Canasta alimentaria normativa: perspectivas actuales e implicaciones para la salud pública en Venezuela / Normative Food Basket current perspectives and implications for public health in Venezuela

La Canasta Alimentaria Normativa (CAN) es un instrumento estratégico de planificación y seguimiento, que impacta el ámbito económico (fijación del salario mínimo SM y del umbral de la pobreza relativa), la seguridad alimentaria y la salud pública. El objetivo fue describir la evolución histórica de la CAN en Venezuela, contrastando su valoración económica respecto al SM durante el período 1990 ­ 2023. Tipo de estudio: Descriptivo. Se empleó la CAN del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas/Instituto Nacional de Nutrición (INE/INN) y su comparación con la canasta del Centro de Documentación y Análisis Social de la Federación Venezolana de Maestros(CENDAS ­ FVM). Los valores mensuales de la CAN y del SM se recalcularon a dólares USA, de acuerdo a la tasa de cambio oficial. No se incluyó evaluación de la estructura interna, ni sus expresiones en términos de aporte de energía y nutrientes. Resultados: Desde 1990 hasta el año 2015, se requirieron entre1,0 y 1,8 SM y entre 0,6 y 1,7 Ingresos Mínimos Legales (IML)para acceder a la CAN. Para el año 2023 se requirieron hasta 78,3SM y 51,6 IML. El valor promedio de la canasta del CENDAS-FVM fue superior al valor de la CAN INE/INN, en una proporción de 1,7: 1. Conclusiones: la CAN resultó sensible en identificar los cambios y tendencias de su estimación económica, en el ambiente inflacionario venezolano. El uso de sus resultados está sujeta a cierto grado de discrecionalidad política. El costo de la CAN, expresa una contracción del poder de compra de los hogares venezolanos con potenciales impactos sobre la nutrición y la salud física y mental a corto y largo plazo.

The Normative Food Basket (NFB) represents astrategic planning and monitoring instrument, which impactsthe economic sphere (setting of the minimum wage (MW) andthe relative poverty threshold), food security and public health.The objective was to describe the historical evolution of the NFB in Venezuela, contrasting its economic valuation with respect to the MW during the period 1990 ­ 2023. Type of study: Descriptive. The NFB of the National Institute of Statistics/National Institute of Nutrition (NIS/NIN) was used and itscomparison with the basket of the Center for Documentationand Social Analysis of the Venezuelan Federation of Teachers (CENDAS ­ FVM). The monthly values of the NFB and theMW were recalculated into dollars (US$), according to theofficial exchange rate. No evaluation of the internal structurewas included, nor its expressions in terms of energy and nutrientcontribution. Results: From 1990 to 2015, between 1.0 and1.8 MW and between 0.6 and 1.7 Minimum Legal Income(MLI) were required to access the NFB. By 2023, up to 78.3MW and 51.6 MLI were required. The average value of the CENDAS-FVM basket was higher than the value of the NFBNIS/NIN, in a proportion of 1.7: 1. Conclusions: As a statistical operation, the NFB was sensitive in identifying changes andtrends in its estimate economic, in the Venezuelan inflationaryenvironment. The use of its results is subject to a certain degree ofpolitical discretion. The cost of CAN expresses a contraction inthe purchasing power of Venezuelan households with potentialimpacts on nutrition and physical/mental health in the shortand long term.

Transferências intergovernamentais são capturadas pelos servidores municipais? Os determinantes da diferença salarial entre o setor público e o setor privado / ¿Las transferencias intergubernamentales son captadas por servidores municipales? Los determinantes de la brecha salarial entre los sectores público y privado / Do local civil servants capture intergovernmental transfers? The different wage determinants between the public and private sector

Resumo Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o efeito das transferências intergovernamentais na diferença salarial entre os servidores municipais e os funcionários do setor privado. A amostra foi formada por 5.449 municípios durante o período de 2000 a 2016, agrupados em 5.344 áreas mínimas comparáveis. Os procedimentos metodológicos quantitativos foram desenvolvidos em duas etapas. Na primeira, mediu-se a diferença salarial mediana entre os servidores municipais e os funcionários do setor privado por meio da regressão quantílica incondicional. Na segunda, a análise dos determinantes da diferença salarial foi realizada por meio de regressão múltipla com dados em painel, efeitos fixos e estimações adicionais com erros robustos a cluster, correlação temporal e correlação espacial. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento de 1% das transferências intergovernamentais per capita resulta em aumento de 0,067% na diferença salarial nos municípios brasileiros entre os servidores municipais e os funcionários do setor privado. Além disso, a elevação de 1% no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita resulta numa redução de 0,036% da diferença salarial. Por último, a pesquisa observou que o tamanho populacional aumenta enquanto a competição eleitoral reduz a diferença salarial nos municípios brasileiros.

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de las transferencias intergubernamentales en la diferencia salarial entre los servidores municipales y los empleados del sector privado. La muestra estuvo conformada por 5.449 municipios durante el período 2000 a 2016, agrupados en 5.344 áreas mínimas comparables. Los procedimientos metodológicos cuantitativos se desarrollaron en dos etapas. En la primera, la mediana de la diferencia salarial entre los empleados municipales y los del sector privado se midió utilizando la regresión por cuantiles incondicionales. En la segunda etapa, el análisis de los determinantes de la brecha salarial se realizó mediante regresión múltiple con datos de panel, efectos fijos y estimaciones adicionales con errores robustos por clúster, correlación temporal y correlación espacial. Los resultados indicaron que un aumento del 1% en las transferencias intergubernamentales per cápita resulta en un aumento del 0,067% en la brecha salarial en los municipios brasileños entre los servidores municipales y los empleados del sector privado. Además, identificó que un aumento de 1% en el PIB per cápita se traduce en una reducción de 0,036% en la brecha salarial. Finalmente, la investigación observó que el tamaño de la población aumenta mientras la competencia electoral reduce la brecha salarial en los municipios brasileños.

