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Objective To investigate the relieving effects of knockdown of long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)taurine up-regulated gene 1 (TUG1) on inhibiting nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome and the progression of Alzheimer’ s disease. Methods Wild-type (WT group, 10 mice) or amyloid precursor protein (APP) / presenilin-1 (PS1) transgenic mice (30 mice) with a genetic background of C57 / BL6 aged 9-10 weeks were used in this study. APP / PS1 transgenic mice were randomly divided into model group, model+lncRNA TUG1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) group and model + shRNA non target (NT) group (n = 10) . Blood samples, cerebral cortex tissues, primary microglial cells and primary astrocytes were collected from mice 12 weeks of age on day 1 (3-month-old) and 32 weeks of age on day 1 (8-month-old), with 5 mice per group at each time point. Real-time PCR analysis was used to detect the expression levels of lncRNA TUG1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mRNA in cerebral cortex tissues and primary microglial cells, and C1r and C1s mRNA levels in primary astrocytes of 3-month-old and 8-month-old mice in the above 4 groups, respectively. ELISA was used to determine the MIF in plasma samples of the above 4 groups of mice. Primary microglia and astrocytes from the cerebral cortex of 3-month-old and 8-month-old mice were co-cultured. CCK-8 method was used to determine the proliferation ability of the above cells. Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of MIF, pro interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β), apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recrult domain(ASC), Caspase-1 (p20), Caspase-1 (full), NLRP1 and NLRP3 in cerebral cortex tissues of 3-month-old and 8-month-old mice. Immunofluorescent staining was used to determine amyloid beta(Aβ) in cerebral cortex of 8-month-old mice. Results At the age of 3-month-old and 8-month-old, compared with the WT group, the relative expression level of lncRNA TUG1 and MIF in cerebral cortex tissues and primary microglia of model group mice was significantly up-regulated, with primary microglial cells and astrocytes proliferation ability enhanced (P0. 05) . There was no significant difference between the model group and the model+shRNA NT group mice of all the above factors (P>0. 05) . Conclusion In APP / PS1 transgenic mice, up-regulation of lncRNA TUG1 and MIF are positively associated with the activation of NLRP1 inflammasome in mice cerebral cortex tissues and primary microglia. Knock-down of lncRNA TUG1 can ameliorate the progression of Alzheimer’ s disease.
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Background: Psoriasis is associated with significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. Identification of the host genes that influence disease susceptibility and can potentially guide future, targeted therapy is the need of the hour. Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the associations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene polymorphisms, that is, a 5–8-CATT tetra nucleotide repeats at -794 (-794*CATT5–8) and a single-nucleotide polymorphism at -173 (-173*G/C) with the risk of chronic plaque psoriasis and to observe the correlation, if any, of disease determinants with genetic functional variants and circulating MIF levels. Methods: Five hundred and seventeen individuals (265 psoriasis patients and 252 controls) were genotyped for MIF gene polymorphisms. Data were analyzed with respect to disease susceptibility, serum MIF levels, disease severity, age at onset, disease duration and presence of comorbidities. Results: The presence of co-morbidities was more frequently noted in patients with late onset disease (P = 0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed either in genotype (P = 0.680) or allele frequency (P = 0.69) with respect to distribution of MIF-173*G/C polymorphism between patients and controls. The frequencies of genotypes -794*CATT 5/7 and 7/7 were significantly lower in patients (P = 0.027* and 0.038*, respectively). CATT*5/MIF-173*C haplotype occurred at a higher frequency in patients (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence intervals 1.09–8.47, P = 0.02). The mean serum MIF levels were significantly higher in patients as compared to controls (P < 0.001). The presence of either extended MIF -794*CATT repeats or C allele did not reveal any significant association with serum MIF levels or age at onset. Analysis of effect of various disease determinants revealed no significant association with genetic variants and serum MIF levels. Limitations: The lesional expression of MIF could not be studied. Conclusion: Our results showed that CATT*5/MIF-173*C haplotype is associated with increased susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an enzyme-active pleiotropic cytokine that is expressed in various immune cells and tumor cells. MIF plays diverse roles in inflammation and tumor progression. It acts as a cytokine involved in immune response and inflammatory lesions. Additionally, MIF is closely associated with tumor proliferation, metastasis, and other tumor hallmarks, exerting a multifaceted influence on tumor occurrence and progression. MIF not only functions by being secreted into the extracellular space as a cytokine but can also be localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus, exhibiting diverse biological functions. As MIF in promoting tumor progression becomes increasingly recognized, MIF-based therapeutic strategies have become a hot research topic in oncology. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of MIF with different subcellular localization about their pro-tumoral functions. A better understanding of MIF in tumor biology will bring broader perspectives for the development of novel MIF targeting strategies and give promising direction for future tumor treatments.
