Evaluating Urban Greening Scenarios on Urban Heat Islands Effects

An Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are one of the most common phenomena of the 21st century. Climate change, and the associated rising trend of urban temperature is exaggerating the creation and extension of urban heat islands (UHI). This paper investigates various urban greening scenarios in the line with developing the resilient Sydney strategical document. Two different cooling street strategies are investigated in this research including high reflective pavement and green canopy cover. ENVI-Met software has been applied for simulating and quantifying microclimate processes at the urban scale before and after introducing urban greening scenarios. The results of this study show that applying the light-coloured pavement instead of asphalt surface will decrease surface temperature by up to 20°C. Planting short to medium height trees in the side walks will decrease the air temperature by up to 3°C and surface temperature by up to 11°C.

Effect of 60Co-γ Ray Irradiation on the Four Components in Tongmai Granules / 中国药师

Objective: To study the effect of 60Co-γ ray irradiation on the contents of danshensu,protocatechuic aldehyde,puerarin and salviamolic acid B in Tongmai granules by HPLC. Methods: An Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18(2) column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm) was adopted and the wavelength of UV detection was 280 nm at the flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1. The mobile phase consisted of 0. 1% phosphoric acid (B) and acetonitrile (A) with gradient elution, and the column temperature was 35℃. Tongmai granules were irradiated by 60Co-γ ray respectively at 0, 2, 5,10 and kGy,the contents of the active ingredients were compared before and after the irradiation. Results: The linear range of danshensu,protocatechuic aldehyde,puerarin and salviamolic acid B was 0. 098-4. 925 μg, 0. 028-1. 411 μg, 0. 378-18. 882 μg and 0. 218-10. 888 μg, respectively. The average recovery was 99. 8% , 97. 7% , 99. 9% and 99. 9% , respectively. When the radiation dose was not more than 2 kGy, the contents of the five components did not change significantly (P>0. 05). After 5 kGy radiation, the contents of protocatechuic aldehyde and salviamolic acid B were signifi-cantly different (P <0. 05). Conclusion: The dose of 60Co ray should be controlled not more than 2 kGy, and the sterilization method is safe and effective for Tongmai granules.

An Evaluation of the Light Output from 22 Contemporary Light Curing Units

Abstract This study measured the radiant power (mW), irradiance (mW/cm2) and emission spectra (mW/cm2/nm) of 22 new, or almost new, light curing units (LCUs): - Alt Lux II, BioLux Standard, Bluephase G2, Curing Light XL 3000, Demetron LC, DX Turbo LED 1200, EC450, EC500, Emitter C, Emitter D, KON-LUX, LED 3M ESPE, Led Lux II, Optilight Color, Optilight Max, Optilux 501, Poly Wireless, Radii cal, Radii plus, TL-01, VALO Cordless. These LCUs were either monowave or multiple peak light emitting diode (LED) units or quartz-tungsten-halogen LCUs used in anterior and posterior teeth. The radiant power emitted by the LCUs was measured by a laboratory grade laser power meter. The tip area (cm²) of the LCUs was measured and used to calculate the irradiance from the measured radiant power source. The MARC-Patient Simulator (MARC-PS) with a laboratory grade spectrometer (USB4000, Ocean Optics) was used to measure the irradiance and emission spectrum from each LCU three times at the sensor located on the facial of the maxillary central incisors and then separately at the occlusal of a maxillary second molar. The minimum acceptable irradiance level was set as 500 mW/cm2. Irradiance data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and the radiant power data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (a=0.05). In general, the irradiance was reduced at the molar tooth for most LCUs. Only the Valo, Bluephase G2 and Radii Plus delivered an irradiance similar to the anterior and posterior sensors greater than 500 mW/cm2. KON-LUX, Altlux II, Biolux Standard, TL-01, Optilux 501, DX Turbo LED 1200 LCUs delivered lower irradiance values than the recommended one used in molar region, KON-LUX and Altlux II LCUs used at the maxillary incisors. Bluephase G2 and Optilight Max delivered the highest radiant power and KON-LUX, Altlux II and Biolux Standard delivered the lowest power. The emission spectrum from the various monowave LED LCUs varied greatly. The multi-peak LCUs delivered similar emission spectra to both sensors.