Abstract This article examines the intergovernmental transfer effects on wage differences between local civil servants and private sector employees. The sample was composed of 5,449 Brazilian municipalities, working with data from 2000 to 2016 clustered in 5,344 minimum comparable areas (MCA). The methodological procedures were quantitative and developed in two steps. The first step was to assess the median wage difference between local civil servants and private sector employees through unconditional quantile regression. The second was the analysis of different wage determinants through multiple regression with panel data, fixed effects, and additional estimations such as cluster-robust standard errors, temporal correlation, and spatial correlation. The results demonstrated that when per capita intergovernmental transfers increase by 1%, the wage difference between local civil servants and private sector employees increases by 0.067%. Besides that, when per capita GDP increases by 1%, the wage difference decreases by 0.036%. Furthermore, the paper observed that populational size increases and electoral competition decreases wage differences between the public and private sectors in Brazilian municipalities.

Segregación ocupacional femenina: el pegamento que enmascara la discriminación salarial en una universidad colombiana / Female occupational segregation: the glue that masks wage discrimination in a public university in Colombia

Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo capturar la segregación ocupacional y la discriminación salarial por género en la Universidad del Cauca, ubicada en el suroccidente colombiano, durante cuatro momentos en el tiempo (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). La metodología es cuantitativa e implementa en el primer caso el Índice de Karmel y MacLachlan (KM) y la descomposición de Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) en el segundo. Se utiliza información de datos panel en la descomposición KOB, lo que permite evaluar la evolución de la segregación en el tiempo. Las variables incluyen el género, el salario, la edad, los años de experiencia, el nivel de formación, los cargos administrativos, la unidad académica, entre otros. La información fue suministrada por la Vicerrectoría académica de la Universidad de forma totalmente anonimizada. Los resultados muestran evidencia de segregación ocupacional y discriminación salarial por género; a pesar de que en los últimos años ambas brechas se están cerrando levemente, el problema permanece. La segregación ocupacional ocurre aún en ocupaciones beta tradicionalmente ocupadas por las mujeres pese a la baja percepción de discriminación laboral por parte de las profesoras universitarias. En cuanto a las ocupaciones alfa, estas mantienen la hegemonía masculina. Las características observables hacen que existan diferencias en la modificación salarial entre profesores y profesoras, pero estas cada vez se hacen menos fuertes por el aumento en el nivel de formación y la disminución en el número de hijos e hijas. Existen factores discriminatorios no observados que mantienen la discriminación salarial femenina en respuesta a factores culturales arraigados en el patriarcado y tradicionalismo de la región donde se encuentra la universidad.

Abstract This research aims to capture occupational segregation and wage discrimination by gender in the University of Cauca, located in southwestern Colombia, during four periods (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). There are few studies in this direction, and the existing ones do not address it in depth, at least in emerging countries. In this sense, it is the first time it has been done for Colombian higher education institutions. The methodology is quantitative and it implements the Karmel and MacLachlan Index (KM) in the first case and the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) decomposition in the second one. To deepen the analysis panel data information was used for the first time in the KOB decomposition for these issues, which allows evaluating the evolution of segregation over time. The variables analysed include gender, wage, age, years of experience, education level, administrative charges, and academic departments of origin, among others. The information used comes from the official data provided by the Administrative Office of the University of Cauca. This is characterized by being totally anonymous and by exclusively comprising full-time teachers, that is, those with an indefinite term contract. Temporal teachers and/or professors with a defined term contract are excluded, due to the volatility in the employment relationship, which would otherwise introduce noise into the analysis. In general, the information shows that alpha professions (better paid, with greater projection and public recognition) have been dominated in the last five years by professors; while beta professions (that is those with lower salaries, little projection and recognition) have been led by women. This preliminary result leads to consider that there is labor and/or wage segregation within this university. The estimates of the KM index showed, firstly, that all professions, both alpha and beta, have at least some segregation in the period analysed, since this is greater than zero. Second, segregation has been low and slightly decreasing over time for beta professions. In fact, it was 0.09 in 2005 and 0.072 in 2020. Third, for alpha professions, the index has been markedly increasing over time, which suggests that the proportion of female teachers who must change professions so that segregation from men was zero is increasing. Regarding wage discrimination, all the differences were negative, which shows that the average salaries of female teachers are lower than those of male teachers and therefore their difference is less than zero. Although the results are only statistically significant for the years 2011, 2014 and 2020, it can be highlighted that these differentials have been decreasing over time. In effect, it was -0.24 log-wage in 2005 and -0.051 log-wage in 2020. These results are partially in line with those obtained in the KM index. Occupational and salary segregation seems to have decreased slightly in recent years in this university, but it still exists. In the case of decomposition change, all the variations in the endowment are positive and significant but are characterized as decreasing, which indicates that changes in average wage differentials have been narrowing over time. The empirical evidence suggest that occupational segregation still occurs in beta professions traditionally occupied by women despite the low perception of job discrimination by university professors. As for alpha occupations, they maintain male hegemony. The observable characteristics mean that there are differences in the wage modification between male and female teachers, but this is becoming less strong due to the increase in the education level and the decrease in the number of children. There are unobserved discriminatory factors that maintain female wage discrimination in response to cultural factors rooted in the patriarchy and traditionalism of the region where the university is located.