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There is still a serious challenge of the measurement of critical quality attributes (CQAs) related to clinical efficacy for Chinese materia medica manufacturing. To overcome this challenge, an integrated strategy of biosensor and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was proposed using Tongren niuhuang qingxin pills as a trial. Firstly, an original biosensor was created using a semiconductor chip material high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) as the transducer and the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as the identification element. By this MIF-HEMT biosensor, the efficacy on stoke of different components from Tongren niuhuang qingxin pills was measured. It was clear that all three components of Tongren niuhuang qingxin pills had strong therapeutic effects on stroke, especially the section A, the KD of which reached to 8.722×10-10 g·mL-1. Furthermore, MIF-HEMT biosensor integrated UPLC-MS/MS was introduced to identify the efficacy CQAs of different components of Tongren niuhuang qingxin pills. As a result, 19 potential CQAs, such as albiforin, paeoniflorin, and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, were measured as the efficacy CQAs of Tongren niuhuang qingxin pills on stroke treatment by MIF. These results provided vital measurement techniques and methodological guidance for the CQAs study of Tongren niuhuang qingxin pills intervention in MIF-induced stroke treatment. This also provided an essential guideline for the efficient utilization and quality control measurement of high-quality classical recipes.
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@#Parthanatos is a form of programmed cell death,which is also known as poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1(PARP1)-mediated apoptosis-inducing factor(AIF)and macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)-dependent cell death according to its molecular mechanism. Parthanatos is the main cause of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Parkinson's disease(PD),Alzheimer's disease(AD),motor neuron disease,and is also involved in the pathogenesis of some tumors,such as lung cancer and breast cancer. Therefore,a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism of Parthanatos is crucial for the therapeutic strategies of related diseases. In recent years,studies have found that effective regulation of the occurrence of Parthanatos by regulating the key proteins PARP1,AIF and MIF is expected to become a therapeutic target for many diseases. Based on the specific molecular mechanism of Parthanatos,this paper reviewed the research progress of therapeutic strategies for related diseases from the aspects of inhibiting and promoting Parthanatos.
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@#Objective To screen and optimize the formulation and technology of human recombinant neutrophil inhibitory factor and hirulog hybrid(TNHH)for injection,and investigate its stability.Methods Based on the results of the single factor experiment,with the pH range,mannitol dosage and povidone K30 dosage as independent variables,and the content of high molecular protein as response value,the response surface design(CCF)test was used to analyze the effects of the respective variables and their interaction on the content of high molecular protein in TNHH for injection to screen out the optimal formulation. In order to facilitate the operation,the optimal formulation was adjusted to prepare three batches of samples in pilot scale,which were placed at 40 ℃,75% relative humidity(RH)for 2,4 weeks and 2 ～ 8 ℃ for 3,6 months,respectively. The samples were taken and the appearance,pH,purity of reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC)and purity of size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography(SECHPLC)were detected to verify the stability of this formulation and process.Results The optimal formulation was pH 4. 982 6,mannitol 7. 986 4% and povidone K30 1. 902 7%,which was finally adjusted to pH 5. 0,mannitol 8. 0% and povidone K302. 0%. The TNHH preparation for injection prepared by the optimized prescription and process were stable in quality and met the clinical medication requirements.Conclusion The optimum formulation of TNHH preparation for injection is reasonable in the process and suitable for industrial production.
