Depresión asociada a condiciones sociales, familiares y dependencia física en un hospital de Quito / Depression associated with social and family conditions and physical dependence in a Quito hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN. La depresión es frecuente y variada en el adulto mayor. Se asocia a varias condiciones sociales, económicas y físicas. OBJETIVO. Determinar la asociación e interacción entre la depresión y las condiciones sociales, familiares y dependencia física en adultos ma-yores. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. Población de 474 adultos mayores deprimidos y muestra de 390 que acudieron a la consulta externa del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito en el año 2018. Se utilizó la MINI Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional para el diagnóstico de depresión y las escalas de Katz, Socio-familiar de Gijón y datos demográficos. La asociación se estableció mediante chi cuadrado de homogeneidad, cálculo de Odds de prevalencia y, para la interacción de variables, modelos de regresión logística binaria. Los cálculos estadísticos se realizaron en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RE-SULTADOS. La prevalencia de depresión fue de 26,4% (103; 390) con 58,0% (60; 103) de episodio depresivo leve. La depresión guardó relación con la pertenencia a grupos sociales, dependencia y situación de riesgo social. En la regresión logística binomial con las variables socio-familiares el mayor peso cayó sobre las malas relaciones sociales (Exp B: 1,8); en el modelo con las variables significativas, en la dependencia (Exp B: 2,6). Los modelos clasifica-ron de manera correcta a los deprimidos. Las variables se tornaron significativas (p<0,05) al interactuar con riesgo y problema social. CONCLUSIÓN. Existió asociación entre depresión y dependencia, riesgo social y pertenencia a grupos sociales. El perfil de las personas deprimidas fue de personas dependientes, en riesgo social y que no pertenecían a grupos sociales.

INTRODUCTION. Depression is frequent and diverse in the elderly. It is associated with se-veral social, economic and physical conditions. OBJECTIVE. Determine the association and interaction between depression, social and family conditions and physical dependence in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. Population of 474 depressed older adults and a sample of 390 who attended the outpatient clinic of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito in 2018. The MINI was used International Neuropsychiatric Interview for the diagnosis of depression and the scales of Katz, Socio-familiar of Gijón and demographic data. The association was established using chi square of homogeneity, calculation of prevalence Odds and, for the interaction of variables, binary logistic regression models. Statistical calculations were performed in the program Statis-tical International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS. The prevalence of depression was 26.4% (103; 390) with 58.0% (60; 103) of mild depressive episode. Depression was related to belonging to social groups, dependency and social risk situation. In the binomial logistic regression with the variables socio-family, the greatest weight fell on bad social relationships (Exp B: 1.8); at model with significant variables, in dependence (Exp B: 2.6). The models correctly classified the depressed. The variables became significant (p <0.05) when interact with risk and social problem. CONCLUSION. There was an association between depression and dependency; social risk and belonging to social groups. The profile of depressed people was of dependent people, at social risk who did not belong to social groups.

Influencia de las redes de apoyo social en la funcionalidad física y calidad de vida en adultos mayores / Influence of social support networks on physical functionality and quality of life in older adults

Antecedentes: Las redes de apoyo social son utilizadas por las personas para obtener o mantener ciertos beneficios a lo largo de la vida. Existen evidencias sobre el impacto y la influencia positiva que estas pueden tener en la salud, bienestar, funcionalidad y calidad de vida de las personas mayores, por lo que pueden ser fundamentales en la provisión de diferentes tipos de ayuda de ahí que es importante considerar el estudio de estos contactos y apoyos sociales. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de las redes de apoyo social en la funcionalidad física y calidad de vida en adultos mayores. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico y comparativo con 150 adultos mayores en la Ciudad de México, se aplicaron escalas: Redes de apoyo social para adultos mayores (RAS), así como las escalas de funcionalidad física Barthel, Lawton y Brody, Nagi y el instrumento calidad de vida de la OMS WHOQoL. Los resultados se analizaron a través de frecuencias, porcentajes, y como prueba de comparación Ji Cuadrada, razón de momios como estimador de riesgo con un intervalo de confianza al 95% y coeficiente de correlación. Resultados: Se encontró que los adultos mayores que cuentan con escaso apoyo familiar y contacto social, se ven afectados significativamente para realizar actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD) (p<0.03), evaluadas a través de la escala Barthel. En relación a la escala Nagi se observó que los que tienen escaso; Apoyo extrafamiliar (p=0.01), contacto social (p=0.02) y apoyo recibido (p=0.05) tienen riesgo para depender de alguien para ABVD. En cuanto a las Actividades Instrumentales de la Vida Diaria de Lawton y Brody AIVD, se pudo observar que quienes tienen escaso; contacto social (p=0.006) y satisfacción de apoyo (p=0.03) presentanriesgo de dependencia para AIVD. Existe una asociación correlacional estadísticamente significativa entre la funcionalidad de las escalas Barthel, Lawton y Brody, Nagi y las dimensiones de RAS; Apoyo familiar, apoyo extra familiar, Satisfacción de apoyo, apoyo recibido y contacto social. Al evaluar la calidad de vida, los participantes perciben como promedio o baja; la salud física (p=0.01), aspectos psicológicos (p=0.000004) y medio ambiente (p=0.03). Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el contar con escaso contacto social, constituye un factor de riesgo de dependencia para realizar actividades Básicas de la Vida Diaria, Actividades Instrumentales de la Vida Diaria y perciben su calidad de vida como baja o promedio en la salud física, aspectos psicológicos y medio ambiente.

