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At present, SARS-CoV-2 is raging, and novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has caused more than 35 million confirmed patients and more than 500 000 cases death, which seriously endanger human health, socioeconomic development, as well as global medical and public health systems. COVID-19 is highly contagious, has a long incubation period, and causes many death cases due to lack of effective specific treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells have powerful anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions, and can effectively reduce the cytokine storm caused by coronavirus in patients, and improve the pulmonary fibrosis of patients, promote the repair of damaged lung tissue, and reduce the mortality. Currently, a number of related clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cell treatment of COVID-19 have been conducted, and have confirmed the safety and efficacy, suggesting a good clinical application prospect. While progress has been made in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for COVID-19, we should also catch sight of the problems and challenges faced by mesenchymal stem cell clinical trials under severe epidemic situation, including clinical trials design, stem cell quality management, and ethics in treatment. Only by paying attention to these can we guarantee the safe and effective development of mesenchymal stem cell clinical trials in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Humanos , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/terapia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Regeneration and repair using platelet-rich plasma provide a new insight for treating tendinopathy, which exhibits good outcomes in the treatment of refractory tendon and ligament degenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE: To explore the current research hotspot in the treatment of tendinopathy with platelet-rich plasma worldwide through drawing the scientific knowledge map of the treatment to tendinopathy by using the information visualization tool. METHODS: Using citation analysis method, we searched Web of Science core database for the studies on platelet-rich plasma and tendinopathy since 2008. The scientometric and visual analyses of literature were carried out by using Cite Space V scientific knowledge map tool. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A total of 515 papers on repair of tendinitis with platelet-rich plasma were recruited. Eight papers on key nodes were obtained, and 27 keywords were found at high frequency. (2) In recent decade, high-yield authors have formed a research group based on the state and research institutions. The inter group cooperation is close, but there is a lack of cross-group scientific research cooperation. (3) Platelet-rich plasma has been widely used in the clinical treatment of tendinopathy, but there are some shortcomings in the design of clinical practice and experimental research, leading to controversy about the therapeutic effect of platelet-rich plasma. In order to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in tendinopathy, basic experimental studies should be carried out on the premise of controlling the experimental conditions and overcoming the shortcomings in experimental design. (4) The research of platelet-rich plasma on tendinopathy in foreign countries has gradually developed from the initial clinical study of platelet-rich plasma on the treatment of tendinopathy to the in vitro experiment with time, which has become a hotspot. In the selection of experimental indicators, the functional study of cytokines contained in platelet-rich plasma has shifted to focus on gene expression in cell biology. It is still unclear which cell transduction pathways platelet-rich plasma can affect tendon healing. From the trend of research, future research in this field will focus on microbiological mechanism of platelet-rich plasma in tendinopathy treatment.
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BACKGROUND: Nel-like type 1 molecule (Nell-1) is a secreted glycoprotein that has been proven both in vitro and in vivo to be a potent osteoinductive factor that effectively promotes bone growth. Furthermore, it has been shown to repress adipogenic differentiation and inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To review the current research progress of Nell-1 in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: PubMed database was searched for relevant articles published from January 1996 to June 2019. Search words were “Nell-1; bone regeneration and repair; regulatory factor; signal path; bone morphogenetic protein; osteoporosis; marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells.” After removal of repetitive studies and inconsistent literature, 61 articles were finally analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nell-1 has been proved to be a factor that can effectively promote bone tissue growth. Local application of Nell-1 has a good effect on the growth of long bone, spine and cartilage as well as cranial suture closure. Nell-1 is a new growth factor that has relatively simple bioeffects, so it has better biosafety and higher accuracy relative to the other bone growth factors. Nell-1 can synergize with other osteogenic factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 9. Nell-1 inhibits inflammatory reaction and lipogenesis induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2 and promotes osteogenesis. This provides a theoretical basis for the combination of Nell-1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 to improve the clinical safety and efficacy in bone regeneration.