Evidências sobre o prêmio salarial masculino do casamento e da coabitação no Brasil / Evidence on the male marriage wage premium and cohabitation premium in Brazil / Evidencias sobre el premio salarial masculino del matrimonio y de la cohabitación en Brasil

Resumo O objetivo principal é analisar a associação entre o casamento e a coabitação e o rendimento do trabalho masculino no Brasil. O artigo discute o fenômeno do "prêmio salarial masculino do casamento" - geralmente, homens casados apresentam rendimentos mais elevados do que os solteiros no mercado de trabalho. Tendo em vista que no Brasil a união informal é uma modalidade conjugal bastante comum, o prêmio para a coabitação também é investigado nessa situação. A associação entre o estado conjugal e o trabalho remunerado dos homens brasileiros é analisada por meio de regressões lineares, quantílicas e decomposições de Oaxaca-Blinder para os diferenciais de rendimentos entre os homens solteiros, casados e coabitantes. O Censo Demográfico de 2010 é a fonte de dados utilizada. Os resultados confirmam a existência de prêmios do casamento e da coabitação para os homens brasileiros. Os prêmios observados tendem a ser menores para a coabitação do que para o casamento. As decomposições dos diferenciais de rendimentos mostram que os prêmios devem-se à estrutura salarial e não a efeitos de composição.

Abstract The article aims to explore the correlation between marriage, cohabitation, and male labor income. It delves into the concept of the "male marriage wage premium" - a phenomenon where married men earn higher wages compared to single men in the labor market. Since consensual unions are prevalent in Brazil, the study also examines the cohabitation premium. The research employs linear regressions, quantile regression, and Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions of earnings differentials between single, married, and cohabiting men to analyze the association between marital status and paid work among Brazilian men. The data utilized were from the 2010 Demographic Census. The results of the study validate the existence of marriage and cohabitation premia for Brazilian men. However, the observed premium tend to be lower for cohabitation than for marriage. The decompositions reveal that these differentials are due to wage structure and not composition effects.

Resumen El objetivo principal es analizar la asociación entre el matrimonio y la cohabitación y las diferencias salariales masculinas en Brasil. El artículo analiza el fenómeno del premio salarial del matrimonio masculino: en general, los hombres casados tienen ingresos más altos que los hombres solteros en el mercado laboral, aunque ya que en Brasil la cohabitación es una modalidad marital muy común, también se investiga el premio de la cohabitación. La asociación entre el estado civil y el trabajo remunerado entre los hombres brasileños se analiza utilizando regresiones lineales, regresión cuantil y descomposiciones Oaxaca-Blinder para los diferenciales salariales entre hombres solteros, casados y en cohabitación. La fuente de datos fue el censo demográfico de 2010. Los resultados confirman la existencia de premios para el matrimonio y la cohabitación, que tienden a ser menores para la cohabitación que para el matrimonio. La descomposición de los diferenciales de ingresos mostró que los premios se deben a la estructura salarial y no a efectos de composición.

Empobrecimento, fome e pandemia: o Auxílio Emergencial, o fim do Programa Bolsa Família e o Auxílio Brasil, 2019-2022 / Impoverishment, hunger, and pandemic: Emergency Aid, the end of the Bolsa Família Benefit, and its replacement, Auxílio Brasil, 2019-2022

Resumo O artigo aborda as escolhas políticas do governo brasileiro relacionadas aos programas sociais de transferência condicionada de renda feitas em meio à pandemia de covid-19. O objetivo é analisar como a implementação do Auxílio Emergencial, o fim do Programa Bolsa Família e a implementação do Auxílio Brasil estão relacionados ao rearranjo e ao desmanche da rede de proteção social brasileira diante da conjuntura de generalizado empobrecimento dos trabalhadores brasileiros. Espera-se não só apresentar um registro dessas ações, mas estabelecer chaves de leitura que, contextualizadas historicamente, permitam explicar a análise de tais ações em meio ao aprofundamento das políticas neoliberais no país.

Abstract This article addresses the political choices made by the Brazilian government concerning conditional cash transfer programs during the covid-19 pandemic. The aim is to analyze how the covid-related Emergency Aid (Auxílio Emergencial), the extinction of the Bolsa Família Program, and the implementation of its replacement, Auxílio Brasil, interacted in the rearrangement and dismantling of Brazil's social protection network in a broader context of a generalized impoverishment of Brazilian workers. The article not only presents a record of these actions, but also offers an interpretative approach that, historically contextualized, can shed light on these actions, which ran parallel to the deepening entrenchment of neoliberal policies in the country.