Background: Social support networks are used by people to obtain or maintain certain benefits over a lifetime. There is evidence of the impact and positive influence than these can have on health, welfare, functionality and life quality of old people and can be fundamental in the provision of different types of help, hence, it's important consider the study of these contacts and social supports. Objective: Determine the influence of social support networks on physical functioning and life quality of older adults. Methodology: An analytical and comparative study was carried out in 150 older adults. The following scale were applied in the Mexico City: Social support networks for older adults, as well as the physical functionality scales of Barthel, Lawton and Brody, Nagi and the quality of life instrument of the WHOQoL World Health Organization. Results were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, Ji2 comparison tests, as risk estimator odds ratio with a (CI95%) and correlation coefficient. Results: it was found that older adults with low support family and social contact were significantly affected to perform basic activities of daily life (ABVD) (p=0.03), evaluated through the Barthel scale. In relation to the Nagi scale, it was observed that those with low; support extra family (p=0.01), social contact (p = 0.02) and received support (p = 0.05) are at risk of depending on someone for basic activities of daily life. Regarding the daily life instrumental activities of Lawton and Brody, it was observed that those with low social contact (p=0.006) and support satisfaction (p=0.03) presented a risk of dependence for daily life instrumental activities. There is a statistically significant correlation between the functionality of the Barthel, Lawton and Brody, Rosow, Nagi and dimensions of support networks; Family support, extra family support, support satisfaction, support received and social contact. When assessing quality of life, participants perceive as low or average; Physical health (p=0.01), psychological aspects (p=0.0001), environment (p=0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that having few contacts of social support or social support networks constitutes a risk factor for dependence to perform daily life basic activities, daily life instrumental activities and perceive their quality of life as low or average in physical health, psychological aspects and environment.

Research progress on Corydalis yanhusuo in opioid addiction / 中草药

Corydalis yanhusuo and its active ingredients dl-THP have clear efficacy of analgesia, as well as the effect on vasodilatation, cardiac muscle protection, antibiosis, and anti-inflammation, thus they are used for the treatment of various disease. In recent years, C. yanhusuo is widely used for the treatment of drug addiction. In this paper, the research progress in the chemical constituents and pharmacologic actions of C. yanhusuo are reviewed, which provide the scientific basis for its modernization research and comprehensive utilization.

Experimental study on physical dependence of total Ervatamia yunnansis alkaloid / 药学实践杂志

Objective To evaluate the physical dependence of total Ervatamia yunnansis alkaloid .Methods The physi-cal dependence of total Ervatamia yunnansis alkaloid was observed by jump test in mice and spontaneous withdrawal test in rats .Results In the jump test ,after injecting total Ervatamia yunnansis alkaloid (total dosage of 140 and 430 mg/kg) for 7 days continuously ,the mice didn't show any withdrawal symptom and the loss of body weight .In the spontaneous withdrawal test ,two dosages of total Ervatamia yunnansis alkaloid (total dosage of 210 and 775 mg/kg) were continuously given for 30 days .The withdrawal response and the loss of body weight were not found in rats after drug withdrawal .Conclusion Total Ervatamia yunnansis alkaloid showed no obvious withdrawal symptoms in mice and rats ,which suggests that it has no physical dependence .

Pattern of Drug Abuse among Patients in Some Selected Addiction Rehabilitation Centers in Dhaka City.