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【Objective】 To investigate the role of LIF/LIFR/STAT3 pathway in endometrial receptivity in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). 【Methods】 Forty 21-day-old SD female rats were divided into normal (control) group, model group, sham-operation group, and LIF group with 10 rats in each. The rat model of PCOS was constructed by subcutaneous injection of prasterone sodium sulfate at the back of the neck. The serum levels of testosterone (T), glucose and insulin in each group were detected. The morphological changes of the uterus in each group were observed by HE staining, and the morphological changes of endometrium were measured. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR) were used to determine the protein expression and mRNA expression of LIF and STAT3 in rat endometrium. 【Results】 Compared with control group, the levels of integrin avb3, serum T, insulin and glucose in PCOS rats were significantly increased (P=0.000, P=0.000, P=0.001). Supplementation of exogenous LIF could significantly reduce the levels of integrin avb3, serum T, glucose and insulin in PCOS rats (P=0.000, P=0.002, P=0.003, P=0.007). HE results showed that exogenous LIF could reduce uterine cavity and glandular morphology in PCOS rats and increase the equivalent diameter (P=0.000, P=0.000) and area (P=0.000, P=0.000) of uterine glands and glandular cavity, the ratio of glandular interstitial area (P=0.000), and the average endometrial thickness (P=0.006), with statistically significant differences. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of LIF and p-STAT3 protein and mRNA in model group were significantly decreased compared with control group. Compared with model group, the protein and mRNA expressions of LIF and p-STAT3 in LIF group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Exogenous LIF supplementation can improve endometrial receptivity in PCOS rats, and its mechanism is related to the LIF/LIFR/STAT3 pathway.
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Objective To investigate the effect of Trichomonas vaginalis macrophage migration inhibitory factor (TvMIF) on THP-1 macrophages.. Methods Recombinant TvMIF protein was prokaryotic expressed and purified, and endotoxin was removed after identification. Following exposure to TvMIF at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 ng/mL, the cytotoxicity of the recombinant TvMIF protein to THP-1 macrophages was tested using cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay, and the apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using flow cytometry. The relative expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 genes was quantified using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, and the expression of caspase-1, NLRP3, gasdermin D (GSDMD), gasdermin D N-terminal (GSDMD-NT) and pro-IL-1β proteins were determined using Western blotting assay. Results Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) displayed successful expression and purification of the recombinant TvMIF protein with a molecular weight of 15.5 kDa, and the endotoxin activity assay showed the successful removal of endotoxin in the recombinant TvMIF protein (endotoxin concentration < 0.1 EU/mL), which was feasible for the subsequent studies on protein functions. Flow cytometry revealed that the recombinant TvMIF protein at a concentration of 10 ng/mL and less promoted the apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages, and the highest apoptotic rate of THP-1 macrophages was seen following exposure to the recombinant TvMIF protein at a concentration of 5 ng/mL, while the recombinant TvMIF protein at concentrations of 50 and100 ng/mL inhibited the apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages. Exposure to the recombinant TvMIF protein at a concentration 1 ng/mL resulted in increased ROS levels in THP-1 macrophages. qPCR assay quantified significantly elevated caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-18 and IL-1β expression in THP-1 macrophages 8 hours post-treatment with the recombinant TvMIF protein at a concentration 1 ng/mL, and Western blotting determined increased caspase-1, NLRP3, pro-IL-1β, GSDMD and GSDMD-NT protein expression in THP-1 macrophages following exposure to the recombinant TvMIF protein at a concentration 1 ng/mL. Pretreatment with MCC950 significantly reduced GSDMD and GSDMD-NT protein expression. Conclusions High-concentration recombinant TvMIF protein inhibits macrophage apoptosis, while low-concentration recombinant TvMIF protein activates NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes macrophage pyroptosis.