Formação do salário mínimo e os mínimos sociais necessários: sobre os direitos sociais e os impactos no 'Brasil de Bolsonaro' / Formation of the minimum wage and the necessary social minimums: on social rights and the impacts in 'Bolsonaro's Brazil'

Vislumbramos contribuir para o debate sobre os mínimos sociais e necessidades humanas no Brasil atual, onde o primeiro decreto do governo Bolsonaro resolveu sobre o Salário Mínimo. Fundamenta este artigo a Teoria Marxista da Dependência com a categoria superexploração, bem como as categorias mínimos sociais e necessidades humanas. O acirramento da precarização da vida e do trabalho, aliada a retirada de direitos, conformam um contexto que faz ampliar as expressões da questão social. Nesse interim, fica a reflexão sobre a atuação profissional, a fim de conjugar forças e resistências para o enfrentamento ao avanço do capital sobre as vidas humanas e da natureza

We aim to contribute to the debate on social minimums and human needs in present-day Brazil, where the initial decree of the Bolsonaro government addressed the Minimum Wage. This article is grounded in the Marxist Theory of Dependence, utilizing the concept of superexploitation, along with the categories of social minimums and human needs. The exacerbation of life and labor precarity, coupled with the erosion of rights, shapes a context that further magnifies the expressions of the social question. In the midst of this, there lies a reflection on professional engagement, with the goal of uniting forces and resistance to confront the encroachment of capital upon human lives and nature

Estrutura remuneratória dos servidores ativos civis do Executivo federal / Estructura de remuneración de los funcionarios civiles del Ejecutivo federal en Brasil / Compensation structure of the Federal Executive's active civil servants in Brazil

Resumo A administração pública federal passa por um momento de aperto fiscal, e, como o gasto com pessoal é um dos maiores componentes da despesa, mostra-se importante avaliar sua composição. Para isso, este artigo analisa detalhadamente a estrutura remuneratória das carreiras do Executivo federal civil. O texto mostra que a maioria dos servidores federais civis está entre os 10% mais bem remunerados do país, recebendo, em certos casos, um prêmio salarial com relação à esfera privada. Analisamos também que servidores com as mesmas atribuições têm remuneração significativamente diferente, dependendo do órgão da administração direta ou da entidade da administração indireta em que trabalham. Além disso, evidenciamos a prociclicalidade da despesa com pessoal ativo do Executivo, possivelmente liderada em tempos de recessão. Dito isso, uma agenda de reforma administrativa é importante para racionalizar as carreiras do serviço público, trazendo a remuneração à realidade brasileira e premiando servidores de alto desempenho por meio de metas de médio e longo prazos.

Resumen La Administración Pública Federal está atravesando un momento de ajuste fiscal y, como los gastos de personal son uno de los componentes más importantes del gasto público, es importante evaluar su composición. Para ello, este artículo analiza en detalle la estructura de remuneración de las carreras del Ejecutivo federal. El artículo muestra que la mayoría de los funcionarios federales se encuentra dentro del 10% mejor remunerado del país, percibiendo en ciertos casos una prima salarial, como en la esfera privada y otros países. También inferimos que los funcionarios públicos con las mismas atribuciones tienen una remuneración significativamente diferente, dependiendo del cuerpo de la administración directa o indirecta en la que trabajan. Además, evidenciamos la prociclicidad del gasto en personal activo del Ejecutivo federal. Dicho esto, es importante una agenda de reforma administrativa para racionalizar las carreras del servicio público, traer la remuneración a la realidad brasileña y recompensar a los funcionarios de alto rendimiento a través de metas a mediano y largo plazo.

Abstract The Brazilian Federal Public Administration is going through a period of fiscal tightening, and as personnel expenses are one of the largest components of expenditure, it is important to assess its composition. This article analyzes in detail the remuneration structure of executive branch careers. The article shows that most federal employees are among the 10% best-paid employees in the country, earning a salary premium relative to the private sector and other countries' public servants. Moreover, we show that civil servants with equivalent duties have significantly different remuneration, depending on the body of the direct or indirect administration in which they work. In addition, we highlight the procyclicality of the expenditure on executive branch active personnel. An administrative reform agenda is important to rationalize public service careers, provide remuneration in line with the Brazilian reality, and reward high-performance employees through medium and long-term goals.

Existe um efeito negativo duplo sobre os salários das mulheres migrantes nas regiões brasileiras? Uma abordagem não paramétrica / Is there a double negative effect on the wages of migrant women in Brazilian regions? A non-parametric approach / ¿Hay un doble efecto negativo en los salarios de las mujeres migrantes en las regiones brasileñas? Un enfoque no paramétrico

Este artigo busca verificar se existe um efeito negativo duplo sobre os salários das mulheres migrantes (não naturais e de retorno) nas regiões brasileiras. Para captar o diferencial salarial, empregou-se o método não paramétrico de Ñopo (2008) aplicado aos dados obtidos a partir da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2005 e 2015. Os resultados mostraram que apenas a mulher migrante não natural na região Sudeste sofre de dupla desvantagem no mercado de trabalho. A primeira desigualdade salarial refere-se à questão de gênero e ocorre também nas demais regiões brasileiras. A segunda diferença no salário deve-se à condição de migrante não natural da região Sudeste. Para as demais regiões, as mulheres migrantes (não naturais e de retorno) possuem uma vantagem salarial em relação às não migrantes.

This article seeks to verify the existence of a double negative effect on the wages of migrant women (non-natural and return) in Brazilian regions. To capture the wage differential, Ñopo's (2008) non-parametric method was applied to data obtained from the 2005 and 2015 PNADs. The results showed that only non-natural migrant women in the Southeast region suffer from double disadvantage in the employment market. The first wage inequality concerns gender issues and also occurs in other Brazilian regions. The second difference in salary is due to the condition of non-natural migrants from the Southeast region. For other regions, migrant women (non-natural and return) have a salary advantage over non-migrant women.