This study was done to find the pattern of drug abuse and its associated factors among the patients admitted in addiction rehabilitation centers. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 150 drug addicted patients at the central drug addiction cure center at Tejgaon, Dhaka. Data were collected with a pre tested structured questionnaire. The study was conducted under the department of community medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka during March to May 2008. Among the 150 respondents, males constituted 87%, females 12.7%. Most of the respondents (49.3%) were in the age group twenty five to thirty five years. Ninety two percent (92%) of respondents were Muslims, 78.62% urban dwellers, 14.0% from rural areas and 7.33% came from nearby slums. Literacy rate of drug abusers was 81.3%. 33.3% were unemployed, mean family monthly income was ten thousand taka. Drug of initiation was ganja/cannabis in 48.0% and finally addicted to heroin. Inhalation was the route of choice (56.6%), oral route 30.9% and intravenous drug users (IDU's) 12.5% were remarkable. Peer pressure was a major contributing factor 55.5% for drug initiation. Black market (illegal spot) 77.3% was mainly the source of procurement of drug. Mean duration of drug intake was 4.2 years. Significant association was found between male sex and drug intake (p<0.05), and between age group 25-35 years and drug intake (P< 0.05). Drug dependence is highly prevalent among educated people. Familial confliction and peer pressure lead to different drug abuse.

Comparison of Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Two Morphine-dependent Rat Models / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of monoamine neurotransmitters of the brain in physical dependence induced by morphine in rats.Methods A physical dependent rat model was established with morphine in a gradually in creasing doses and the withdrawal syndrome was scored after naloxone precipitation.The conditioned place preference(CPP)in rats induced by morphine was used to investigate psychic dependence in rats.Contents of norepinephrine(NE0,dopamine(DA)and serotonin(5-HT)in hypothalamus of rats were assayed with a fluorescent method. Results (1)In naloxone-precipitated withdrawal test of morphine-dependent model rats,after morphine had been withdrawn,morphine-abstinent rats presented marked withdrawal symptoms and signs,their withdrawal scores were significantly increased,and the levels of NE and 5-HT in the rat brain were obviously enhanced,but the content of DA was reduced.(2)In CPP test,morphine caused a marked place preference in rats and the levels of DA and 5-HT in the rat brain were obviously enhanced,but the content of NE was reduced.Conclusiion Morphine dependence development and withdrawal are closely connected with monoamine neurotransmitters in CNS.In the physical dependent model induced by morphine in rats,the rising of NE and 5-HT in the rat brain were significant,but in psychic dependent model induced by morphine in rats,the levels of DA in the rat brain were enhanced p-redominately.

Experimental study on physical dependence of Zhixieling Capsule / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To evaluate the physical dependence of Zhixieling capsule.Methods The physical dependence of Zhixieling capsule was observed by mouse jump test,rat precipitation test and rat natural withdrawal test.Results Zhixieling capsule showed no obvious withdrawal symptoms.Conclusion Zhixieling capsule has no physical dependence.

Effects of ondansetron on morphine physical dependence in mice / 中国药理学通报

AIM To investigate the effects of ondansetron, a selective 5 Hydroxytryptamine3 (5 HT 3) receptor antagonist, on morphine physical dependence. METHODS The morphine dependent models in mice and in isolated Guinea pig ileum were used. RESULTS Pretreatment of ondansetron for 12 days significantly reduced morphine withdrawal symptoms in mice ,such as body weight loss(Groups 2～100 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ) or reduced both body weight loss and jumping times (Group 100 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ). In addition, concomitant treatment with ondansetron(1～20 ?mol?L -1 ) dose dependently suppressed the contraction induced by naloxone in Guinea pig ileum. CONCLUSION The chronic pretreatment of ondansetron can prevent morphine physical dependence to some extent.

Trifluoperazine attenuates naloxone-precipitated symptoms in morphine-dependent rats and mice / 中国药理学通报

AIM To investigate the effects of trifluoperazine on naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependent rats and mice, and its pharmacological mechanisms. METHODS\ Naloxone precipitated tests in morphine dependent rats and mice were used. RESULTS\ Trifluoperazine(2～20 mg?kg -1 ) dose dependently inhibited naloxone precipitated withdrawal jumping, wet dog shakes, paw tremor and weight loss in morphine dependent mice. With ip trifluoperazine (5～20 mg?kg -1 ), most of positive withdrawal symptoms, including jumping, wet dog shakes, defeacation, weight loss, teeth chattering, salivation, diarrhea, ptosis and irritating, induced by naloxone in morphine dependent rats were significantly reduced. Apomorphine (2～8 mg?kg -1 ), a mixed DA 1/DA 2 receptor agonist, did not affect inhibition of trifluoperazine on naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependent mice. However, nifedipine(5～20 mg?kg -1 ), a L type voltage sensitive calcium channel blocker, enhanced a pharmacological action of trifluoperazine against naloxone precipitated symptoms in morphine dependent mice. CONCLUSION\ Trifluoperazine attenuates naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependent rats and mice by inhibiting the activity of post receptor calmodulin, but it does not antagonizes DA 2 receptor, in central nervous system.