¿Son los ácidos grasos de la carne y la leche bovina nocivos para la salud de las personas? / Are fatty acids from beef and milk from cattle harmful for human health?

Nutritional recommendations of the past 35-40 years have promoted the reduction of fat intake, calories and particularly saturated fatty acids (SFA), emphasizing lower consumption of red meat and high fat dairy products, because of its association with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), being in turn replaced by sugars and refined carbohydrates. There is consensus that the SFA concentration in blood plasma, particularly palmitic acid, are associated with an increased risk of CVD and heart attacks. However, there is no evidence of causality between CVD and consumption of SFA, raising reasonable doubts about the relation ship between consumption of SFA with those present in blood plasma, as well as with the CVD risk. This review presents scientific evidence that demonstrates that the inclusion of fats in the diet, specifically animal fats from ruminants, provide important health benefits for people, especially when accompanied by a reduction in the consumption of carbohydrates. It is also proposed that ruminant products and their fatty acids contribute with beneficial saturated fats for people's health, especially those from pastoral production systems such as vaccenic, rumenic and linolenic acids.

Las recomendaciones nutricionales de los últimos 40 años han promovido la reducción del consumo grasas, calorías y particularmente ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), enfatizando un menor consumo de carnes rojas y productos lácteos altos en materia grasa debido a su asociación con enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), siendo reemplazados por azúcares y carbohidratos refinados. Existe consenso en que la concentración de AGS en el plasma sanguíneo, particularmente ácido palmítico, se asocia con un mayor riesgo de ECV y ataques al corazón. Sin embargo, no hay evidencias de causalidad entre ECV y consumo de AGS, planteando dudas razonables sobre la existencia de una relación entre el consumo de AGS con los presentes en el plasma sanguíneo, y con el riesgo de ECV. La presente revisión plantea evidencia científica que demuestra que la incorporación de grasas en la dieta, específicamente grasas de origen animal, aporta importantes beneficios para la salud de las personas, en especial cuando se acompaña de una reducción en el consumo de carbohidratos. Asimismo, se plantea que los productos de rumiantes y sus grasas contribuyen con ácidos grasos beneficiosos para la salud de las personas, en especial aquellos provenientes de sistemas de producción pastoriles como los ácidos vaccénico, ruménico y linolénico.

The efficacy of evening primrose oil as a cervical ripening agent for gynecologic procedures: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

BACKGROUND: Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) is one of the most commonly prescribed cervical ripening agents. Cervical ripening is the softening, effacement, and dilation of the cervix that occur prior to active labor, and is an intervention that is used for certain indications, such as postdates pregnancy. There are gynecologic cases wherein the cervix is closed and dilatation has not occurred making the procedure difficult. In studies, EPO works by softening and ripening the cervix in the pregnant woman. More likely it has the same effects in a non-pregnant patient with regards to softening and dilating the cervix during gynecologic procedures.METHODS: The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital. Patients scheduled for gynecologic procedures were randomly grouped under the control and study group. Both groups had an internal examination during admission. The study group, in addition, were given EPO 4 capsules intra-vaginally, 6 hours prior to the contemplated procedure. Cervical characteristics were assessed initially on admission and pre-proedure.Consistency were assessed using the Consistency Index (CI) and graded as firm=1, medium=2 and soft=3. Dilatation were assessed using the Dilatation Index (DI) and graded as closed=1, admits tip =2 , >1cm= 3. Pre-procedure, cervical characteristics and the CDI of both groups were assessed. Hegars dilators were used to assess the degree of dilatation, noting the diameter of dilator that can be introduced freely, and to what diameter the cervix can be maximally dilated.RESULTS: 80 patients were enrolled in the study; 39 patients were assigned in the control group and 38 patients were assigned in the study group (3 were excluded). In the study group, their DI improved by 36.2% (pre = 1.53+/-0.51 to post = 2.08+/-0.49) (pCONCLUSION: EPO 4 capsules punctured and administered intra-vaginally 6 hours prior to contemplated gynecologic procedure can promote cervical ripening as exhibited by the improvement of the CDI from initial assessment to pre-procedure assessment.

