Percepciones de aceptabilidad y reticencia a las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en el Perú / Perceptions of acceptance and reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Explorar los factores que predisponen la aceptabilidad o reticencia a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 utilizando métodos cualitativos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado entre abril y junio del 2021. Se utilizó una guía de entrevista semiestructurada que exploró las percepciones de los participantes de diferentes regiones del Perú con relación a la aplicación de la vacuna para la COVID-19, tomando como marco teórico el modelo de creencias en salud, cuyas dimensiones son: susceptibilidad, severidad, beneficios, barreras y estímulos asociados para ejecutar la acción. Resultados. Se entrevistó a treinta personas, en su mayoría mujeres. Para los participantes la eficacia de las vacunas se relaciona con el país de procedencia, además, consideran que es importante conocer los efectos a largo plazo en la salud luego de la aplicación de la vacuna. La información recibida por las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias puede ser un factor decisivo para la aplicación de la vacuna. Las personas con la intención de no vacunarse sienten que las estrategias de promoción de la vacunación vulneran sus derechos humanos. Conclusiones. Existe un grupo de personas indecisas o inseguras de recibir las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en quienes es necesario fomentar estímulos de acuerdo con sus preocupaciones y necesidades. Las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias deben trabajar conjuntamente para mejorar la confianza de la población y brindar mensajes que despejen las principales dudas sobre la eficacia y las reacciones adversas de las vacunas.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To explore factors that influence the acceptance or reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination using qualitative methods. Materials and methods. Descriptive qualitative study conducted between April and June 2021. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore the perceptions of participants from different regions of Peru regarding COVID-19 vaccination. The Health Belief Model was used as theoretical framework and its dimensions are: susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action. Results. We interviewed 30 people, mostly were women. For the participants, the efficacy of vaccines is related to the country of origin of the vaccines; in addition, they consider that it is important to know the long-term effects on health after vaccination. The information received by governmental and health authorities can be a decisive factor for vaccination. People with the intention of not being vaccinated feel that vaccination promotion strategies violate their human rights. Conclusions. There is a group of people undecided or unsure about receiving COVID-19 vaccines who need to be encouraged according to their concerns and needs. Governmental and health authorities should work together to improve the confidence of the population and provide messages to clarify doubts about the efficacy and adverse reactions of vaccines.

Sociodemographic and clinical profile of crack cocaine treatment-seeking individuals living in "Crackland", Brazil / Perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de indivíduos em busca de tratamento para o uso de crack que vivem na "Cracolândia"

OBJECTIVE: São Paulo's Crackland is the biggest and oldest open drug use scene in Brazil, yet little is known about the profile of crack cocaine treatment-seeking individuals living in this region. The aim of this crossectional study was to describe the demographics and clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking crack users living in the Crackland region. METHODS: A sample of nighty eight individuals were screened for DSM-V substance use disorders, including substance use, impulsiveness, and psychiatric symptoms. Recent crack cocaine use was also tested using biologic specimens. RESULTS: Results indicated severe social vulnerability, as participants experienced high rates of homelessness (46.9%), unstable housing (50%), unemployment (60.4%) and early school drop-out (27.5%). The average age of crack use onset was 20 years (SD = 6.9) and the mean duration of continuous crack use was 15 years (SD = 9.7). Most participants presented with concomitant mental health disorders, particularly alcohol use disorder (87.8%), as well high rates of psychiatric symptomatology and impulsiveness. More than half of the sample reported at least one previous inpatient (73.5%) and outpatient (65.3%) addiction treatment attempt. CONCLUSION: This population profile should inform mental healthcare services, promoting the provision of tailored assistance by targeting specific demands at all levels of treatment.

OBJETIVO: Localizada em São Paulo, a Cracolândia é o maior e mais antigo cenário aberto de uso de drogas do Brasil. Ainda assim, pouco se sabe sobre o perfil dos indivíduos que vivem nessa região e buscam tratamento para crack. O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi descrever características demográficas e clínicas de usuários de crack vivendo na região da Cracolândia que estão em busca de tratamento. MÉTODOS: Noventa e oito indivíduos foram avaliados para transtornos por uso de substâncias do DSM-V, padrão de uso de substâncias, impulsividade e sintomatologia psiquiátrica. O uso recente de crack também foi determinado por meio de coleta de amostras toxicológicas. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicaram grave vulnerabilidade social, com significativas prevalências de falta de moradia (46,9%), moradia instável (50%), desemprego (60,4%) e abandono escolar precoce (27,5%). A idade média de início do uso de crack foi de 20 anos (DP = 6,9) e a duração média do uso contínuo do crack foi de 15 anos (DP = 9,7). A maioria dos participantes apresentou alguma comorbidade psiquiátrica, particularmente transtorno por uso de álcool (87,8%), bem como altas taxas de sintomatologia psiquiátrica e impulsividade. Mais da metade da amostra relatou pelo menos uma tentativa anterior de tratamento por internação (73,5%) e ambulatorial (65,3%). CONCLUSÃO: Os achados desse estudo permitem um maior entendimento do perfil e das necessidades de usuários de crack vivendo na região da Cracolândia e podem ajudar serviços de saúde especializados em dependência química a promoverem uma assistência mais direcionada às demandas específicas dessa população.

Reasons for non-vaccination against influenza among older adults with hypertension in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of non-vaccination against influenza among Brazilian older adults with systemic arterial hypertension and determine the main reasons for non-adherence. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from older adults (≥ 60 years of age) with hypertension who participated in the 2013 National Health Survey and reported not having been vaccinated against flu over the previous 12 months (n = 1,295). The analyses were performed using the Stata 14.0 software. The data were weighted because of the sampling design. An estimated 3,026,080 older adults with hypertension had not received a flu vaccine over the 12 months prior to the survey (22.6%). No significant associations were found with sex, age group or schooling. The prevalence of unvaccinated older adults was lower in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil than in the northern and northeastern regions, even after adjusting for age. The prevalence was higher among individuals without private health insurance. The main reasons for non-vaccination were fear of a reaction, rarely having the flu and not believing in the protection of the vaccine. The present findings underscore the need for healthcare professionals to explain to the population the benefits of the vaccine for preventing severe influenza (protective effect and possible reactions) and for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Increasing the prevalence of vaccination in older adults with hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases is of fundamental importance within the realm of public health as a strategy for reducing occurrences of complications and deaths associated with influenza.