Resumo Este estudo mediu a potência (mW), irradiância (mW/cm2) e espectro da luz (mW/cm2/nm) emitida por 22 fontes de luz (Alt Lux II, BioLux Standard, Bluephase G2, Curing Light XL 3000, Demetron LC, DX Turbo LED 1200, EC450, EC500, Emitter C, Emitter D, KON-LUX, LED 3M ESPE, Led Lux II, Optilight Color, Optilight Max, Optilux 501, Poly Wireless, Radii cal, Radii plus, TL-01, VALO Cordless) disponíveis comercialmente. A potência emitida pelas fontes de luz foi medida usando um medidor laboratorial de potencia com grade a laser. A área (cm²) da ponta ativa efetiva das fontes de luz foi medida com paquímetro digital e utilizada para calcular a irradiância emitida. O simulador de paciente-MARC (MARC - PS) com espectrómetro (USB4000, Ocean Optics) foi usado para medir a irradiância e o espectro de luz emitida por cada fonte de luz na região anterior e posterior. Esta medição foi repetida por três vezes em dois sensores localizados na região anterior e posterior da arcada dentária. Os dados de irradiância foram analisados utilizando análise de variância em dois fatores, e os dados de potência foram analisados com análise de variância em fator único seguido pelo teste de Tukey (a=0,05). As fontes de luz Valo, Bluephase G2, Radii Plus emitiram irradiância semelhante tanto na região anterior como posterior com valores superiores ao mínimo de 500 mW/cm2. Seis fontes de luz emitiram irradiância menor que o recomendado (500 mW/cm2) quando usadas na região posterior: Kon-lux, Altlux II, Biolux Standard TL-01, Optilux 501, DX Turbo LED 1200 e duas quando usadas na região anterior: Kon-lux e Altlux II LCUs. As fontes Bluephase G2, Optilight Max emitiram os maiores valores de potência e as fontes de luz Altlux II e Biolux Standard emitiram os menores valores de potência. O espectro de luz das fontes LED de espectro único variou de forma evidente entre as fontes. As fontes LED multi pico de espectro emitiram espectros de luz similar para ambos os sensores. A fotoativação na região posterior tende a reduzir substancialmente a irradiância da maioria das fontes de luzes testadas.

The Effect of Practicing Chinese Gymnastic Qigong-Yijinjing on the Infrared Radiant Track along Meridian Course (IRRTM)of Ren Meridian Stimulated by Moxibustion on CV-8 among Dysmenorrhea Patients / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of practicing Chinese gymnastic Qigong-Yijinjing on the infrared radiant track along meridian course (IRRTM)of Ren Meridian stimulated by moxibustion on CV-8 among dysmenorrhea patients.Methods Twenty dysmenorrhea undergraduate patients were recruied and practiced Chinese gymnastic Qigong-Yijinjing for 3 months.The numbers of patients of mild,moderate and severe symptoms were collected before and after the intervention.The effects of IRRTM stimulated by moxibustion on CV-8 were compared before and after practicing Chinese Gymnastic Qigong-Yijinjing.Results After practicing Chinese Gymnastic Qigong-Yijinjing,symptoms of 15 patients (including 11 with moderate dysmenorrhea and 4 with severe dysmenorrheal)were relieved to different extent.After the practice,all IRRTM of Ren Meridian turn to be more continuous,clear and regular either the Ren Meridian was stimulated with moxibustion or not.The average surface temperature along Ren Meridian rose significantly after the practicing.The conduction time to achieve the best states of IRRTM along Ren Meridian significantly shortened compared to before the intervention.Conclusion Chinese Gymnastic Qigong-Yijinjing can effectively enhance the transmission of IRRTM along Ren Meridian on dysmenorrhea patients,and may have a positive effect on dysmenorrhea treatment.

Reacción evocadora de radiación por trastuzumab: revisión y reporte de un caso / Radiation recall dermatitis induced by trastuzumab: review and case report

Se presenta un caso de reacción evocadora de radiación (RER) en una paciente de 37 años con cáncer de mama estadio IIIB, que realizó 6 ciclos de quimioterapia con epidoxorubicina y docetaxel, terapia radiante y trastuzumab. Diez días después definalizada la radioterapia, desarrolló una dermatosis ampollar en la mama irradiada, coincidiendo con un ciclo de tratuzumab. El trastuzumab, anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado contra el receptor HER2, fue aprobado en 1998 por la FDA como primera línea de tratamiento paliativo para el cáncer de mama avanzado con receptores HER2 positivos y, como terapia adyuvante, en 2006. Existen pocos casos de RER por trastuzumab comunicados hasta la fecha.