Evaluación de la aceptabilidad de dos aceites vegetales con diferentes niveles de ácido alfa-linolénico en embarazadas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile / Acceptability assessment of two vegetable oils with different level of alpha-linolenic acid in pregnant women from the Metropolitan Region of Chile

Polyunsaturated Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 ω-3, DHA), are critical nutrients during pregnancy with a key role for visual and brain development. Fish, especially oily fish, is an excellent dietary source of DHA. However, its dietary consumption is low. Bioconversion from alpha-linolenic acid (C18: 3 ω-3, ALA) to DHA is a limited metabolic pathway in humans, however, it increases during fertility and pregnancy. The chia seed oil (Salvia hispanica) is a good vegetal source of ω-3 PUFA, containing a large proportion (60-65% of total fatty acids) as ALA. The aim of this study was to compare the acceptability of two different commercial oils: chia oil (63% ALA) and canola oil (10% ALA) in a group of Chilean pregnant women. A sample of 41 women was included. Each participant performed: a) an assessment of the acceptability of two commercial oils (hedonic scale), b) a dietary intake questionnaire and, c) a test of knowledge related to ω-3 PUFAs. Main results indicated that 57% of the participants properly recognized food sources of ω-3 PUFA, and 12.2% met their dietary requirements. The characteristics that had the highest scores were the appearance of chia oil and the taste of canola oil. However, there were no significant differences between the overall acceptability of both evaluated oils. It is concluded that chia oil could be a new and useful alternative to increase dietary ALA intake in pregnant women.

Los ácidos grasos (AG) poliinsaturados omega 3 (AGPI ω-3), y especialmente el ácido docosahexaenoico (C22:6 ω-3, DHA) participan en el desarrollo cerebral y visual del feto y del lactante, constituyendo nutrientes críticos durante el embarazo. Los pescados grasos, representan una excelente fuente de consumo de DHA, sin embargo, su consumo a nivel poblacional es bajo. El ácido alfa-linolénico (C18:3 ω-3, ALA) es el precursor del DHA, vía metabólica limitada en el ser humano, pero que aumenta en mujeres en edad fértil y embarazadas. El aceite de semilla de chía (Salvia hispánica) contiene en una gran cantidad de AGPI ω-3 (60-65% del total de AG) y su aceite podría representar una nueva fuente de este tipo de AG. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la aceptabilidad de un aceite de canola (10% ALA) y chía (63% ALA) en embarazadas chilenas. Se estudió una muestra de 41 embarazadas quienes respondieron una encuesta de aceptabilidad (escala hedónica), una encuesta de tendencia de consumo modificada y una prueba de conocimiento respecto a los AGPI ω-3. Los resultados indicaron que el 57% de las embarazadas reconoció correctamente los alimentos fuentes de AGPI ω-3 y 12.2% de ellas cumplió con sus requerimientos dietarios. Las características que presentaron los mayores puntajes fueron la apariencia del aceite de chía, y el sabor del aceite de canola. Sin embargo, no existió diferencia significativa entre la aceptabilidad de ambos aceites evaluados. Se concluye que el aceite de chía podría ser utilizado como una alternativa dietaria de buena fuente de ALA en embarazadas.

Dose-Dependent Effects of Evening Primrose Oil in Children and Adolescents with Atopic Dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Previous clinical trials with evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment have shown different results. In addition, the optimal dose and duration of treatment with evening primrose oil have not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the dose-response treatment effects of evening primrose oil on clinical symptoms of AD and serum concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. METHODS: Forty AD patients were enrolled for the study and randomly divided into 2 groups: those who received evening primrose oil 160 mg daily for 8 weeks and those who received 320 mg of evening primrose oil twice daily for 8 weeks. We evaluated the Eczema Area Severity Index (EASI) scores of all AD patients at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8. In addition, we measured the levels of serum fatty acids, including C16 : 0 (palmitic), C18 : 2n (linoleic), C18 : 3n (linolenic) and C20 : 4 (arachidonic acid) using gas chromatography. RESULTS: The serum fatty acid levels C18 : 3n and C20 : 4 were higher in the 320 mg group than in the 160 mg group, with statistical significance. After evening primrose oil treatment, EASI scores were reduced in the 2 groups. The improvement in EASI scores was greater in the 320 mg group than in the 160 mg group. There were no side effects seen in either group during the study in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the 320 mg and 160 mg groups may be equally effective in treating AD patients and show dose-dependent effects on serum fatty acid levels and EASI scores.