Motherhood and HIV: reproductive desire, ambivalent feelings and a/an (not) offered care / Maternidad y VIH: deseo reproductivo, sentimientos ambivalentes y cuidado (no) oferecido / Maternidade e HIV: desejo reprodutivo, sentimentos ambivalentes e cuidado (não) ofertado

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify in the scientific literature the feelings of women living with HIV in relation to reproduction and motherhood, as well as the care provided by health professionals regarding reproductive health as a right. Method: Integrative review carried out in 2017, in the databases LILACS, PUBMED, BDENF and SciELO Virtual Library. We analyzed 30 articles. Results: As feelings, the motivation for reproduction and self-care, fears, uncertainties and hopes were evidenced. As care, services that support reproductive decisions were evidenced, but, predominantly, the disregard for the desire and care incipience for reproductive planning. Conclusion: There is no comprehensive and humanized work on the reproductive issues of these women, either through the neglect of the desire and viability of gestation or by the incipient care to the ambivalent emotional experiences. There is a need to qualify the care model in order to configure it, in fact, as care, aiming at guaranteeing reproductive rights.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura científica los sentimientos de mujeres que viven con VIH en relación a la reproducción y la maternidad, así como los cuidados ofrecidos por los profesionales de salud en lo que se refiere a la salud reproductiva como derecho. Método: Revisión integrativa realizada en 2017, en las bases de datos LILACS, PUBMED, BDENF y Biblioteca Virtual SciELO. Se analizaron 30 artículos. Resultados: Como sentimientos, se evidenció la motivación para la reproducción y autocuidado, miedos, incertidumbres y esperanzas. Como cuidados, se evidenciaron servicios que brindan apoyo a las decisiones reproductivas, pero, predominantemente, el descuido en cuanto al deseo ya la incipiente asistencial para planificación reproductiva. Conclusión: No hay un trabajo integral y humanizado en cuanto a las cuestiones reproductivas de esas mujeres, sea por la negligencia al deseo y la viabilidad de la gestación o por la atención incipiente a las vivencias emocionales ambivalentes. Hay necesidad de calificación del modelo asistencial para configurarlo, de hecho, como cuidado, buscando la garantía de los derechos reproductivos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar na literatura científica os sentimentos de mulheres que vivem com HIV em relação à reprodução e à maternidade, bem como os cuidados disponibilizados pelos profissionais de saúde no que tange à saúde reprodutiva como direito. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada em 2017, nas bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED, BDENF e Biblioteca Virtual SciELO. Foram analisados 30 artigos. Resultados: Como sentimentos, evidenciaram-se a motivação para a reprodução e autocuidado, medos, incertezas e esperanças. Como cuidados, evidenciaram-se serviços que oferecem apoio às decisões reprodutivas, mas, predominantemente, o descaso quanto ao desejo e à incipiência assistencial para planejamento reprodutivo. Conclusão: Não há um trabalho integral e humanizado quanto às questões reprodutivas dessas mulheres, seja pela negligência ao desejo e à viabilização da gestação ou pela atenção incipiente às vivências emocionais ambivalentes. Há necessidade de qualificação do modelo assistencial de modo a configurá-lo, de fato, como cuidado, visando a garantia dos direitos reprodutivos.

Attitudes and personal attributes regarding patient receptivity towards the participation of medical students in gynecological consultations: A cross-sectional study / Atitudes e atributos pessoais relativos à receptividade das pacientes à participação de estudantes de medicina em consultas ginecológicas: Um estudo de corte transversal

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between the acceptance on the part of the patients and their reasons to consent to or refuse medical student attendance during gynecological outpatient care, considering the participants' demographic characteristics, consultation experience, and gender bias or lack thereof. Methods Face-to-face interviews with patients waiting for gynecological consultations that had been scheduled in advance at Hospital Universitário de Brasília. Contingency analyses were used to determine the levels of association among the patient variables. The accepted significance level was values of p<0.05. Results We interviewed 469 patients. The comfort level with the presence of a student was strongly related to the number of students present during the consultation (Cramér V=0.671). The inclination to grant consent (a series of reasons to consent to or refuse student attendance) was significantly related (p<0.001) to the overall receptivity to student participation (ρ=0.482), the positive appraisal of student-doctor demeanor in previous consultations (ρ=0.253, N=408), and to greater levels of schooling (ρ=0.158). The patients' receptivity was significantly related (p<0.001) to the lack of bias regarding the gender of the physician (CramérV=0.388), previous experience with students (Cramér V=0.235) and awareness of the fact that they would be present (Cramér V=0.217), older age (ρ=0.136, p=0.003), and multiparity (ρ=0.102, p=0.027). Conclusion Greater receptivity to student participation related significantly to five conditions in decreasing order of strength of association: lack of bias regarding the gender of the Ob-Gyn, previous experience with student involvement, awareness of the presence of students, older age, and multiparity. We also found that a more positive inclination to consent to student attendance correlated positively with a greater receptivity to student participation and to a suitable student-doctor demeanor.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre as razões das pacientes para consentir ou recusar a presença de estudantes de medicina no ambulatório de Ginecologia, considerando seus fatores demográficos, experiência prévia com alunos, e sensibilidade com relação ao gênero. Métodos Entrevistas com as pacientes que aguardavam consultas ginecológicas previamente agendadas no Hospital Universitário de Brasília. Análises de contingência foram utilizadas para determinar os níveis de associação entre as variáveis das pacientes. Valores de p<0.05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados Foram entrevistadas 469 pacientes. Observou-se forte associação entre o conforto com a presença do estudante e o número destes presentes à consulta (V de Cramér=0.671). A tendência ao consentimento (relação de motivos para consentir ou discordar da presença do estudante) relacionou-se significativamente (p<0.001) à maior receptividade à participação dos alunos (ρ=0.482), a uma avaliação positiva do comportamento aluno-médico em consultas anteriores (ρ =0.253, N=408), e a maior escolaridade das pacientes (ρ =0.158). Observou-se associação significativa entre receptividade das pacientes (p<0.001) e ausência de discriminação quanto ao gênero do médico (V de Cramér=0.388), experiência prévia com estudantes (V de Cramér =0.235), ciência de que estariam presentes à consulta (V Cramér=0.217), idade mais avançada (ρ=0.136; p=0.003), e multiparidade (ρ=0.102; p=0.027). Conclusão Maior receptividade à participação dos estudantes relacionou-se a cinco condições em ordem decrescente de força de associação: ausência de discriminação quanto ao gênero do médico ginecologista-obstetra, experiência prévia com estudantes, conhecimento antecipado sobre a presença deles, idade mais avançada, e multiparidade. Também foi observada correlação positiva entre maior tendência ao consentimento e maior receptividade à participação dos alunos e comportamento adequado médico-estudante.