Este artículo busca verificar si existe un doble efecto negativo en los salarios de las mujeres migrantes (no naturales y de retorno) en las regiones brasileñas. Para capturar la brecha salarial, se utilizó el método no paramétrico Ñopo (2008) aplicado a los datos obtenidos de las encuestas nacionales por muestra de domicilios (PNAD) de 2005 y de 2015. Los resultados mostraron que solo las mujeres migrantes no naturales sufren doble desventaja en el mercado de trabajo en el sudeste. La primera desigualdad salarial se refiere al tema de género y también ocurre en otras regiones brasileñas. La segunda diferencia en el salario se debe a la condición de los migrantes no naturales de la región sudeste. Para otras regiones, las mujeres migrantes (no naturales y de retorno) tienen una ventaja salarial sobre las mujeres no migrantes.

Research on the correlation between social average wages level and pharmaceutical expenditure/total health expenditure / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of social average wages on the pharmaceutical expenditure as a share of total health expenditure (PE/THE), provide support for the reduction of PE/THE scientifically, and reasonably controlling pharmaceutical expenditure. METHODS： Data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development database were used in this analysis, which concluded the indicator PE/THE and the annual average wage data of 24 OECD countries. Time trends of PE/THE and the relationship between PE/THE and average annual wages were examined. The data of 15 Eurozone countries from 2006 to 2015 were used to build panel data model to analyze the correlation between annual average wage and time and PE/THE. RESULTS: The results of the study show that the reciprocal of the PE/THE was positively correlated with the average annual wages and time, and was statistically significant. That is, with the increase of the annual average wages or time goes by, the PE/THE declines. CONCLUSION: When formulating the policy of PE/THE, the influencing factor of average annual wages should be taken into full consideration.

Associations Between Activities Outside Work and Presenteeism Among Korean Wage Workers: An Analysis Using a Nationwide Survey / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Presenteeism is currently recognized as a significant global health issue that can potentially cause productivity losses. Hence, many studies have analyzed the relationships between workplace factors and presenteeism. However, few studies have considered non-occupational factors. This study examined the associations between presenteeism and activities outside work, including volunteering, self-development, leisure/sports, and gardening and house repair activities, in Korean wage workers. METHODS: This study analyzed the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey, in which a total of 19 294 wage workers participated. To identify relationships between presenteeism and activities outside work, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics. RESULTS: Self-development and leisure/sports activities significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) of presenteeism (OR, 1.166; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.061 to 1.282 and OR, 1.276; 95% CI, 1.181 to 1.379, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Certain activities outside work, such as self-development or leisure/sports, were related to presenteeism among Korean wage workers. Although many previous studies have emphasized the positive effects of those activities on health, this study documented negative effects of these activities outside work on health.

Análisis del costo diferencial entre la alimentación apta celíaca y no celíaca / Analysis of the differential cost between celiac and non-celiac apt food

Introducción: la población argentina exhibe una elevada prevalencia de enfermedad celíaca (1/100) y la alimentación es su único tratamiento, por ende, el costo de la dieta es un factor clave para la adherencia. Objetivos: calcular el costo diferencial de la dieta de una mujer adulta celíaca vs. no celíaca basado en la Canasta Básica de Alimentos (CBA) y en el patrón alimentario propuesto por las Guías Alimentarias para la Población Argentina (GAPA). Estimar la proporción que representa en base al Salario Mínimo Vital y Móvil (SMVM) en ambos casos. Materiales y método: se tomaron alimentos trazadores extraídos de la plataforma digital de un hipermercado durante el mes de septiembre y diciembre del 2018 para realizar los cálculos de costo de la dieta, considerando los alimentos de más bajo precio. Resultados: el costo de la alimentación propuesta por las GAPA arrojó una diferencia de un 55,27% superior para la población celíaca (+ $1410,08) para septiembre y de un 48,60% (+ $1537,63) para el mes de diciembre. El costo mensual representó un incremento de 13,18% del SMVM para septiembre y de 13,61% para diciembre para la población celíaca. Tomando la CBA, el costo diferencial de la dieta mensual fue mayor (89,27% más cara, equivalente a 1182,76 pesos más) para el mes de septiembre, y 46,81% que equivalen a $886,10 para diciembre. Representó un incremento de 11,06% del SMVM para septiembre y de 7,84% para diciembre. Conclusiones: la alimentación para una mujer adulta celíaca representa un costo mayor que para una mujer adulta no celíaca en la CABA. Este es uno de los factores que contribuye a la no adherencia al tratamiento de la enfermedad, siendo la alimentación la única estrategia para tratarla(AU).

Introduction: Argentinian population exhibits a high prevalence of celiac disease (1/100) and feeding is the only treatment; therefore, the cost of diet is a key factor for adherence. Objectives: to calculate the differential cost of the diet of an adult celiac woman vs. non-celiac one, based on the Basic Food Basket (BFB) and on the dietary pattern proposed by the Dietary Guidelines for the Argentine Population (GAPA). Estimate the proportion that represents based on the Minimum Living Wage (MLW) in both cases. Materials and method: tracers extracted from the digital platform of an hypermarket were taken during September and December 2018 to calculate the cost of the diet, considering the lowest-priced foods. Results: the cost of food proposed by GAPA showed a difference of 55.27% higher for the celiac population ($ 1410.08 more) in September and of 48.60% ($ 1537.63 more) in December. The monthly cost represented an increase of 13.18% for the MLW in September and 13.61% in December for the celiac population. Taking the BFB, the differential cost of the monthly diet was higher (89.27% more expensive, equivalent to 1182.76 pesos more) in September, and 46.81%, equivalent to $ 886.10, in December. It represented an increase of 11.06% for the MLW in September and of 7.84% in December. Conclusions: the food for a celiac adult woman is higher than for a nonceliac adult woman in CABA. This is one of the factors that contributes to non-adherence to the treatment of the disease; food being the only strategy to treat it(AU).