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on AMPK/ERK/mTOR autophagy signaling pathway in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) after dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) infection.Methods:The virulence of DENV2 to C6/36 cells was assessed with 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID 50). NS1 gene fragments in DENV2-infected HUVEC were detected by RT-PCR. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect autophagosomes. Western blot was performed to detect the effects of DENV2 infection on the expression of autophagy-related protein LC3-Ⅱ and MIF in HUVEC. The correction of MIF with LC3-Ⅱ was then analyzed. HUVEC were pretreated with MIF inhibitor (ISO-1) or pathway inhibitor (Compound C or U0126), and then the changes in the expression of MIF, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway-related proteins and LC3-Ⅱ after DENV2 infection were detected by Western blot to reveal the correlation between MIF and AMPK autophagy pathway. Results:The TCID 50 to C6/36 cells was 10 -9.09/ml in this experiment. NS1 gene fragments were detected in DENV2-infected HUVEC. Autophagosomes or autophagolysosomes were observed in the infected HUVEC and there were differences in autophagy induced by different doses of DENV2. The mRNA levels of MIF and LC3-Ⅱ in HUVEC were positively correlated after DENV2 infection. MIF inhibitor affected AMPK, ERK and LC3-Ⅱ levels, but had no significant influence on MIF expression at protein level. Conclusions:MIF could affect autophagy through regulating the AMPK/ERK/mTOR signaling pathway in HUVEC during DENV2 infection.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a widely expressed multipotent cytokine that participates and plays an important role in various inflammatory and immune diseases‚ and is a biomarker or therapeutic target of many diseases. MIF is highly conserved in phylogeny and there are specific binding sites of various transcription factors in its promoter region‚ which can regulate the expression of MIF. MIF functions both inside and outside cells‚ and MIF is constitutively expressed. Therefore‚ it is of great significance to study the related factors that regulate MIF gene expression and stimulate MIF secretion. This article summarizes and classifies the related factors affecting MIF gene expression by briefly describing the binding sites on the MIF gene and MIF promoter. According to the way of binding with the MIF gene‚ it can be divided into:(1) binding to specific sites of MIF gene promoters to change transcription activity; (2) binding to MIF CATT5-8 microsatellite repeats to change highly expressed MIF alleles (3) non-coding RNAs regulating MIF expression; (4) related factors affecting MIF secretion. By reviewing the four types of related factors that regulate MIF gene expression‚ we will understand the regulatory mechanism and influencing factors of MIF gene expression‚ in order to provide a theoretical basis for its treatment of related diseases.
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Aim To investigate the mechanism of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF) in upregulating the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in glioma cells by regulating leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Methods Pearson analysis was used to analyze the correlation between HBEGF, LIF and PD-L1 mRNA in primary gliomas, U251 and U87 cells were treated with HBEGF neutralizing antibody and HBEGF was added after HBEGF knockout, the mRNA and protein levels of LIF and PD-L1 were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot, HBEGF knockout cells were added with LIF neutralizing antibody on the basis of adding HBEGF, and the levels of PD-L1 mRNA and protein were detected. Results Pearson analysis showed that HBEGF, LIF, and PD-L1 mRNA were positively correlated (P < 0.05). After adding HBEGF neutralizing antibody to U251 and U87 cells, the mRNA and protein levels of LIF and PD-L1 gradually decreased with cell passage (P < 0.05). After HBEGF knockout, the mRNA and protein levels of LIF and PD-L1 decreased (P < 0.05), and the mRNA and protein levels of LIF and PD-L1 increased after HBEGF was added (P < 0.05). In HBEGF knockout cell lines, the levels of PD-L1 mRNA and protein were up-regulated after HBEGF was added (P<0.05), and the levels of PD-L1 mRNA and protein was down-regulated by LIF neutralizing antibody (P < 0.05). Conclusion The partial induction of LIF by HBEGF in glioblastoma is an intermediate process for HBEGF to maintain PD-L1 expression.