Does knowing someone with breast cancer influence the prevalence of adherence to breast and cervical cancer screening? / Conhecer alguém com câncer de mama influencia a prevalência da adesão ao rastreamento dos cânceres de mama e colo uterino?

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of adherence to screening methods for breast and cervical cancer in patients attended at a university hospital and to investigate whether knowing someone with breast cancer, moreover belonging to the patient's family, affects the adherence to the screening recommendations. Methods This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study. A structured interview was applied to a sample of 820 women, between 20 and 69 years old, who attended a university hospital in the city of Juiz de for a, MG, Brazil. For the analysis, the chi-square test was used to assess possible associations between the variables, and the significance level was set at p-value ≤ 0.05 for a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Results More than 95.0% of the sample performed mammography and cervical cytology exam; 62.9% reported knowing someone who has or had breast cancer, and this group was more likely to perform breast self-examination (64.9%; odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.12-2.00), clinical breast examination (91.5%; OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.37-3.36), breast ultrasound (32.9%; OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.30-2.51), and to have had an appointment with a breast specialist (28.5%; OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.38-2.82).Women with family history of breast cancer showed higher propensity to perform breast self-examination (71.0%; OR 1.53 95% CI 1.04-2.26). Conclusion There was high adherence to the recommended screening practices; knowing someone with breast cancer might make women more sensitive to this issue as they were more likely to undergo methods which are not recommended for the screening of the general population, such as breast ultrasound and specialist consultation; family history is possibly an additional cause of concern.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar a prevalência da adesão aosmétodos de rastreamento dos cânceres de mama e de colo uterino em pacientes atendidas em um hospital universitário e investigar se conhecer alguém com câncer de mama e, o fato de este pertencer à família, modifica a adesão às recomendações de rastreamento. Métodos Estudo transversal e quantitativo. Uma entrevista estruturada foi aplicada a uma amostra de 820 pacientes do sexo feminino, entre 20 e 69 anos, usuárias de um hospital universitário na cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG. Para a análise, o Teste Quiquadrado foi usado para avaliar a possibilidade de associação entre as varáveis, e o valor de significância foi determinado em valor-p ≤ 0,05 para um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados Mais de 95,0% da amostra realizava os exames de mamografia e colpocitologia; 62,9% relataram conhecer alguém que teve ou tem câncer de mama, sendo que este grupo realizou, com maior frequência, autoexame (64,9%; razão de prevalência [RP] 1,5; IC 95% 1,12-2,00), exame clínico (91,5%; RP 2,11; IC 95% 1,37- 3,36) e ultrassonografia das mamas (32,9%; RP 1,81, IC 95% 1,30-2,51) e consulta ao mastologista (28,5%; RP 1,98, IC 95% 1,38-2,82). Mulheres com história familiar de câncer de mama realizaramcommaior prevalência o autoexame das mamas (71,0%; RP 1,53 IC 95% 1,04-2,26). Conclusão A amostra apresentou elevada adesão aos métodos de rastreamento preconizados; conhecer alguém com câncer de mama pode tornar as mulheres mais sensíveis a essa questão, aumentando a realização de medidas não recomendadas para o rastreamento da população geral, como ultrassonografia das mamas e consulta com médico especialista; a história familiar possivelmente implica em um fator de preocupação adicional.

Construção e desconstrução das identidades masculinas entre trabalhadores metalúrgicos acometidos de LER/DORT / Construction and deconstruction of masculine identities among metalworkers with RSI/WRMD / Construcción y deconstrucción de las identidades masculinas entre trabajadores metalúrgicos que sufren LER/DORT

Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender como trabalhadores metalúrgicos vivenciam a incapacidade prolongada para o trabalho por lesões por esforços repetitivos/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (LER/DORT) e o impacto do adoecimento crônico na construção/desconstrução da masculinidade. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo baseado em entrevistas narrativas com homens metalúrgicos de um complexo automotivo no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Os resultados revelaram como o conflito da experiência de adoecimento, a tentativa de manutenção da identidade masculina, bem como as expectativas de cumprir as regras ditadas pela masculinidade hegemônica são vivenciadas e significadas no cotidiano. A experiência de adoecimento dos metalúrgicos com LER/DORT se expressa na incapacitação para o trabalho, desconstrução da autoimagem, perda da identidade coletiva, desconstrução do self e interdição do futuro. Conclui-se que a masculinidade hegemônica expõe os homens a mais riscos em saúde, cumpre papel mediador do adoecimento no trabalho, altera trajetórias de cuidado e explica a resistência dos homens em procurar ajuda.