Comparison of Wage Treatment, Employment Environment, and Job Stability before and after Conversion to Indefinite Contract Status for School Foodservice Employees in Gangwon Province

The purpose of this study was to compare wage treatment and the employment environment of school foodservice employees before and after conversion to indefinite contract status since September 2012 when the Ordinance on the Appointment of Education Officials (indefinite contract) under the Gangwon Provincial Superintendent of Education was applied as well as to examine the effects of wage treatment and the employment environment on job stability. The questionnaire survey was conducted from March 31 to April 10, 2017 for school foodservice employees working at 97 schools in Gangwon province. A total of 477 questionnaires were distributed and 470 questionnaires were used for the analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Window Ver.18.0. The detailed results of this study were as follows. First, wage treatment (2.29 vs. 3.16), employment environment (3.45 vs. 4.22) and job stability (1.88 vs. 2.35) revealed significantly positive perceptions after conversion to indefinite contract status compared to before conversion. Second, after analyzing leading factors influencing job stability, it was revealed that wage treatment (before: βâ = 0.516, P < 0.05; after: βâ=0.465, P < 0.05) had a positive (+) effect on job stability, whereas employment environment did not affect job stability. In conclusion, in the context that most school foodservice employees are contract employees, this study is significant in that the changes in the employment policies of the national government and education office were confirmed to have effects on school foodservice employees.

Comprehensive comparison of the methods for determining the salary level of doctors in public hospitals in China / 中国卫生政策研究

At present, there are three methods for determining the salary level, namely the social average wage comparison method, balance comparison method, and market comparison method respectively. Through comprehensive comparison, this paper compares the abovementioned three paths from aspects of objects, principles, methods, advantages, operability, limitations or restriction conditions, and scope of application, and finds out the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three methods. Therefore, it needs to be considered and selected according to different applicable conditions before being specifically applied. The results showed that social average wage comparison relies too much on the influence of values, and that the market comparison needs to be based on a sound medical market. Therefore, this paper suggests that China's method for determining the salary level should be gradually transitioned from the social average wage comparison to the balance comparison method. Simultaneously, much attention should be paid to non-monetary welfare factors and the establishment of strict training system and access mechanism to improve the overall quality of doctors.

Limites dos planos de cargos, carreiras e salários para desprecarização das relações de trabalho no SUS / Limits of the position, career, and wage plans for the improvement of labor relations in the Unified Health System / Límites de los planes de cargos, carreras y salarios para la desprecarización de las relaciones de trabajo en el Sistema Único de Salud

Resumo O estudo objetivou avaliar o papel do plano de cargos, carreiras e salários do Sistema Único de Saúde de Guarulhos, no estado de São Paulo, como possível instrumento de desprecarização das relações de trabalho, segundo preconiza o Ministério da Saúde. A investigação, realizada entre 2013 e 2014, baseou-se na coleta e análise de conteúdo de entrevistas realizadas com gestores e grupo focal de trabalhadores da saúde. Observou-se que o plano de cargos, carreiras ne salários possui forte viés técnico-administrativo, compreendido como instrumento para organização do quadro de trabalhadores em cargos/funções nos equipamentos de saúde. Ressalta-se que iniciativas que poderiam promover fixação e valorização profissional no intuito de uma carreira sofreram restrições orçamentárias que comprometeram sua aplicação nos termos da lei. A contratação nele prevista por meio de concurso público incluiu apenas os trabalhadores da administração direta, tendo sido concomitante à sua implantação a contratação de recursos humanos por meio de parcerias públicas não estatais. Concluiu-se que o plano de cargos, carreiras e salários é uma ferramenta importante, porém limitada, para a desprecarização do trabalho no Sistema Único de Saúde, havendo a necessidade de ampliação de discussões sobre os efeitos da Reforma Administrativa de Estado na saúde e seus impactos na organização da força de trabalho e do próprio conceito de trabalho precário, vinculado apenas à observância de direitos trabalhistas e sociais.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the role played by the Unified Health System’s position, career, and wage plan in Guarulhos municipality, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, as a possible tool to improve labor relations, as recommended by the Ministry of Health. The research carried out between 2013 and 2014 was based on the collection and the analysis of the content of interviews conducted with managers and health worker focus groups. It was noted that the position, career, and wage plan has a strong technical and administrative bias, being seen as a tool for organizing workers in positions/jobs at health service locations. It is emphasized that initiatives that could promote professional fixation and development towards a career were affected budgetary restrictions that have compromised their application under the law. Hiring under it, which takes place via a public contest, included only direct administration employees, and the hiring of human resources through non-state partnerships was concomitant with its implementation. It was concluded that the position, career and wage plan is an important, albeit limited tool to improve work in the Unified Health System, and it is necessary to expand discussions on the effects of the State’s Administrative Reform in health and its impacts on the organization of the workforce and on the concept of precarious work, linked only to the observance of labor and social rights.