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Objective@#To observe the effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) on nerve regeneration repair in rats with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) from the perspective of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.@*Methods@#Seventy-two Sprague-Dawle (SD) male rats were randomly divided into normal group, STBI model group, ganglioside (GA) treatment group and DG treatment group. The STBI animal model was reproduced referring to modified Feeney free fall impact model. No injury was made in normal group. Six hours after modeling, monosialotetrahexosylganglioside sodium injection and DG injection were injected via tail vein of rats in GA treatment group and DG treatment group respectively, once a day for 7 days. Normal group and STBI model group were given the same amount of normal saline. Six rats in each group were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after the challenge for neurological severity score (NSS), and then the blood of abdominal aorta was drawn and brain tissue was harvested. The contents of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological changes of sub-granular zone (SGZ) were observed under light microscope after hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expressions of Wnt3a, β-catenin, glycogen synthetase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and Axin.@*Results@#① There was no neurological deficit in the normal group and NSS was 0. NSS score of rats increased significantly on the first day after modeling, and then decreased gradually over time. NSS of the rats treated with GA and DG were significantly lower than that of the STBI model rats (score: 7.33±2.07, 6.17±2.23 vs. 9.33±1.63, both P < 0.01). Though NSS gradually decreased over time, the differences were still statistically significant on the 7th day (score: 2.67±0.82, 1.00±0.00 vs. 6.17±2.23, both P < 0.01), and NSS of DG treatment group was significantly lower than that of GA treatment group. ② In SGZ of rats, cells were arranged in a compact and orderly way in the normal group, but neurons and tissues were damaged and destroyed at different time points in the STBI model group. After either GA or DG treatment, the damage of nerve tissue was improved gradually over time, and the effect of DG was more obvious.③ In the normal group, the mRNA expressions of Wnt3a and β- catenin were almost not expressed, the mRNA expressions of GSK-3β and Axin were higher, and the contents of BDNF and NGF in serum were less. On the 1st day after STBI, the mRNA expressions of Wnt3a and β- catenin in hippocampus, the contents of BDNF and NGF in serum were significantly increased, and the mRNA expressions of GSK-3βand Axin were significantly decreased. The mRNA expressions of Wnt3a and β- catenin in the hippocampus and the contents of BDNF and NGF in serum were significantly higher than those in the model group 1 day after GA or DG was added, the mRNA expressions of GSK-3β and Axin were significantly decreased, and the effect of DG was more significant than that of GA [Wnt3a mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 3.51±0.14 vs. 2.93±0.05, β- catenin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 1.90±0.08 vs. 1.75±0.04, BDNF (ng/L): 4.06±0.55 vs. 3.16±0.64, NGF (ng/L): 9.53±1.08 vs. 7.26±0.43, GSK-3β mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.75±0.01 vs. 0.79±0.01, Axin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.74±0.02 vs. 0.76±0.02, all P < 0.05]. It was gradually increasing or decreasing over time and the difference was still statistically significant up to the 7th day.@*Conclusion@#DG can promote the recovery of nerve function in rats with STBI, and its mechanism may be related to the regeneration of nerve cells proliferation and differentiation by Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the reconstruction of nerve tissue in SGZ of hippocampus.
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Objective To observe the effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) on nerve regeneration repair in rats with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) from the perspective of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Methods Seventy-two Sprague-Dawle (SD) male rats were randomly divided into normal group, STBI model group, ganglioside (GA) treatment group and DG treatment group. The STBI animal model was reproduced referring to modified Feeney free fall impact model. No injury was made in normal group. Six hours after modeling, monosialotetrahexosylganglioside sodium injection and DG injection were injected via tail vein of rats in GA treatment group and DG treatment group respectively, once a day for 7 days. Normal group and STBI model group were given the same amount of normal saline. Six rats in each group were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after the challenge for neurological severity score (NSS), and then the blood of abdominal aorta was drawn and brain tissue was harvested. The contents of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological changes of sub-granular zone (SGZ) were observed under light microscope after hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expressions of Wnt3a, β-catenin, glycogen synthetase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and Axin. Results ① There was no neurological deficit in the normal group and NSS was 0. NSS score of rats increased significantly on the first day after modeling, and then decreased gradually over time. NSS of the rats treated with GA and DG were significantly lower than that of the STBI model rats (score: 7.33±2.07, 6.17±2.23 vs. 9.33±1.63, both P < 0.01). Though NSS gradually decreased over time, the differences were still statistically significant on the 7th day (score: 2.67±0.82, 1.00±0.00 vs. 6.17±2.23, both P < 0.01), and NSS of DG treatment group was significantly lower than that of GA treatment group. ② In SGZ of rats, cells were arranged in a compact and orderly way in the normal group, but neurons and tissues were damaged and destroyed at different time points in the STBI model group. After either GA or DG treatment, the damage of nerve tissue was improved gradually over time, and the effect of DG was more obvious.