Abstract: This study aimed to reveal how metalworkers experience prolonged incapacity for work due to repetitive strain injury/work-related musculoskeletal disorder (RSI/WRMD) and the impact of chronic illness on the construction/deconstruction of masculinity. A qualitative study was performed, based on narrative interviews with male metalworkers in an automotive factory in the State of Bahia, Brazil. The results showed how the conflict in the experience of illness, the maintenance of male identity, and expectations of meeting the rules dictated by hegemonic masculinity are experienced and signified in daily life. Metalworkers' experience of illness with RSI/WRMD is expressed in their incapacity for work, deconstruction of self-esteem, loss of collective identity, and interruption of future prospects. In conclusion, hegemonic masculinity exposes men to more health risks, plays a mediating role in work-related illness, alters trajectories of care, and explains men's unwillingness to seek help.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo viven la incapacidad prolongada para el trabajo, debido a lesiones por esfuerzos repetitivos y trastornos osteo muscular relacionados con el trabajo (LER/DORT), los trabajadores metalúrgicos, así como su impacto en el padecimiento crónico y en la construcción/deconstrucción de la masculinidad. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, basado en entrevistas narrativas con hombres del sector metalúrgico de un complejo automovilístico en el estado de Bahía, Brasil. Los resultados revelaron cómo el conflicto de la experiencia del padecimiento, el mantenimiento de su identidad masculina, así como las expectativas de cumplir las reglas dictadas por la masculinidad hegemónica se viven y se manifiestan en el día a día. La experiencia de padecimiento de los trabajadores metalúrgicos con LER/DORT se expresa en la incapacitación para el trabajo, deconstrucción de la autoimagen, pérdida de la identidad colectiva, deconstrucción del self y la ausencia de perspectivas de futuro. Se concluye que la masculinidad hegemónica expone a los hombres a más riesgos en salud, cumple un papel mediador de la enfermedad en el trabajo, altera trayectorias de cuidado y explica la resistencia de los hombres a buscar ayuda.

Factors associated with delay in seeking care by tuberculosis patients / Factores asociados a demoras en la búsqueda de atención del enfermo de tuberculosis / Fatores associados ao atraso na procura por atendimento pelo doente de tuberculose

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify social, clinical and behavioral factors of tuberculosis patients that are associated with delay in the search for primary health care. Method: This is a cross-sectional, quantitative study conducted with 56 people on treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis in the city of Natal, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The data were collected through a structured instrument. The Chi-square and Fisher tests were applied to test the association between independent and dependent variables (search time). A value of p <0.05 was set as statistically significant. Results: No social or clinical variables were statistically associated with patient delays in the search for primary health care. Among the behavioral variables, self-medication and the first health service sought had a statistically significant association with the time for seeking care (p = 0.020, and p = 0.033, respectively). Conclusion: Self-medication contributes to the delay in the search for primary health care by tuberculosis patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar factores sociales, clínicos y conductuales de enfermos de tuberculosis, asociados a la demora por buscar la primera atención de salud. Método: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, realizado con 56 personas en tratamiento de tuberculosis pulmonar, en Natal/RN, Brasil. Datos recolectados mediante instrumento estructurado. Se aplicaron los tests de Chi-cuadrado y de Fisher para probar la asociación entre las variables dependientes e independientes (tiempo de búsqueda). Se estableció un valor de p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Ninguna variable social o clínica mostró asociación estadística a la demora del enfermo en la búsqueda de la primera atención de salud. Entre las variables conductuales, la automedicación y el primer servicio de salud buscado presentaron asociación estadísticamente significativa con el tiempo de búsqueda (p = 0,020 y p = 0,033, respectivamente). Conclusión: La automedicación contribuye a la demora en la búsqueda de la primera atención de salud en el enfermo de tuberculosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores sociais, clínicos e comportamentais dos doentes de tuberculose que estejam associados ao atraso na procura pelo primeiro atendimento à saúde. Método: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, conduzido com 56 pessoas em tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar em Natal/RN, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de instrumento estruturado. Aplicaram-se os testes de Qui-quadrado e Fisher para testar a associação entre as variáveis independentes e dependentes (tempo de procura). Fixou-se valor de p < 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Nenhuma variável social ou clínica se mostrou estatisticamente associada ao atraso do doente na procura pelo primeiro serviço de saúde. Dentre as variáveis comportamentais, a automedicação e o primeiro serviço de saúde procurado apresentaram associação estatística significativa com o tempo de procura (p = 0,020 e p = 0,033, respectivamente). Conclusão: A automedicação contribui para o atraso na procura pelo primeiro atendimento à saúde pelo doente de tuberculose.

Validación del cuestionario general de búsqueda de ayuda para problemas de salud mental en adolescentes / Validation of the general help-seeking questionnaire for mental health problems in adolescents

La conducta de búsqueda de ayuda en los jóvenes es un factor protector, fundamental para su salud mental, bienestar y desarrollo. Sin embargo, un número de ellos no busca ayuda profesional, a pesar de necesitarla. En este contexto, es relevante estudiar la conducta de búsqueda de ayuda para problemas de salud mental en población adolescente. Objetivo: Adaptar y validar en adolescentes chilenos el cuestionario general de búsqueda de ayuda para temas de salud mental. Sujetos y Método: Estudio transversal y correlacional de una muestra no probabilística de 793 adolescentes estudiantes, entre 14 y 19 años, de la ciudad de Talca (Chile). En ellos se aplicó un Cuestionario General de Búsqueda de Ayuda versión viñeta (GHSQ-V) previa adaptación transcultural y validación de criterio. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva, prueba no paramétrica de Mann-Whitney y análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: Un análisis exploratorio, identificó 2 factores respecto a las fuentes de ayuda disponibles: 1° fuentes informales, 2° fuentes formales. Se calculó la confiabilidad separadamente para cada uno de los problemas de salud, obteniéndose valores alfa que oscilaron entre 0,87 y 0,75. Además, la escala presentó asociación significativa con las variables auto eficacia y depresión en las direcciones hipotetizadas. Por último, se identificaron diferencias significativas en la disposición a buscar ayuda según el nivel de alfabetización en temas de salud mental de los adolescentes, para todos los temas de salud mental presentados, excepto el suicidio. Conclusión: El GHSQ-V adaptado en población adolescente y juvenil chilena es un instrumento que posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para medir la disposición a buscar ayuda para temas de salud mental en nuestro medio sociocultural.