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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly invasive malignant tumor of the digestive system with an extremely poor prognosis. Leukemia inhibitory factor is an important member of the interleukin-6 family and can regulate multiple physiological processes such as cell differentiation, growth, and renewing. This article reviews the mechanism of action of leukemia inhibitory factor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the research advances in leukocyte inhibitory factor-targeted therapy based on literature evidence, and the analysis shows that leukemia inhibitory factor plays an important role in the progression, immune escape, and chemotherapy resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and may gradually become a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Objective:As the problem of global aging intensifies，postmenopausal osteoporosis （PMOP） has become a global health problem among females. At present，the commonly used biological agents have been proved not suitable for long-term use due to multiple adverse reactions. Several Meta-analyses have confirmed the good safety and effectiveness of kidney-tonifying method against PMOP，but its therapeutic mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this Meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of kidney-tonifying method on osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor（OPG）/receptor activator of nuclear transcription factor （NF）-<italic>κ</italic>B （RANK）/receptor activator of NF-<italic>κ</italic>B ligand （RANKL） signaling pathway in PMOP animal model，so as to provide an experimental basis for the treatment of PMOP with kidney-tonifying method. Method:The related articles were retrieved from PubMed，Ovid Medline，Embase，China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI），Chongqing Weipu Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals （VIP），and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform with the retrieval time set from their inception to January 2020. The quality of each included article was evaluated using the SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Then RevMan 5.3 was utilized for Meta-analysis according to the Cochrane systematic review methodology. Result:Thirty-two studies involving 619 rats were included. The quality score of these studies ranged from 3 to 5 points. The results of the Meta-analysis indicated obvious advantages of kidney-tonifying method in increasing bone mineral density （BMD）［standardized mean difference （SMD）=2.01，95% confidence interval（CI）=1.50-2.52，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01］），serum OPG level （SMD=3.33，95% CI=2.59-4.07，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01），and OPG mRNA expression （SMD=11.81，95% CI=7.49-16.13，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01），promoting OPG protein production （SMD=4.95，95% CI=3.09-6.81，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01），reducing serum RANKL（SMD=-4.88，95% CI=-6.01--3.75，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01） and RANK levels （SMD=-7.30，95% CI=-9.53--5.07，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01），and down-regulating RANKL （SMD=-6.22，95%CI=-8.95--3.49，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01） and RANK mRNA （SMD=-3.18，95% CI=-6.19--0.18，<italic>P</italic><0.05） expression and RANKL protein expression in bone tissue （SMD=-3.99，95% CI=-5.47--2.50，<italic>P</italic><0.000 01）. Conclusion:The kidney-tonifying method has been proved to possess potential advantages in regulating the balance of OPG/RANK/RANKL signaling pathway in PMOP animal model. Nevertheless，more large-sample sized，properly designed，and high-quality animal experiments are still needed for further verification.
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Niño , Humanos , Alanina Transaminasa , Alelos , Azatioprina , Biopsia , Enfermedad Crónica , Diagnóstico , Fibrosis , Genotipo , Hepatitis Autoinmune , Hígado , Macrófagos , Recurrencia , Linfocitos TRESUMEN
To investigate the influence of Kuntai capsules on the expression level of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1)and epidermal growth factor (EGF) during the mouse's implantation window of superovulation period and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation period. 90 female mice were randomly divided into six groups in control, superovulation and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) conditions. The RNA expression of EGF, LIF and IGF-1 in the endometrium on the 4th day of pregnancy was detected, and the relative expression was compared. mRNA expression of these three factors in endometrium was significantly lower in superovulation and COH groups than control group (p<0.001). mRNA expression of these three factors in endometrium remained obviously lower in superovulation plus kuntai capsule group and COH plus kuntai capsule group than control group (p<0.01). mRNA expression of these three factors in endometrium was lower in control group than in the NS plus kuntai capsule group (p<0.05). Kuntai capsule cannot completely reverse the endometrial damages caused by superovulation and COH. Thus Kuntai capsule could partially improve a mouse's endometrial receptivity during the implantation window.