A 37-year-old female patient with radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is reported. She held 6 cycles of chemotherapy with epidoxorubicin and docetaxel, radiant therapy and trastuzumab due to stage IIIB breast cancer. Ten days after finishing radiation therapy, she developed a blistering dermatitis on irradiated breast. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the HER2 receptor, was approved in 1998 by the FDA as a first-line palliative treatment for advanced breast cancer with positive HER2 receptors and, as adjuvant therapy, in 2006. There are only few cases reported of RRD by trastuzumab up to date.

Newer protocols and future in collagen cross-linking.

Corneal Cross-Linking (CXL) is an established surgical procedure for the treatment of corneal disorders such as corneal ectasia and keratoconus. This method of treatment stabilises the corneal structure and increases rigidity, reducing the requirement for corneal transplantation. Since its development, many scientific studies have been conducted to investigate ways of improving the procedure. Biomechanical stability of the cornea after exposure to UV-A light, and the effect of shortening procedure time has been some of the many topics explored.

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydroalcholic extract of "Shirishadi compound" in animal model.

The main objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory & analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Shirishadi polyherbal compound on rats. Shirishadi compound consist of three herbal drugs namely- Shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck), Nagarmotha (Cyprus rotandus) & Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum).In Ayurveda (ancient Indian system of medicine) all these herbs alone or in combination with other herbs are commonly used in the managmant of bronchial asthma. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test for acute inflammation, the extract of Shirishadi compound in doses of 50mg, 200 mg and 500 mg/kg body weight showed 77% and 79% and 81% inhibition of edema, respectively, at the end of 4h which is comparable to that of standard ( endomethacin) i.e. 92%. In the acetic acid induced writhing test the extract of Shirishadi compound ( 200 and 500 mg/kg body weight) showed a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the number of writhes with 65.6% and 70.9% of inhibition, respectively. In radiant heat tail-flick test the crude extract produced 58.1% (p<0.001) and 61.1% (p<0.001) elongation of tail flicking time 30 minutes after oral doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg body weight respectively . After 60 minutes the extract showed 56.3% (p<0.001) and 59% (p<0.001) elongation of tail flicking time. Experimental results showed that Shirishadi compound has persuasive anti-inflammmatory property along with significant analgesic activity.

Effect of different light curing units on Knoop hardness and temperature of resin composite.

Aim: To evaluate the influence of quartz tungsten halogen and plasma arc curing (PAC) lights on Knoop hardness and change in polymerization temperature of resin composite. Materials and Methods: Filtek Z250 and Esthet X composites were used in the shade A3. The temperature increase was registered with Type-k thermocouple connected to a digital thermometer (Iopetherm 46). A self-cured polymerized acrylic resin base was built in order to guide the thermocouple and to support the dentin disk of 1.0 mm thickness obtained from bovine tooth. On the acrylic resin base, elastomer mold of 2.0 mm was adapted. The temperature increase was measured after composite light curing. After 24 h, the specimens were submitted to Knoop hardness test (HMV-2000, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 0.05). Results: For both composites, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the top surface hardness; however, PAC promoted statistically lower (P < 0.05) Knoop hardness number values in the bottom. The mean temperature increase showed no significant statistical differences (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The standardized radiant exposure showed no influence on the temperature increase of the composite, however, showed significant effect on hardness values.

Comparison of Forced Air Warming and Radiant Heating on Body Temperature and Shivering of Post-operative Patients / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of forced air warming and radiant heating on body temperature and shivering of patients with postoperative hypothermia. METHODS: The quasi-experimental study was conducted with two experimental groups who had surgery under general anesthesia; 20 patients of group 1 experimented with the Bair Hugger as a forced air warming and 20 patients of group 2 experimented with the Radiant heater. The study was performed from July 3 to August 31, 2006 in a recovery room of an university hospital in a city. The effects of the experiment were measured by postoperative body temperature and chilling score at arrival and after every 10 minutes. The data were analyzed by t-test or chi-square-test, repeated measures ANCOVA using SPSS/WIN 12.0. RESULTS: The mean body temperature showed differences between the Bair Hugger group and Radiant Heater group at 40 minutes(F=-2.579, p=.034), 50minutes(F=-2.752, p=.027), and 60 minutes(F=-2.470, p=.047) after arrival to the recovery room. So, hypothesis 1 was partially accepted. The mean score of shivering showed differences between the Bair Hugger group and the Radiant Heater group, but it had no significant meaning. Hypothesis 2 was not accepted. CONCLUSION: We need more study to explore the effects and side effects of heating modalities to select a more effective heat treatment. The efficiency of heat modalities with regards to cost benefit, time consumption, and patients' discomfort such as burns should be considered.