Help-seeking behavior is a protective factor in young people, essential for their mental health, well-being and development. However, some adolescents do not seek professional help when they need to. In this context, it is relevant to study the help-seeking behavior for mental health problems in adolescent population. Objective: To adapt and validate the general help-seeking questionnaire for mental health problems in Chilean adolescents. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional and correlational study of a non-random sample of 793 adolescent students, between 14 and 19 years old, from the city of Talca (Chile). The general help-seeking questionnaire, vignette version, (GHSQ-V) was administered after a transcultural adaptation and criterion validation. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test were used for analysis. Results: An exploratory analysis identified two factors regarding available sources of help: 1) informal sources; 2) formal sources. Reliability was calculated separately for each of the health problems, resulting alpha values ranging from 0.87 to 0.75. In addition, the scale showed significant association with the variables self-efficacy and depression in the hypothesized directions. Finally, significant differences were identified in the willingness to seek help by adolescent’s level of mental health literacy, for all mental health issues presented, except suicide. Conclusion: The adaptation of the GHSQ-V for Chilean adolescent and youth population is a valid and reliable instrument to measure willingness to seek help for mental health problems in our socio-cultural environment.

Percepções acerca da condição de saúde de pessoas com obesidade / Perceptions about the health condition of people with obesity

Compreender as percepções de pessoas com obesidade sobre esta condição de saúde. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa realizada em ambulatório para acompanhamento de pessoas com obesidade. Foram entrevistadas 15 pessoas com diagnóstico de obesidade. Dados coletados por entrevistas e submetidos à Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: emergiram três categorias: Significando a obesidade, Afetando a vida cotidiana e a saúde e Enfrentando a obesidade. Na primeira categoria, a maioria dos entrevistados significou negativamente a própria obesidade; na segunda, perceberam-na como condição capaz de provocar dano à saúde e à capacidade laboral; e, na terceira, como condição que precisa ser enfrentada e tratada. Conclusão:as percepções da obesidade refletiram, sobretudo, sentimentos negativos, acompanhados de algum grau de sofrimento físico, psíquico e social.

Objective: to understand the perceptions of people with obesity on this health condition. Methods: qualitative research conducted in an outpatient clinic for follow-up of people with obesity. 15 people diagnosed with obesity were interviewed. Data were collected by interviews and submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: three categories emerged: Giving meaning to obesity, Affecting everyday life and health and Facing obesity. In the first category, the majority of respondents gave negative meaning to their own obesity; in the second, they perceived it as a condition capable of causing damage to health and labor capacity; and in the third, it was referred as a condition that must be faced and treated. Conclusion: perceptions on obesity reflected, above all, negative feelings, accompanied by some degree of physical, mental and social suffering.

Necessidades de saúde das mulheres feirantes: acesso, vínculo e acolhimento como práticas de integralidade / Necesidades de las mujeres de feria: acceso, enlaces y recepción como las prácticas integridad / Health needs of street market saleswomen: access, connection and welcoming as integral practices

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as necessidades de saúde das mulheres feirantes do Mercado Público de um município do Nordeste do Brasil. Método Estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo, com quinze mulheres feirantes de um mercado público. A produção de dados incluiu entrevistas semiestruturadas, de abril a maio de 2016. Resultados Os dados foram analisados mediante a técnica análise de conteúdo, emergindo a seguinte categoria temática: “Necessidades de acesso aos serviços de saúde e práticas profissionais humanizadas”. As mulheres participantes do estudo destacaram a garantia do acesso, vínculo e acolhimento como práticas propulsoras para o reconhecimento das necessidades de saúde, enfrentamento do processo saúde-doença e integralidade do cuidado. Conclusões O acolhimento com identificação das necessidades e produção de vínculo contribuirá para que as feirantes se reconheçam como sujeitos de suas necessidades, fortalecendo sua autonomia, o empoderamento e o autocuidado.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar las necesidades sanitarias de las mujeres puesteras de un mercado público en una ciudad del Noreste de Brasil. Método Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, con quince vendedoras ambulantes de un mercado público. Los datos de producción incluyeron entrevistas semiestructuradas, abril-mayo de 2016. Resultados Los datos fueron analizados mediante el análisis de contenido técnico, emergiendo las siguientes categorías temáticas: “Las necesidades de acceso a servicios de salud y prácticas profesionales humanizados”. Las mujeres en el estudio destacaron la garantía de acceso, vínculo y acogida como las prácticas de conducción para el reconocimiento de las necesidades de salud que enfrenta el proceso salud-enfermedad y la atención integral. Conclusión La acogida con la identificación de las necesidades y producción de vínculo contribuirá para que las puesteras se reconozcan como sujetos de sus necesidades, el fortalecimiento de su autonomía, el empoderamiento y el autocuidado.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the health needs of street market saleswomen of the Mercado Público (Public Market) of a municipality in Northeastern Brazil. Method Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study, with fifteen saleswomen in a public market. Data production means included semi-structured interviews, April-May 2016. Results Data were analyzed using the analysis of technical content technique, from which the following theme category emerged: “Access needs to health services and professional humanized practices.” The women in the study highlighted the guarantee of access, connection and welcoming as driving practices for the recognition of health needs confronting the health-disease process and comprehensive care. Conclusions Being welcomed, identifying needs and producing a bond will contribute to these women recognizing themselves as subjects of their needs, strengthening their autonomy, empowerment and self-care.

