaces, thereby obtaining measurements relating to the space between the intervertebral disc, pedicles cranial and caudal to the disc, path of the nerve root, dorsal ganglion and safety triangle. RESULTS: The measurements obtained were constant, without significant differences between levels or any laterality. The dorsal ganglion occupied the lateral border of the triangular safety zone in all the specimens analyzed. CONCLUSION: Precise localization of the ganglion shows that the safety margin for minimally invasive procedures is less than what is presented in studies that only involve measurements of the nerve root, thus perhaps explaining the presence of neuropathic pain after some of these procedures.
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Columna Vertebral/anatomía & histología , Ganglios Espinales , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Mínimamente InvasivosRESUMEN
Aim To explore the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the expression of SH2-B? in the lung and the visceral sensory afferent system(C7-T5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord)of asthmatic mice.Methods Murine model of asthma of BABL/c mice was induced by ovalbumin in vivo.By means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot,the expression of SH2-B? in the lung,C7-T5 spinal ganglia and corresponding spinal cord was detected and the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on it was observed.Inspiratory airway resistance was measured with AniRes 2003 lung function system.Results The expression of SH2-B? in the lung,C7-T5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding spinal cord of the asthmatic mice was much higher than that of the control group and the dexamethasone group(P
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Recently diabetic neuropathy has been postulated to occur from reduced availability of neurotrophic factor. This experiment was performed to identify the effect of nerve growth factor on dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in the strepto-zotocin-induced diabetic rat using morphometry and immunohistochemistry. The results obtained are as follows : 1. Unlike in the diabetic group where the type A and B cells were significantly decreased in their total numbers and sizes, these cells were normal in NGF-administered diabetic group. 2. Numbers of cells immunoreactive with SP and CGRP were also significantly decreased in the diabetic group. However, the NGF-administered diabetic group did not show any reduction in the number of these cells. 3. Mean sizes of cells immunoreactive with SP and CGRP cells were reduced in the diabetic group by 18.1% and 26.6% respectively (P<0.01). On the other hand, in NGF-administered diabetic group, mean sizes of SP-immunoreactive cells were increased (10.5%) which was not statiatically significant, and those of CGRP-immunoreactive cells were decreased (18%) compared to the control group (P<0.01). 4. In the diabetic group, many of nerve cell bodies showed some degenerative characteristics including neuron-satellite cell interface of irregular shape, the presence of a number of vacuoles and dense bodies, and nucleus of irregular contour. However, NGF-administered diabetic group exhibited neuron-satellite cell interface of regular form, many neurofilaments and neurotubules, and normal intracellular organelles. These results suggest that administration of NGF protects spinal ganglion cells from morphometric and morphological changes which are associated with a streptozotocin -induced diabetic neuropathy.
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Animales , Ratas , Linfocitos B , Neuropatías Diabéticas , Ganglios Espinales , Mano , Inmunohistoquímica , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso , Neuronas , Orgánulos , Estreptozocina , VacuolasRESUMEN
Aim To explore the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the expression of IL-1? in the lung and the visceral sensory afferent system(C_7-T_5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord) of asthmatic guinea pigs. Methods Experimental asthma model of guinea pigs was induced by ovalbumin in vivo. The expression of IL-1? was detected by means of immunohistochemistry in the C_7-T_5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of all guinea pigs. The expression of IL-1? protein was investigated by Western blot in the lung, C_7-T_5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of all guinea pigs. Results The expression of IL-1? in the lung, C_7-T_5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of the asthmatic guinea pigs was much higher than that of the control groups(P
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Objective To explore the effect of nerve growth factor(NGF) in the lower respiratory tract and the visceral afferent system of asthmatic guinea pigs. Methods By means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization combined with the micro-image analysis to investigate the alterations of NGF immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in asthmatic guinea pig. Results The positive NGF immunoreactivity was increased in airway epithelia,C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia and correspondent spinal dorsal horn in the asthmatic guinea pigs compared with the controls(P
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0.05).The expression of TNF-? mRNA was significantly upregulated in the lower respiratory tract,C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia and corresponding spinal dorsal horn of the experimental asthmatic guinea pigs compared with the normal saline control group and the simple sensitized group(P
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Objective To study the expression of SH2-B? in the lung and visceral sensory afferent system(C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord) of the asthmatic mice,and to explore the role of SH2-B? in asthma.Methods Thirty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group and asthmatic group on average.The alterations of SH2-B? and nerve growth factor(NGF)immunoreactivity were investigated by immunohistochemical and Western blotting method and analyzed by the Metamoph analysis system.Results Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the mean optic density(MA)of SH2-B? positive substance in the lungs(0.806?0.023),C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia(0.766?0.014)and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord(0.547?0.014)of the asthmatic mice was much higher than those(0.243?0.018,0.131?0.011,0.215?0.029) in normal control group respectively.Western blotting also demonstrated that SH2-B? and NGF expressions were more increased in the lungs and C-7-T-5 spinal cord of the asthmatic mice than those of normal control group.The mean ratio of SH2-B? MA to ?-actin MA in spinal cord and lung was 0.346?0.017 and 0.512?0.018 in normal control group,0.738?0.021 and 1.526?0.022 in asthmatic group.The mean ratio of NGF MA to ?-actin MA in spinal cord and lung was 0.357?0.021 and 0.734?0.013 in normal control group,1.445?0.015 and 1.265?0.018 in asthmatic group.A positive correlation was found between the levels of SH2-B? and NGF(r=0.651,P
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Objective To explore the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the expression of protein kinase C(PKC) in the lung,the C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding spinal dorsal horns of the asthmatic guinea pigs. Methods The alterations of PKC immunoreactivity were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot in the lung,the C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding spinal dorsal horns of the asthmatic guinea pigs.Results The average optic density of PKC in the lung,the C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia and the corresponding spinal dorsal horns of the asthmatic guinea pigs was much higher than that of the control group(P
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Objective To explore the expression of NF-?B in C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia and possible mechanism of treating asthma with dexamethsone. Methods The alterations of NF-?B activity and its mRNA expression were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry combined with the micro-image analysis in C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia in the asthmatic and dexamethsone-treated guinea pigs. Results The NF-?B immunoreactivity was found mainly in cytoplasm and weakly in nucleus,its mRNA was expressed weakly in C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia in the control groups.The NF-?B immunoreactivity was more in nucleus and less in cytoplasm,the expression of its mRNA increased significantly in C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia in the asthmatic group compared with the control groups(P0.05).Conclusion The present results indicate that NF-?B in C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia might be involved in the pathogenesis of the bronchial asthma,and inhibiting the expression and activity of NF-?B in C-7-T-5 spinal ganglia might be one of the mechanisms of treating the bronchial asthma with dexamethsone.