Radiant Intensity of Ultraviolet Lamp:Detection and Management / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To improve the accuracy of the radiant intensity detection of ultraviolet lamp and ensure its disinfection effect.METHODS At the different time after use of the ultraviolet lamp,its radiant intensity was measured by using the luminometer,and estimated.RESULTS If the ultraviolet lamp with good uality and worked one hour each day,with detected intensity ≥90 ?W/cm2,it could be used one year continuously,when ≥80 ?W/cm2,it could be used 6 months continuously,and when 80-75 ?W/cm2,it could be used 1 month continuously.The lump's detected intensity must be exceeded over 70 ?W/cm2.CONCLUSIONS The method that detecting the radiant intensity of ultraviolet lamp in scheduled time and consulting the used time of lump is viable.The method is real,simple,convenient and easy manipulated and ensures the effectiveness of disinfection by using ultraviolet lamp.

Evaluation of Electroacupuncture with Radiant Heating Algometer / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In 1987, Yamamoto developed Initial Skin Temperature Controlled Repeated Thermal Stimulation System (STRTS), consisting of microcomputer PC-9801 (NEC Co.) and the pain meter NYT-55 (KUDO ELECTRIC Co.) which was modified type of Hardy's algometer. We used STRTS to establish more simple and accurate evaluation of the effects of electroacupuncture (EA).<br>Five female volunteer subjects with mean age of 21.8 were involved in this measurement. Radiant heat stimuli of 200mcal/sec/cm² were repeatedly delivered to six different skin areas on the left body surface where blackened sticky tape were applied. Stainless acupuncture needles were inserted into LI4 Hegu _??__??_ until subjects felt a typical sensation called De Qi. Both Hegu were stimulated electrically with 4 and 10Hz for 30 minutes. We measured pain threshold repeatedly before and after an EA with the passage of time.<br>EA generally raised pain threshold of measuring points, especially the neck and forehead. In some cases, however, pain thresholds of several points were reduced by EA. These results suggested that effects of EA varied with the subjects. As for frequency of EA, 4Hz was much effective than that of 10Hz.

Effects of Radiant heat and Meperidine on Oxygen Consumption in Postanesthesia Shivering / 대한마취과학회지

Radiant heart(RD) and Meperidine(MEP) have been used to suppress postanesthesia shivering. However their efficacies to date have only been assessed by observation of visible shivering. We measured the effects of RH and MEP on oxygen consumption (VO2), minute volume(VE) in sixteen otherwise healthy patients(two groups of eight each) shivering after general anesthesia. RH successfully supressed visible shivering in all patients and was associated with significant decrease in VO2(16% of baseline) and VE(13% of baseline, p<0.05). In the reshivering patients, the effect of RH on VO2 was less than initial RH therapy owing to sustained invisible shivering. MEP suppressed visible shivering in seven patients and was associated with 13% decrease in VO2. In conclusion, RH and MEP are effective methods of reducing the elevated oxygen consumption by shivering.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE METHOD OF RADIANT HEAT INDUCED PAIN AND ITS VALIDITY IN THE CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANALGESIC DRUGS / 中国药理学通报

The basic pain threshold and pain tolerance were measured by use of radiant heat stimulation in healthy volunteers, which were close to normal distribution. The stability was obtained by repeated determination for same individuals in different time. With this method, a clinical assessment of analgesic drugs was carried out among healthy volunteers. Acetaminophen-Codeine tablet ( 2 tablets ) was able to depress pain response by increasing pain threshold and tolerance of 23% and 12% ( P

Diminished heat-escape behavior in physically trained rats / 体力科学

Male rats were trained to escape from radiant heat of infrared lamp (250W) by pressing a bar that turned a lamp off for 8 sec. To determine effects of repetitive exercise on this heat-escape behavior rats were either subjected to a 4-week physical training program in which they were forced to swim in agitating water of 36t or 38°C for 1 hour each day or were not trained (non-exercised controls) . After the program in 36°C water, the bar-pressing rate during the test period decreased markedly compared with that before the training period. Temperatures of the tail-skin and the environment in the test box increased to significantly higher levels in the trained rats than those before the training period, while the rectal temperature in the trained rats remained at the same level to that in the pretraining period. When a 4-week physical training program was completed in the same manner but using 38t water, no differences in the heat-escape activity and the extents of temperatures concurrently measured were obtained between those before and after the training period in the trained rats or controls.<BR>The significant reduction of heat-escape activity in rats with the repetitive exercise for 4-week in the 36t water is a result of adaptive changes in the autonomic thermoregulation due to the repetitive exercise itself.