Influencing Factors of Intention to Receive Pap Tests in Vietnamese Women who Immigrated to Taiwan for Marriage

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the factors associated with the intention to receive a Pap test among married immigrant women of Vietnamese origin living in Taiwan. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional community-based study.We enrolled 281 women aged 30 years and over in the study, from July 2013 to January 2014. The participants' characteristics, cervical cancer knowledge, Pap test knowledge, attitudes toward cervical cancer, barriers to receiving a Pap test, fatalism, and intention to receive a Pap test, were measured using self-report questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the variables associated with participants' intentions to receive a Pap test. RESULTS: Vietnamese women with low scores on the measures of cervical cancer knowledge and perceived barriers to receiving a Pap test were more willing to receive the test, as were those with high scores on the measures of Pap test knowledge and fatalism. Women who received a Pap test in the previous year were more willing to receive a Pap test within the next 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive healthcare for immigrant women should be a focus of nurses. The development of culturally appropriate health education and strategies should enhance their knowledge of Pap tests and reduce perceived barriers to Pap test participation. This study's results can be a reference for nurses who work with immigrant women.

Why Women Living in an Obstetric Care Underserved Area Do Not Utilize Their Local Hospital Supported by Korean Government for Childbirth

PURPOSE: This study aimed to understand why mothers do not utilize the prenatal care and delivery services at their local hospital supported by the government program, the Supporting Program for Obstetric Care Underserved Area (SPOU). METHODS: We conducted a focus group interview by recruiting four mothers who delivered in the hospital in their community (a rural underserved obstetric care area) and another four mothers who delivered in the hospital outside of the community. RESULTS: From the finding, the mothers were not satisfied with the quality of services that the community hospital provided, in terms of professionalism of the obstetric care team, and the outdated medical device and facilities. Also, the mothers believed that the hospital in the metropolitan city is better for their health as well as that of their babies. The mothers who delivered in the outside community hospital considered geographical closeness less than they did the quality of obstetric care. The mothers who delivered in the community hospital gave the reason why they chose the hospital, which was convenience and emergency preparedness due to its geographical closeness. However, they were not satisfied with the quality of services provided by the community hospital like the other mothers who delivered in the hospital outside of the community. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, in order to successfully deliver the SPOU program, the Korean government should make an effort in increasing the quality of maternity service provided in the community hospital and improving the physical factors of a community hospital such as outdated medical equipment and facilities.

Factors Influencing Intention to Receive Examination of Diabetes Complications

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the situation of diabetes patients receiving examinations for diabetes complications and to explore the factors influencing their intention to receive examinations for diabetes complications. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed that included 251 diabetes patients who visited outpatient clinics in Southern Taiwan. A survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted from October 2015 to January 2016. The questionnaire included items on demographic characteristics, perceived susceptibility to diabetes complications, perceived seriousness of diabetes complications, perceived benefits of taking action to receive diabetes complication examinations, perceived barriers to taking action to receive diabetes complication examinations, and the intention to receive diabetes complication examinations. The data were analyzed using regression analysis. RESULTS: The percentage of participants who received fundus, foot, and kidney examinations was 67.7%, 61.4%, and 73.3%, respectively. Every point increase on the perceived barriers to taking action to receive diabetes complication examinations scale increased the intention to receive a foot examination in the following year by 0.91 times (p = .002), and every point increase on the perceived susceptibility to diabetes complications scale increased the intention to receive a kidney examination in the following year by 1.19 times (p = .045). CONCLUSIONS: Nurses should shoulder the responsibility to increase patients' intention to receive examination of diabetes complications. The results of this study can be used to promote nurses' care efficacy in preventing diabetes complications. They can also provide medical institutions with information to establish prevention and control policies for diabetes complications.

Los procesos de salud-enfermedad-atención desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de una policlínica del primer nivel de atención en Montevideo, Uruguay: Análisis de trayectos terapéuticos / The health-disease-care process from the perspective of the users of a primary care clinic in Montevideo, Uruguay: An analysis of therapeutic trajectories

Desde un abordaje etnográfico, este trabajo se propone analizar las experiencias en los procesos de salud-enfermedad-atención de usuarios de una policlínica de la Red de Atención Primaria Metropolitana de la Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado (ASSE) en Uruguay. El trabajo de campo se desarrolló en la zona noreste de la ciudad de Montevideo, desde julio de 2012 a setiembre de 2013, y combinó observación participante en espacios asistenciales y sociales y entrevistas a más de 20 usuarios. Mediante el análisis de trayectos terapéuticos encontramos que las personas combinan diferentes prácticas y sentidos a la hora de enfrentar sus padecimientos. El uso de los servicios de salud biomédicos es predominante en nuestro país; sin embargo, observamos que las personas integran prácticas de autoatención y, en algunos casos, el uso de sistemas de atención populares y religiosos. Se evidencia un pluralismo médico al enfrentar ciertos malestares de la vida cotidiana o experiencias de enfermedad significativas.

The aim of this paper is to analyze, using an ethnographic approach, the health-disease-care experiences of the users of a multi-specialty clinic that forms part of the Metropolitan Primary Health Care Network of Uruguay's Public Health Services. The fieldwork was carried out in the northeast of Montevideo from July 2012 to November 2013, combining participant observation in social and care spaces and interviews with more than 20 users. In our analysis of care trajectories we found that people incorporate different practices and beliefs when facing their health problems. The use of biomedical health care services is predominant in Uruguay; nevertheless, people engage in self-care practices and in some cases, in the use of folk, religious/magical or alternative remedies. Medical pluralism is therefore observed in facing certain common ailments or significant experiences of disease.