Resumen El estudio buscó evaluar el papel del plan de cargos, carreras y salarios del Sistema Único de Salud en el municipio de Guarulhos, del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, como un posible instrumento de desprecarización de las relaciones de trabajo, según lo preconiza el Ministerio de la Salud. La investigación llevada a cabo entre 2013 y 2014, se basó en la recopilación y el análisis de contenido de entrevistas realizadas con gestores y grupo focal de trabajadores de la salud. Se observó que el plan de cargos, carreras y salarios tiene un fuerte carácter técnico y administrativo, comprendido como instrumento para la organización del cuadro de trabajadores en cargos/funciones en los equipos de salud. Se destaca que iniciativas que podrían fomentar la fijación y la valoración profesional para hacer carrera sufrieron restricciones presupuestarias que comprometieron su aplicación según la ley. La contratación prevista en el mismo por medio de concurso público incluyó solamente los trabajadores de la administración directa, y concomitantemente a su implementación la contratación de recursos humanos mediante asociaciones públicas no estatales. Se concluyó que el plan de cargos, carreras y salarios es una herramienta importante, aunque limitada, para la desprecarización del trabajo en el Sistema Único de Salud, habiendo necesidad de ampliar las discusiones sobre los efectos de la Reforma Administrativa del Estado en la salud y sus impactos en la organización de la fuerza de trabajo y del propio concepto de trabajo precario, vinculado apenas al cumplimento de los derechos laborales y sociales.

Effect of Long Working Hours on Self-reported Hypertension among Middle-aged and Older Wage Workers

OBJECTIVES: Many studies have reported an association between overwork and hypertension. However, research on the health effects of long working hours has yielded inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to identify an association between overtime work and hypertension in wage workers 45 years and over of age using prospective data. METHODS: Wage workers in Korea aged 45 years and over were selected for inclusion in this study from among 10,254 subjects from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Workers with baseline hypertension and those with other major diseases were excluded. In the end, a total of 1,079 subjects were included. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios and adjust for baseline characteristics such as sex, age, education, income, occupation, form of employment, body mass index, alcohol habit, smoking habit, regular exercise, and number of working days per week. Additional models were used to calculate hazard ratios after gender stratification. RESULTS: Among the 1,079 subjects, 85 workers were diagnosed with hypertension during 3974.2 person-months. The average number of working hours per week for all subjects was 47.68. The proportion of overtime workers was 61.0% (cutoff, 40 h per week). Compared with those working 40 h and less per week, the hazard ratio of subjects in the final model, which adjusted for all selected variables, working 41-50 h per week was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-4.06), that of subjects working 51-60 h per week was 2.40 (95% CI, 1.07-5.39), and that of subjects working 61 h and over per week was 2.87 (95% CI, 1.33-6.20). In gender stratification models, the hazard ratio of the females tended to be higher than that of the males. CONCLUSION: As the number of working hours per week increased, the hazard ratio for diagnosis of hypertension significantly increased. This result suggests a positive association between overtime work and the risk of hypertension.

Study of working profile of child labourers in urban slum areas of Rajkot city.

Background: Detail statistics on various aspects of working profile of child labourers is of key significance for research, policy, planning and implementation of program for elimination of child labour. Aims & Objective: To study working profile of child labourers. Material and Methods: This was Cross sectional done which included 30 slum areas of Rajkot city. 372 child labourers were taken by cluster methodology from May 2005 to July 2005. Data were collected using a pretested semi structured questionnaire from each child labourer during house-to-house visit. Statistical analysis was done by Z test and Chi – square test. Results: 58.6% were working for more than 6 hours in a day. 16.1% did not get rest during work and 11.6% not received weekly holiday. 8.3% child labourers were not paid. Mean monthly income of child labourers is 689.15 ± 299.73. 25.3% stated that they were exposed to sun or rain during work. 78.2% stated that there was no toilet facility and 94.3% stated that no medical care facility at work place. Conclusion: Majority of female child labourers engaged in Household work and male child labourers engaged in manufacturing sector. Working hours and monthly income of child labourers increases with the age. There were poor facilities at work place.

O assistente social como trabalhador assalariado: desafios frente às violações de seus direitos / The social worker as a wage earner: challenges due to the violations of his rights

Este artigo tem por objetivo problematizar algumas das dimensões do processo de precarização do trabalho do assistente social no contexto das transformações e redefinições do trabalho na contemporaneidade, buscando analisar as novas configurações e demandas que se expressam nos espaços sócio-ocupacionais, bem como a violação de direitos a que também é submetido o profissional na condição de trabalhador assalariado.

This article aims at questioning some of the dimensions of the process of making the social worker's job precarious in the context of the transformations and redefinitions of work in contemporary times. It analyzes the new forms and demands in social-occupational spaces, as well as the violation of rights that the professional as a wage earner is submitted to.

Diferencial de salários entre homens e mulheres segundo a condição de migração / Diferencia de salarios entre hombres y mujeres según la condición de migración / Wage differences between men and women according to condition of migration

Este trabalho analisa a diferença salarial por sexo, segundo a condição de migração da população. Por meio do cálculo do índice de dissimilaridade de Duncan e da decomposição de Oaxaca para os salários de homens e mulheres migrantes e não-migrantes, encontraram-se situações diferenciadas para a Região Sudeste e o restante do país. Os resultados mostram que a elevada diferença salarial entre sexo verificada na população migrante residente fora da Região Sudeste mantém-se devido à diferente valorização no mercado de trabalho do local de destino dos atributos masculinos vis-à-vis os femininos. Já no caso do Sudeste, a menor diferença salarial constatada entre homens e mulheres migrantes deve-se mais às características específicas das trabalhadoras do que à valorização diferenciada no mercado de trabalho.

Este trabajo analiza la diferencia salarial por sexo, según la condición de migración de la población. Por medio del cálculo del índice de disimilaridad de Duncan y de la descomposición de Oaxaca para los salarios de hombres y mujeres migrantes y no-migrantes, se encontraron situaciones diferenciadas para la Región Sudeste y el resto del país. Los resultados muestran que la elevada diferencia salarial entre sexo verificada en la población migrante residente fuera de la Región Sudeste se mantiene, debido a la diferente valorización en el mercado de trabajo del lugar de destino de los atributos masculinos con respecto a los femeninos. Por otro lado, en el caso del Sudeste, la menor diferencia salarial constatada entre hombres y mujeres migrantes se debe más a las características específicas de las trabajadoras que a la valorización diferenciada en el mercado de trabajo.