Para investigar la influencia de las cápsulas de Kuntai en el nivel de expresión del factor inhibidor de la leucemia (LIF), el factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina I (IGF-1) y el factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF) durante la ventana de implantación del ratón del período de superovulación y la hiperestimulación ovárica controlada período, se dividieron aleatoriamente 90 ratones hembra en seis grupos en condiciones de control, superovulación e hiperestimulación ovárica controlada (COH). Se detectó la expresión de ARN de EGF, LIF e IGF-1en el endometrio al cuarto día de embarazo, y se comparó la expresión relativa. La expresión de ARNm de estos tres factores en el endometrio fue significativamente menor en los grupos de superovulación y COH que en el grupo control (p<0,001). La expresión de ARNm de estos tres factores en el endometrio permaneció más baja en el grupo de cápsulas de superovulación más Kuntai y en el grupo de cápsulas de COH más Kuntai respecto del grupo control (p<0,01). La expresión de ARNm de estos tres factores en el endometrio fue menor en el grupo control que en el grupo de cápsula NS más Kuntai (p<0,05). La cápsula de Kuntai no pudo revertir completamente los daños endometriales causados por la superovulación y la COH. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la cápsula de Kuntai podría mejorar parcialmente la receptividad endometrial de un ratón durante la ventana de implantación.
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Animales , Femenino , Ratones , Inducción de la Ovulación/métodos , Somatomedinas/efectos de los fármacos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/efectos de los fármacos , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Implantación del Embrión , Superovulación , Somatomedinas/genética , Somatomedinas/metabolismo , Cápsulas , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Electroforesis , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/genética , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/metabolismoRESUMEN
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunctional secretory cytokine that plays a role in different tumor tissues and cells through janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. LIF is highly expressed in colo-rectal cancer, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other malignant tumors. High expression of LIF can promote the development of cancer, increase the ability of tumor invasion and migration, reduce the sensitivity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and lead to poor prognosis. Blocking the LIF signaling pathway can inhibit tumor progression, and LIF is expected to become a new target for tumor therapy.
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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)is a multifunctional secretory cytokine that plays a role in different tumor tissues and cells through janus kinase/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,phos-phatidylinositol 3-kinase,mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. LIF is highly expressed in colo-rectal cancer,breast cancer,malignant melanoma,nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other malignant tumors. High expression of LIF can promote the development of cancer,increase the ability of tumor invasion and migration,reduce the sensitivity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy,and lead to poor prognosis. Blocking the LIF signaling pathway can inhibit tumor progression,and LIF is expected to become a new target for tumor therapy.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a type of pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine with a specific structure, participates in the regulation of host cell growth and migration and immune responses. Following parasitic infections, hosts may produce MIF and then participate in the parasite-host interactions. In addition, parasites may secrete parasite-derived MIF, and they jointly participate in parasite-host interactions. This paper reviews the regulation of MIF gene expression following parasitic infections, the role of MIF in parasite-host immune system interactions, and important signaling pathways of MIF-mediated immune responses.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a type of pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine with a specific structure, participates in the regulation of host cell growth and migration and immune responses. Following parasitic infections, hosts may produce MIF and then participate in the parasite-host interactions. In addition, parasites may secrete parasite-derived MIF, and they jointly participate in parasite-host interactions. This paper reviews the regulation of MIF gene expression following parasitic infections, the role of MIF in parasite-host immune system interactions, and important signaling pathways of MIF-mediated immune responses.
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Objective@#To investigate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in pulmonary tissues from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the relationship with its clinical features.@*Methods@#One hundred and eighty patients who underwent pulmonary bullectomy lobectomy due to pneumatocele from January 2015 to September 2018 in Longgang Central Hospital were enrolled and classified into patients without COPD (control group)and patients with COPD (COPD group), with 90 patients each group. According to the lung function parameters, 90 patients with COPD were divided into the mild COPD group, the moderate COPD group, and the severe COPD group. The levels of mRNA and protein of MIF were measured with RT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot. One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and SNK-q test were used to analyze the results with SPSS 18.0, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.@*Results@#The level of MIF in pulmonary tissues from the control group was obviously lower than those in the COPD group (P<0.05). The level of MIF in pulmonary tissues in the severe COPD group was obviously higher than those in pulmonary tissues in the mild COPD, moderate COPD and control groups (P<0.05). MIF was positively correlated with the lung function parameters (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The high expression of MIF in pulmonary tissues is closely related to the severity of COPD.