Dose-Dependent Effects of Evening Primrose Oil in Children and Adolescents with Atopic Dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Previous clinical trials with evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment have shown different results. In addition, the optimal dose and duration of treatment with evening primrose oil have not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the dose-response treatment effects of evening primrose oil on clinical symptoms of AD and serum concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. METHODS: Forty AD patients were enrolled for the study and randomly divided into 2 groups: those who received evening primrose oil 160 mg daily for 8 weeks and those who received 320 mg of evening primrose oil twice daily for 8 weeks. We evaluated the Eczema Area Severity Index (EASI) scores of all AD patients at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8. In addition, we measured the levels of serum fatty acids, including C16 : 0 (palmitic), C18 : 2n (linoleic), C18 : 3n (linolenic) and C20 : 4 (arachidonic acid) using gas chromatography. RESULTS: The serum fatty acid levels C18 : 3n and C20 : 4 were higher in the 320 mg group than in the 160 mg group, with statistical significance. After evening primrose oil treatment, EASI scores were reduced in the 2 groups. The improvement in EASI scores was greater in the 320 mg group than in the 160 mg group. There were no side effects seen in either group during the study in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the 320 mg and 160 mg groups may be equally effective in treating AD patients and show dose-dependent effects on serum fatty acid levels and EASI scores.

Lipids, proteins, phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seeds of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea l) cultivated in Tunisia

Fatty acid composition of peanut seed oil in four varieties cultivated in Tunisia showed that linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1) and palmitic (C16) acids account for more than 84% for Chounfakhi and Massriya and for more than 85% of the total fatty acids of Trabilsia and Sinya seed oil respectively. Seed oil contents were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) and did not exceed 48%. The study of total phenolics revealed that Chounfakhi contained more total phenolics (2.1 mg GAE/g DW), followed by the Massriya and Sinya cultivars (1.35 mg GAE/g DW for each); Trabilsia presented the lowest total phenolic content with 1 mg GAE/g DW. Considerable antiradical ability was found, especially in the Trabilsia peanut seed cultivar (IC50 = 1550 μg/ml), the Massriya and Sinya cultivars had, respectively, 720 and 820 mg/ml IC50. In the Massriya variety the sterol fraction showed antibacterial activity against Listeria ivanovii, Listeria inocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococus aureus, Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus cereus.

Comparison of the chemical compositions and nutritive values of various pumpkin (Cucurbitaceae) species and parts

Pumpkins have considerable variation in nutrient contents depending on the cultivation environment, species, or part. In this study, the general chemical compositions and some bioactive components, such as tocopherols, carotenoids, and beta-sitosterol, were analyzed in three major species of pumpkin (Cucurbitaceae pepo, C. moschata, and C. maxima) grown in Korea and also in three parts (peel, flesh, and seed) of each pumpkin species. C. maxima had significantly more carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber than C. pepo or C. moschata (P < 0.05). The moisture content as well as the amino acid and arginine contents in all parts of the pumpkin was highest in C. pepo. The major fatty acids in the seeds were palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. C. pepo and C. moschata seeds had significantly more gamma-tocopherol than C. maxima, whose seeds had the highest beta-carotene content. C. pepo seeds had significantly more beta-sitosterol than the others. Nutrient compositions differed considerably among the pumpkin species and parts. These results will be useful in updating the nutrient compositions of pumpkin in the Korean food composition database. Additional analyses of various pumpkins grown in different years and in different areas of Korea are needed.

Screening and identifying of hepatoprotective compounds in paeoniae radix rubra / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a new rapid method to screen potential hepatoprotective compounds from traditional Chinese medicine, and identify the hepatoprotective compounds in Paeoniae Radix Rubra.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Fluorescein diacetate labelled and MTT assay were applied for screening the hepatoprotective fractions on HepG2 cells exposed to galactosamine. The active fractions were analyzed by chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Finally, the hepatoprotective effects of the identified compounds were validated by hepatoprotective assay.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Three hepatoprotective fractions were founded, in which three compounds were identified as paeoniflorin, ethyl palmitate and ethyl linoleate. Validation results indicated that all the three compounds can attenuate the galactosamine induced injury on HepG2 cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Paeoniflorin, ethyl palmitate and ethyl linoleate from paeoniae radix rubra showed potential hepatoprotective activity.</p>

Modulation of peritoneal macrophage activity by the saturation state of the fatty acid moiety of phosphatidylcholine