This article analyzes wage differences by gender, as per condition of migration of the population. By calculating Duncan's dissimilarity index and the Oaxaca decomposition for wages of male and female migrants and non-migrants, great differences were noted between the southeastern region of Brazil and the rest of the country. The findings show that the great wage differences between genders detected in the migrant population living outside the southeastern region is due to the different valuation on the labor market of male attributes vis-a-vis female. But in the southeast the narrower wage difference between men and women migrants was seen as being due more to the specific characteristics of the workers than to different valuation on the labor market.

Remuneraciones profesionales médicas / Medical remunerations

Desde que Aristóteles en su Ética a Nicomaco expresaba que "el fin que persigue el arte de la medicina es la salud" la profesión y la condigna remuneración de los médicos fueron consideradas en alta estima por parte de todos cuantos requerían de los servicios asistenciales médicos. Era sin lugar a dudas la del médico una de las profesiones más elogiosamente reconocidas y mejor remuneradas dentro de las variadas disciplinas humanas. En el presente trabajo se procura recrear la variable historia de las remuneraciones médicas y el particular destrato que ellas merecen en la actualidad en la República Argentina. Se hacen las consideraciones éticas, morales, laborales y legales sobre los conceptos remunerativos del médico y su discriminación cuando son considerados "honorarios" y cuando son considerados simplemente "salarios". Se concluye necesariamente que la histórica y merecida buena imagen del médico como agente de la salud se ha deteriorado y devaluado paulatinamente hasta llegar al presente en muchas comunidades a revestir el carácter de irrisoria, particularmente en lo atinente a su remuneración. Se toma en cuenta que en la actualidad la actividad médica depende no ya de sus pacientes asistidos, sino de terceros que ofician como pagadores de las prestaciones, preocupándose las más de las veces por el superávit económico que por el superávit de la salud. La labor médica se ha convertido en un mero objeto de intercambio y contienda económica, abandonando el espíritu de solidaridad individual y social de la atención para la salud. La medicina pasó a tomar parte integral de un "complejo comercial – industrial" para la salud y todo ello sin considerar la formación humana y profesional del médico, su permanente incentivo en estudiar y agregar conocimientos a su arte y sin verificarlo como una entidad esencial como soporte natural en la salud de la comunidad...

Since Aristoteles wrote in his "Etica a Nicomaco" was expressing that "the end that chases the art of the medicine is the health…", the profession and the deserved doctor’s remuneration were high esteem and consideration on the part for all those were needing of the welfare medical services. It was no doubt that the doctor, one of the professions more eulogistically recognized and best remunerated inside the varied human disciplines. In the present work one gets to recreate the changeable history of the medical remunerations and the individual mistreatment that they deserve at present in the Argentine Republic. There’re done the ethical, moral, labour and legal considerations on the remunerative of the doctor and his discrimination among when it’s considered to be "honorarium" and when are considered simply "wages". It concludes necessarily in that the historical and welldeserved good image of the doctor as a health’s agent, has deteriorated and gradually devaluated, up to managing to the present in many communities to re-dress the character of derisory, particularly in the relating thing to his remuneration. It born in mind that at present the medical activity depends not already on his assisted patients, but of third that officiate as payers presentations, worrying more of the times for the economic surplus that for the health’s surplus. The medical labor has turned into a mere exchange’s object and economic contest, leaving the spirit of individual and social solidarity for the health’s attention. The medicine passed to take integral report of a "commercial complex-industrially"for the health and all this without considering the doctor’s human and professional training, his art and withoutchecking it as an essential entity as natural support in the community’s health...

Classe social e desigualdade de gênero no Brasil / Social class and gender inequality in Brazil / Classe sociale et inégalité des sexes au Brésil

This article investigates the hypothesis that gender inequality in income in Brazil is influenced by the social class context. Class order and occupational segregation act as relevant factors in gender inequality. The effect of social class on the gender wage gap, although less pronounced as compared to interactions between class and race, plays an important "moderating" role on gender disparity, particularly by accentuating the gap in the case of capitalists, managers, and holders of professional qualifications (as assets) and attenuating them in the case of ordinary workers. The study identifies sharp inequality in gender treatment that appears to supersede the inequality in access to valuable contexts and resources, representing a direct effect of gender.

Dans cet article, on cherche à savoir si l'inégalité de revenu selon le sexe au Brésil serait liée à l'appartenance à une classe sociale donnée. L'ordre de classe et la ségrégation professionnelle agissent comme d'importants facteurs médiateurs de l'inégalité selon le sexe. L'effet de la classe sociale sur les écarts selon le sexe, bien que moins aigu lorsqu'on le compare aux interactions entre classe et race, joue un rôle "modérateur" important sur l'inégalité de revenu selon le sexe, en particulier chez les détenteurs de capital, les cadres et ceux qui diposent d'actifs de qualification, dans le sens de leur approfondissement, et les travailleurs primaires, dans le sens de leur allègement. Dans cette étude, on constate une forte inégalité de traitement selon le sexe, qui semble prédominer sur les inégalités d'accès à de considérables contextes et ressources, ce qui représente un effet direct de l'appartenance à l'un des sexes.