Health care for women over 50: programmatic vulnerability in the Family Health Strategy / Atención a la salud de la mujer después de 50 años: la vulnerabilidad programática de la Estratégia de Salud de la Família / Atenção à saúde da mulher após os 50 anos: vulnerabilidade programática na Estratégia Saúde da Família

OBJECTIVE: To assess the health care process for women over 50 at a Family Health Unit based on the concept of programmatic vulnerability. METHOD: This study is inserted in the field of health care assessments. The framework proposed by Donabedian was used to analyze 90.5% of the 790 records of women registered at the unit. RESULTS: It was observed that none of the women that did not have a diagnosed pathology attended the recommended consultations or underwent the recommended tests. Of the total number of women with hypertension or diabetes, 20.7% were registered in the Hiperdia Programme and less than 1.0% had attended the consultations and undergone the necessary tests. Only 11.9% of the women had had a gynaecological examination, a clinical breast examination and a mammography the year before data collection. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that women over 50 are in a situation of programmatic vulnerability in terms of the indicators established in this study. Knowledge of this reality can help nurses provide care that is best suited for this group. .

OBJETIVO: evaluar el proceso de atención a las mujeres a partir de los 50 años de edad en la Unidad de Salud de la Familia, tomando como referencia el concepto de vulnerabilidad del programa. MÉTODO: Estudio insertado en la evaluación de programas de salud, tuvo Donabediam como referencia, siendo analizados el 90,5% de los 790 registros médicos de mujeres inscritas en la unidad. Fueran creados indicadores de evaluación. RESULTADOS: Ninguna mujer sin patología diagnosticada realizó consultas y exámenes recomendados. De todas las hipertensas y diabéticas, 20,7% estaban inscritas en el Programa Hiperdia y menos del 1,.0% había realizado consultas y exámenes necesarios. Sólo el 11.9% de las mujeres había realizado el examen ginecológico, examen clínico de los senos y la mamografía en el año anterior a la recolección de datos. CONCLUSIÓN: Concluye que las mujeres mayores de 50 años están en situación de vulnerabilidad programática en relación con los indicadores definidos en este estudio. Por lo tanto, conocer la realidad puede resultar en la atención de enfermería más adecuada para este grupo. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o processo de atenção prestada a mulheres, a partir dos 50 anos de idade, em Unidade de Saúde da Família, tomando-se como referência o conceito de vulnerabilidade programática. MÉTODO: Estudo inserido no campo da avaliação de programas de saúde; utilizou-se o referencial proposto por Donabediam, sendo analisados 90.5% dos 790 prontuários de mulheres matriculadas na Unidade. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que nenhuma mulher sem patologia diagnosticada realizou consultas e exames preconizados. Do total de hipertensas e diabéticas, 20.7% estavam inscritas no Programa Hiperdia e menos de 1.0% tinha realizado as consultas e exames necessários. Apenas 11.9% das mulheres tinham realizado exame ginecológico, exame clínico das mamas e mamografia, no ano que antecedeu a coleta de dados. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que as mulheres com mais de 50 anos estão em situação de vulnerabilidade programática, relacionada aos indicadores definidos neste estudo. Logo, conhecer a realidade poderá resultar no atendimento de enfermagem mais adequado para esse grupo. .

Analysis of epidemiology, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors in patients with back pain admitted to an orthopedic emergency unit / Análise epidemiológica, de hábitos de vida e de fatores psicossociais de pacientes com dorsolombalgia em unidade de pronto atendimento ortopédico

ABSTRACT Objective: To correlate epidemiological data, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors as predictors for clinical manifestation of back pain in patients treated at the orthopedic emergency unit of a Brazilian tertiary care hospital, and to evaluate their interest in participating in a hypothetical program for physical rehabilitation. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study. We evaluated 210 patients from the emergency department of a tertiary hospital with a major complaint of back pain. We used: epidemiological multiple-choice questionnaires developed for this study; Oswestry questionnaire for physical disability; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) scale. Data analyses were performed using SAS - Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute, 2001). Measurements were performed with the SAS functions Proc MEANS and Proc Freq. Results: The mean age was 39.1 years and there was no predominance between genders. The usual work activity was administrative (65.2% of cases). The mean body mass index was 26.0, indicating overweight. The majority (83.3%) of patients had low physical disability (Oswestry 0 – 40%). The number of medical visits in the previous 6 months (p=0.04) and the scores of anxiety and depression (p=0.05), independently, were correlated with physical disability. Most patients (77%) would agree to participate in a hypothetical program of physical rehabilitation for prevention of back pain. Conclusion: Patients with back pain complaints were predominantly young adults, sedentary or hypoactive, overweight, and with recurrent complaints of symptoms. Most participants had low levels of physical disability and would accept participation in a hypothetical physical rehabilitation program for the prevention of back pain. .

RESUMO Objetivo: Correlacionar dados epidemiológicos, hábitos de vida e fatores psicossociais como preditivos para manifestação clínica de dorsolombalgia em pacientes atendidos no setor de urgências ortopédicas de hospital terciário brasileiro, além de avaliar o interesse em participar de programa hipotético para reabilitação física. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional do tipo transversal. Foram avaliados 210 pacientes provenientes do pronto atendimento de um hospital terciário, com queixa predominante de dor nas costas. Foram utilizados: questionários epidemiológicos do tipo múltipla escolha desenvolvidos para o presente estudo; questionário Oswestry para incapacidade física; e escala Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). As análises dos dados foram realizadas por meio do programa SAS - Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute, 2001). Os cálculos foram realizados com as funções Proc MEANS e Proc Freq do SAS. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 39,1 anos e não houve predominância entre os gêneros. A atividade laborativa mais frequente foi a administrativa (65,2% dos casos). Observou-se índice de massa corporal médio de 26,0, que indicou sobrepeso. A maioria (83,3%) dos pacientes apresentou baixa incapacidade física (Oswestry de 0 – 40%). O número de visitas nos 6 meses anteriores (p=0,04) e os escores de ansiedade e depressão (p=0,05), isoladamente, tiveram correlação com a incapacidade física. A maioria dos pacientes (77%) aceitaria participar de programa hipotético de reabilitação física para prevenção de dores nas costas. Conclusão: Os pacientes com queixa de dorsolombalgia foram, predominantemente, adultos jovens, sedentários ou hipoativos, com sobrepeso e com queixas recorrentes dos sintomas. A maioria dos participantes apresentou baixa incapacidade física e aceitaria participar de programa hipotético de reabilitação física para a prevenção de dores nas costas. .