③ In the normal group, the mRNA expressions of Wnt3a and β-catenin were almost not expressed, the mRNA expressions of GSK-3β and Axin were higher, and the contents of BDNF and NGF in serum were less. On the 1st day after STBI, the mRNA expressions of Wnt3a and β-catenin in hippocampus, the contents of BDNF and NGF in serum were significantly increased, and the mRNA expressions of GSK-3βand Axin were significantly decreased. The mRNA expressions of Wnt3a and β-catenin in the hippocampus and the contents of BDNF and NGF in serum were significantly higher than those in the model group 1 day after GA or DG was added, the mRNA expressions of GSK-3β and Axin were significantly decreased, and the effect of DG was more significant than that of GA [Wnt3a mRNA (2-ΔΔCt):3.51±0.14 vs. 2.93±0.05, β-catenin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 1.90±0.08 vs. 1.75±0.04, BDNF (ng/L): 4.06±0.55 vs. 3.16±0.64, NGF (ng/L): 9.53±1.08 vs. 7.26±0.43, GSK-3βmRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.75±0.01 vs. 0.79±0.01, Axin mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.74±0.02 vs. 0.76±0.02, all P < 0.05]. It was gradually increasing or decreasing over time and the difference was still statistically significant up to the 7th day. Conclusion DG can promote the recovery of nerve function in rats with STBI, and its mechanism may be related to the regeneration of nerve cells proliferation and differentiation by Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the reconstruction of nerve tissue in SGZ of hippocampus.
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The occurrence and development of liver cancer are essentially the most serious outcomes of uncontrolled liver regeneration. The progression of liver cancer is inevitably related to the abnormal microenvironment of liver regeneration. The deterioration observed in the microenvironment of liver regeneration is a necessary condition for the occurrence, development and metastasis of cancer. Therefore, the use of a technique to prevent and treat liver cancer via changes in the microenvironment of liver regeneration is a novel strategy. This strategy would be an effective way to delay, prevent or even reverse cancer occurrence, development and metastasis through an improvement in the liver regeneration microenvironment along with the integrated regulation of multiple components, targets, levels, channels and time sequences. In addition, the treatment of "tonifying Shen (Kidney) to regulate liver regeneration and repair by affecting stem cells and their microenvironment" can regulate "the dynamic imbalance between the normal liver regeneration and the abnormal liver regeneration"; this would improve the microenvironment of liver regeneration, which is also a mechanism by which liver cancer may be prevented or treated.
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Diagnosis of peripheral nerve injuries in the past relied on motor and sensory function examination,electrophysiology and MRI.High-frequency ultrasound as a real-time,dynamic,intuitive,non-invasive and repeatable method in diagnosis of peripheral nerve injuries has its own characteristics,which are helpful to finding nerve injury and judging the type of damage to provide important information of the nerve injuries for preoperative evaluation and postoperative followup.Low intensity ultrasound (LIUS) can promote the proliferation of Schwann cell and the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve in rats.LIUS in treatment of nerve injury is still in the experimental stage,and there are many problems to be settled.Nevertheless,clinical application of low-intensity ultrasound is worthy of expectation in future.
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Cerebral ischemia is a severe disease which threats people's health worldwide. The pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia is very complex, such as inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, oxidative stress, excitatory neurotoxicity, etc. Previous studies suggested that ginkgolides had a remarkable protective effect against the different types of brain injury including ischemia and tissue regeneration and repair. This review summarizes the targets of ginkgolides for cerebral ischemia treatments and the potential mechanisms. Compared with the commonly used drugs in clinic, we expect to clarify the mechanism of ginkgolides and their preparations in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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This paper was aimed to expound the concept , theoretical foundation , theoretical system as well as scientific connotation of the new therapeutic principle of tonifying the kidney to promote liver regeneration and repair . a brief introduction was provided for the development in both fundamental research and clinical appli-cations of liver disease treatment . It provided theoretical references for the clinical treatment of liver diseases .
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Electrospinning is a new technique used to fabricate nanofibrous scaffold for guidance of tissue repair and regeneration. Electrospun scaffold simulates the structure and biological function of native extracellular matrix (ECM) and may provide an ideal engineered microenvironment for cell growth. In this paper, the principle of electrospinning technique and important processing parameters were briefly introduced. Investigations and developments in recent years regarding to the applications of tissue repair and regeneration were reviewed, several focusing issues of electrospinning were addressed as well. The significance and problems unresolved were discussed.