To determine the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine (PC) on macrophage activity, peritoneal lavage cells were cultured in the presence of phosphatidylcholine rich in saturated or unsaturated fatty acids (sat PC and unsatPC, respectively), both used at concentrations of 32 and 64 ìM. The treatment of peritoneal macrophages with 64 ìM unsat PC increased the production of hydrogen peroxide by 48.3% compared to control (148.3 ± 16.3 vs 100.0 ± 1.8%, N = 15), and both doses of unsat PC increased adhesion capacity by nearly 50%. Moreover, 64 ìM unsat PC decreased neutral red uptake by lysosomes by 32.5% compared to the untreated group (67.5 ± 6.8 vs 100.0 ± 5.5%, N = 15), while both 32 and 64 ìM unsat PC decreased the production of lipopolysaccharide-elicited nitric oxide by 30.4% (13.5 ± 2.6 vs 19.4 ± 2.5 ìM) and 46.4% (10.4 ± 3.1 vs 19.4 ± 2.5 ìM), respectively. Unsat PC did not affect anion production in non-stimulated cells or phagocytosis of unopsonized zymosan particles. A different result pattern was obtained for macrophages treated with sat PC. Phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate-elicited superoxide production and neutral red uptake were decreased by nearly 25% by 32 and 64 ìM sat PC, respectively. Sat PC did not affect nitric oxide or hydrogen peroxide production, adhesion capacity or zymosan phagocytosis. Thus, PC modifies macrophage activity, but this effect depends on cell activation state, fatty acid saturation and esterification to PC molecule and PC concentration. Taken together, these results indicate that the fatty acid moiety of PC modulates macrophage activity and, consequently, is likely to affect immune system regulation in vivo.

Effects of the Mixture of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Pycnogenol and Evening Primrose Oil on the UV-Induced Pigmentation and Wrinkle Reductions in Human Skin

In this study, the effects of a mixture consisting of vitamin E, vitamin C, pycnogenol and evening primrose oil (mixture LGNC-5) on ultraviolet light (UV) induced pigmentation and wrinkle reductions of normal healthy volunteers were studied. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, each of 54 subjects took daily either 4 capsules of the mixture LGNC-5 (Group ABC; 282.5 mg/capsule) or placebo (Group Ganada). We irradiated 2.5 MED UV on the upper arms and measured the whitening effect by colorimeter-based L value. The level of wrinkle reduction was determined by image analysis using skin replica around the crow' feet, and the level of serum vitamin E was determined at baseline and 12 weeks. After 12-week oral administration, the treated group showed a significant reduction in skin pigmentation and wrinkles compared with the placebo group (p = 0.011 and p = 0.000005 , respectively). Also, the level of serum vitamin E was significantly increased in the treated group after 12-week oral adminstration of the mixture compared with that in the placebo group (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, 12-week oral administration of LGNC-5 as a dietary supplement could be effective to reduce both UV induced pigmentation and skin wrinkle without side effects.

Chemical Constituents of the Fruiting Body of Xylaria polymorpha

Xylaria, belonging to the Ascomycotina, is known to produce diverse classes of bioactive substances. In an effort to identify the chemical constituents of the fruiting bodies of Xylaria polymorpha, linoleic acid (1), linoleic acid methyl ester (2), ergosterol (3), 4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one (4), and 4-hydroxyscytalone (5) were isolated from its methanolic extract. Their structures were assigned on the basis of various spectroscopic studies.

Culture conditions stimulating high gama-Linolenic acid accumulation by Spirulina platensis / Condições de cultura simulando o levado acúmulo de ácido gama-linolênico por Spirulina platensis

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) production by Spirulina platensis under different stress-inducing conditions was studied. Submerged culture studies showed that low temperature (25ºC), strong light intensity (6 klux) and primrose oil supplement (0.8 percentw/v) induced 13.2 mg/g, 14.6 mg/g and 13.5 mg linolenic acid per gram dry cell weight respectively. A careful observation of fatty acid profile of the cyanobacteria shows that, oleic acid and linoleic acid, in experiments with varying growth temperature and oil supplements respectively, helped in accumulating excess γ-linolenic acid. In addition, cultures grown at increasing light regimes maintained the γ-linolenic acid to the total fatty acid ratio(GLA/TFA) constant, despite any change in γ-linolenic acid content of the cyanobacteria.