Motivações de dependentes químicos para o tratamento: percepção de familiares / Motivaciones del dependientes químicos para el tratamiento: percepción de la familia / Drug addicts treatment motivations: perception of family members

RESUMOObjetivo:identificar os motivos que familiares atribuem à busca por tratamento pelo dependente químico.Método:estudo qualitativo descritivo, desenvolvido em 2012 e 2013, em uma unidade de reabilitação para dependentes químicos localizada no Paraná. Foram realizadas 19 entrevistas semiestruturadas com familiares de dependentes químicos em tratamento. Os dados foram analisados a luz do Modelo Transteórico de Mudança Comportamental e organizados em categorias temáticas de acordo com a Interpretação Qualitativa de Dados.Resultados:a busca por tratamento pelos dependentes químicos ocorreu: no estágio de pré-contemplação por influências externas; no estágio de contemplação pela ambivalência quanto a necessidade de mudança comportamental; no estágio de ação por conscientização da dependência química e de necessidade de ajuda profissional; e no estágio de manutenção pela não conservação das mudanças comportamentais.Conclusão:é imprescindível a avaliação dos estágios motivacionais no início do tratamento para a ampliação das possibilidades de sucesso no processo de reabilitação.

RESUMENObjetivo:identificar los motivos que los familiares atribuyen a la búsqueda por tratamiento por el dependiente químico.Método:pesquisa cualitativa descriptiva, desarrollada en 2012 y 2013, en una unidad de rehabilitación para dependientes químicos localizada en Paraná. Fueron realizadas 19 entrevistas semi-estructuradas con familiares de dependientes químicos en tratamiento. Los datos fueron analizados a la luz del Modelo Transteórico de Cambio de Comportamiento y organizados en categorías temáticas de acuerdo con Interpretación Cualitativa de Datos.Resultados:la búsqueda por tratamiento por los dependientes químicos ocurrió: en la etapa de pre-contenmplación por influencias externas; en acción por concientización de la dependencia química y de la necesidad de ayuda profesional en la etapa de mantenimiento por la no conservación de cambios de comportamiento.Conclusión:es imprescindible la evaluación de las etapas motivacionales en el inicio del tratamiento para la ampliación de las posibilidades de éxito en el proceso de rehabilitación.

ABSTRACTObjective:to identify the reasons and motivations why family members search treatment for the drug addicted.Method:descriptive qualitative research, developed in 2012 and 2013, in a Drug Addicts Rehabilitation Unit of Parana State, Brazil. A total of 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the drug addicts’ family members in treatment. The results were analyzed based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change and organized in thematic categories according with qualitative data analysis.Results:the search for treatment for drug addicts occurred: in the pre-contemplation stage infl uenced by external factors; in the contemplation stage both for ambivalence and behavioral changes needs; in the action stage by awareness of drug addiction and also professional help needs; and in the maintenance stage because of the non-conservation of behavioral changes.Conclusion:an evaluation of motivational stages in the beginning of treatment is required for expansion of success possibilities in the rehabilitation process.

Barreras de acceso a tratamiento de la depresión posparto en Centros de Atención Primaria de la Región Metropolitana: un estudio cualitativo / Barriers restricting postpartum depression treatment in Chile

Background: In Chile, postpartum depression is a prevalent and disabling condition. Universal screening is available but has not been translated into better treatment rates, suggesting the existence of access barriers. Aim: To describe access barriers to postpartum depression treatment in six primary health care clinics in Metropolitan Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Twenty women with postpartum depression and 18 primary health care professionals were subjected to a semi-structured interview. A qualitative methodology based on Grounded Theory was used. Results: There are user associated barriers such as lack of knowledge about the disease, a negative conceptualization and rejection of available treatment options. There are also barriers associated with poor network support and some features of the health care system such as long waiting times and lack of coordination between clinical and administrative decisions. Conclusions: Patient and provider related barriers restricting treatment of postpartum depression were identified.

Factores psicosociales asociados con el inicio tardío de tratamiento antirretroviral en pacientes mexicanos con VIH / Psychosocial factors associated with late HAART initiation in Mexican patients with HIV

Objetivo. Explorar la asociación entre variables psicosociales y el inicio tardío de tratamiento antirretroviral en una muestra de pacientes mexicanos con diagnóstico de VIH. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en la clínica de VIH del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, donde se aplicaron cuestionarios estructurados a 150 pacientes que iniciaron terapia antirretroviral altamente activa (TARAA) entre enero de 2010 y agosto de 2011. Se consideró inicio tardío (IT) de TARAA cuando los pacientes iniciaron el tratamiento con CD4 <200 células/mm³. Resultados. Mediante el análisis multivariado, se encontró que el principal factor psicosocial asociado con IT fue la percepción de autoestigma relacionada con el VIH/sida. Además, la realización de la prueba del VIH se asoció con la indicación médica y no con la iniciativa del paciente; a su vez, tener uno o más contactos médicos previos se relacionó con un mayor riesgo de presentar IT. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de intervenciones psicosociales dirigidas a disminuir la autoimagen negativa y actitudes y comportamientos estigmatizantes en grupos de riesgo.

Objective. To explore the association between psychosocial factors and late highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation in a sample of Mexican patients with HIV. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study at the HIV Clinic of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), and applied structured questionnaires to 150 patients who initiated HAART between January 2010 and August 2011. Late HAART initiation (LHI) was considered when patients started HAART with CD4 counts of <200+ cells/mm³. Results. By multivariate analysis, the strongest psychosocial risk factor for LHI observed was self-stigma towards HIV/AIDS. In addition, being tested by medical prescription, not by own initiative, as well as having one or more previous medical contacts, were associated with greater risk for LH. Conclusions. Our findings suggest the need to develop psychosocial interventions to decrease negative self-image and stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors in risk groups for HIV in Mexico.