Estudou-se a produção de ácido γ-linolênico por Spirulina platensis em diferentes condições de estresse. Culturas submersas indicaram que temperatura baixa (25ºC), forte intensidade de luz (6 klux) e suplementação com óleo de prímula (0,8 por cento p/v) induziram a produção de ácido linolênico de 13,2 mg/g, 14,6 mg/g e 13,5 mg/g peso seco, respectivamente. Uma observação cuidadosa do perfil de ácidos graxos da cianobacteria indica que os ácidos oléico e linoléico, em experimentos com diferentes temperaturas de crescimento e suplementos de óleo, auxiliaram no acúmulo de excesso de ácido γ-linolênico. Além disso, as culturas obtidas em intensidades crescentes de luz mantiveram a relação ácido γ-linolênico/ácidos graxos totais constante, independentemente de qualquer mudança no conteúdo de ácido γ-linolênico da cianobactéria.

Dihydroxyoctadecamonoenoate esters inhibit the neutrophil respiratory burst.

The leukotoxins [9(10)-and 12(13)-EpOME] are produced by activated inflammatory leukocytes such as neutrophils. High EpOME levels are observed in disorders such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and in patients with extensive burns.Although the physiological significance of the EpOMEs remains poorly understood,in some systems, the EpOMEs act as a protoxin,with their corresponding epoxide hydrolase metabolites,9,10-and 12,13-DiHOME, specifically exerting toxicity.Both the EpOMEs and the DiHOMEs were also recently shown to have neutrophil chemotactic activity.We evaluated whether the neutrophil respiratory burst,a surge of oxidant production thought to play an important role in limiting certain bacterial and fungal infections,is modulated by members of the EpOME metabolic pathway.We present evidence that the DiHOMEs suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst by a mechanism distinct from that of respiratory burst inhibitors such as cyclosporin H or lipoxin A4,which inhibit multiple aspects of neutrophil activation.

Danazol versus oil of evening primrose in the treatment of mastalgia

To evaluate the efficacy of Danazol and Oil of Evening Primrose [OEP] in the treatment of Mastalgia, and to note their undesirable effects during the course of treatment. An open, non-randomized, comparative study, carried out from Nov 2004 to Nov 2005. Department of General Surgery, Surgical Unit-Ill [Ward 26], Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A total of 100 female patients with moderate to severe breast pain who visited the Out-patient Surgical Department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. After clinical evaluation, investigations and informed consent, all patients were assigned to two groups alternatively. Mastalgia in all the patients was gauged before and during the treatment according to the Cardiff Breast pain Score [CBS]. Patients with discrete lumps, nipple discharge, lactation, pregnancy and breast abscess were excluded from the study. Group-I [n = 50] patients were given Danazol 100mg b. i. d per oral and Group-II [n = 50] Efamol [Oil of evening primrose] 500mg b. i. d per oral for three months periods. All patients were seen at 4 and 12 weeks, their level of mastalgia assessed and information sought about adverse effects of the drug. Out of the 100 patients, 70% belong to the age group 15-25 years, 20% to 26-35 years and 10% beyond 35 years of age. The overall response with Danazol was 76% in contrast to 68% response in the patients treated with OEP The patients who were treated with Danazol showed 32% distressing but reversible side effects as compared to 12% in OEP which were not distressing and also reversible. Danazol offers good pain control in mastalgia but with distressing side effects, where as Oil of Evening Primrose [OEP] also showed good pain control but without mtich distressing side effects

Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: importância e ocorrência em alimentos / Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: importance and occurrence in foods

Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados abrangem as famílias de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ômega-6. Os ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa, como os ácidos araquidônico e docosaexaenóico, desempenham importantes funções no desenvolvimento e funcionamento do cérebro e da retina. Esse grupo de ácidos graxos não pode ser obtido pela síntese de novo, mas pode ser sintetizado a partir dos ácidos linoléico e alfa-linolênico presentes na dieta. Neste artigo são considerados os principais fatores que podem inibir a atividade das enzimas dessaturases envolvidas na síntese dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. São apresentadas as recomendações da razão ômega-6/ômega-3 na dieta, propostas em diversos países, sendo verificada a convergência para o intervalo de 4 a 5:1. São relacionados alimentos que podem contribuir para aumentar a ingestão do ácido alfa-linolênico e dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. A essencialidade dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa é muito dependente do metabolismo do indivíduo, sendo que a razão n-6/n-3 da dieta exerce grande influência nesse sentido.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids include the classes of fatty acids designated as omega-3 and omega-6. Very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as arachidonic and docosahexaenoic have important roles in the development and functioning of the brain and retina. This group of fatty acids cannot be synthesized by de novo pathway, but can be formed from linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid present in diet. In this article, the main factors that can inhibit desaturase enzymes activity involved in the synthesis of MLC-PUFAs are considered. Recommendations of omega-6/omega-3 ratio in diet proposed in several countries are presented, showing a coverage range from 4 to 5:1. Foods that are sources of alpha-linolenic acid and Very-long-chain are listed. The essentiality of Very-long-chain is very dependent of individual metabolism, and omega-6/omega-3 dietary ratio has a great influence in their health effects.

Inhibitory effect of antioxidants on ferric nitrilotriacetic acid chelate mediated peroxidation of methyllinoleate

Antioxidants, namely mannitol, gallic acid, quercetin, Alpha-tocopheryl acetate, and ascorbic acid, were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on the peroxidation of methyllinoleate [ML] induced by 1:2 ferric-nitrilotriacetic acid [Fe [III] [NTA] 2] chelate. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance [TBARS] assay was used to measure the inhibitory effect of the antioxidants [AOXs]. The results of this study have revealed that Fe [III] [NTA] 2-mediated peroxidation of ML was inhibited by each of the antioxidants used and the inhibition was concentration dependent. The decreasing order of inhibition of peroxidation of ML by the antioxidants at 1 mM concentration was found to be as follows: gallic acid > quercetin > mannitol > tocopheryl acetate > ascorbic acid. The probable causes of the observed decreasing order of inhibitory effect for the studied antioxidants have also been discussed

Acido linoléico conjugado e perda de peso / Conjugated linoleic acid and weight loss

O tratamento e a prevenção da obesidade têm sido considerados uma enorme batalha para os profissionais da área de saúde. As indústrias de alimentos e de fármacos, por sua vez, têm oferecido cada vez mais uma vasta gama de novos produtos que preconizam a perda de peso. O ácido linoléico conjugado, encontrado em maiores concentrações na gordura de animais ruminantes, parece apresentar efeitos favoráveis quanto à manutenção do peso corporal. Esta revisão apresenta uma análise crítica dos dados disponíveis na literatura, que relacionam o ácido linoléico conjugado com o metabolismo energético e a composição corporal. Os estudos realizados com humanos ainda não são conclusivos, embora alguns apontem um possível aumento da lipólise e/ou redução da lipogênese, que reflete em alterações apenas na composição corporal, especialmente no tecido adiposo abdominal, mas não na perda de peso. Entretanto, as altas doses usadas nesses estudos podem implicar efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. Portanto, mais estudos são necessários para uma indicação desse ácido graxo como um agente para a melhora da composição corporal e/ou como um agente anti-obesidade.

Study on the encapsulation technique of high purity gamma-linolenic acid, part 1--saponification reaction and saponification value / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To measure the saponification value and fatty acid formation of evening primrose oil, to study the effects of pH value on production yield and fatty acid formation during the saponification reaction, and to provide rationales for the selection of raw material, the enhancement of production yield of saponification, and the encapsulation of gamma-linolenic acid with urea.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>To measure fatty acid's formation with gas chromatographic method and to measure the saponification value.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The content of gamma-linolenic acid is 7%-10% in evening primrose oil. The content of gamma-linolenic acid is inversely correlated with that of unsaturated fatty acid. The saponification value, the amount of KOH for saponification of evening primrose oil, and the pH value for subsequent isolations of oils are determined. From the measurement of fatty acids of evening primrose oil in two different cultivation locations, the content of gamma-linolenic acid is determined to be 7%-10%, unsaturated oils account for 90%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The saponification value of evening primrose oil is between 180-200, pH value of isolated oil is 1.5-2.0 after saponification reaction. Fatty acids mainly include palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolic acid and gamma-linolenic acid.</p>

Study on the encapsulation technique of high purity gamma-linolenic acid, part 1--Single factor, and two-factor tests for encapsulation process / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of all factors during the process of urea encapsulation of gamma-linolenic acid on the purity and yield.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>To observe the material proportions, time, temperature and purity using single-factor and two-factor tests.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Single-factor test showed that the optimal ratio of all materials (oil, urea and 95% ethanol) was 1:3:8. A 30% purity after single encapsulation process was obtained, at the best temperature range was - 15 degrees C-20 degrees C, for 24 hours. Two-factor test showed that the optimal ratio of oil, urea and ethanol was 1:3:8, where the concentration of ethanol was 90%-95%. The purity reached 90% or higher, with three-time encapsulation process.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>An optimized process was identified where material ratios, encapsulation time, temperature, and ethanol concentrations were determined using single-factor and two-factor tests.</p>