Availability and access to food in supermarkets before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in a mid-size city / Disponibilidade e preço de alimentos em supermercados antes e durante a pandemia de Covid-19 em uma cidade de médio porte

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the availability and price of fresh and ultra-processed foods in supermarkets before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in a mid-size city in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Methods Ecological and longitudinal study. A proportionate stratified random sampling method was applied to supermarkets in the municipality. To assess the availability, variety, and price of fresh and ultra-processed foods, we applied the Estudo do Ambiente Obesogênico em São Paulo (ESAO, Obesogenic Environment Study in São Paulo, Brazil) Food Store Observation Tool questionnaire and calculated the Healthy Food Store Index. The audits took place from December 2019 to January 2020, and we returned to the establishments in September 2020. Descriptive analyzes, McNemar tests, paired Student's T or Wilcoxon tests were performed using the SPSS software, version 20.0, with a 5% significance level. Results Ten supermarkets were evaluated. The prices of oranges (p=0.012), bananas (p=0.043), apples (p=0.004), and onions (p=0.004) were significantly increased during the time frame. Sugar-free soft drinks (p=0.044), powdered drinks (p=0.032), and corn snacks (p=0.015) showed a greater variety of brands and flavors during the pandemic. The Healthy Food Store Index score was 9.50±0.85 before the pandemic and 9.00±1.15 during it. Conclusion The prices of some fruits and vegetables increased, and supermarkets sold a greater variety of ultra-processed foods. Such findings highlight the importance of assessing the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on the food environment.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a disponibilidade e preço de alimentos in natura e ultraprocessados em supermercados no período anterior e durante a pandemia de Covid-19 em uma cidade de médio porte de Minas Gerais. Métodos Estudo ecológico e longitudinal. Realizou-se amostragem aleatória estratificada proporcional dos supermercados do município. Foi aplicado o questionário ESAO Food Store Observation Tool, o qual avalia a disponibilidade, variedade e preço de alimentos in natura e ultraprocessados, e calculou-se o índice Healthy Food Store Index. As auditorias ocorreram nos meses de dezembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020 e retornou-se aos estabelecimentos em setembro de 2020. Foram realizados análises descritivas, testes de McNemar, T de Student pareado ou Wilcoxon utilizando-se o software SPSS, versão 20.0, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Foram avaliados dez supermercados. Os preços da laranja (p=0,012), banana (p=0,043), maçã (p=0,004) e cebola (p=0,004) apresentaram aumento significativo, e uma variedade maior de marcas e sabores de refrigerantes sem açúcar (p=0,044), refresco em pó (p=0,032) e salgadinhos de milho (p=0,015) foram encontradas durante a pandemia. A pontuação do índice Healthy Food Store Index antes da pandemia foi de 9,50 ± 0,85 e durante a pandemia foi de 9,00 ± 1,15. Conclusão Foram verificados aumentos nos preços de frutas e legumes e uma maior variedade de alimentos ultraprocessados disponíveis na auditoria feita durante a pandemia. Esses achados contribuem para salientar a importância da avaliação das consequências da pandemia de covid-19 no ambiente alimentar.

Reproducibility and validity of food group intake in a short food frequency questionnaire for the middle-aged Japanese population

PURPOSE@#The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for food group intake in Japan, the reproducibility and partial validity of which were previously confirmed for nutrients.@*METHODS@#A total of 288 middle-aged healthy volunteers from 11 different areas of Japan provided nonconsecutive 3-day weighed dietary records (DRs) at 3-month intervals over four seasons. We evaluated reproducibility based on the first (FFQ1) and second (FFQ2) questionnaires and their validity against the DRs by comparing the intake of 20 food groups. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (SRs) were calculated between energy-adjusted intake from the FFQs and that from the DRs.@*RESULTS@#The intake of 20 food groups estimated from the two FFQs was mostly equivalent. The median energy-adjusted SRs between the FFQ1 and FFQ2 were 0.61 (range 0.38-0.86) for men and 0.66 (0.45-0.84) for women. For validity, the median de-attenuated SRs between DRs and the FFQ1 were 0.51 (0.17-0.76) for men and 0.47 (0.23-0.77) for women. Compared with the DRs, the proportion of cross-classification into exact plus adjacent quintiles with the FFQ1 ranged from 58 to 86% in men and from 57 to 86% in women. According to the robust Z scores and the Bland-Altman plot graphs, the underestimation errors in the FFQ1 tended to be greater in individuals with high mean levels of consumption for meat for men and for other vegetables for both men and women.@*CONCLUSION@#The FFQ demonstrated high reproducibility and reasonable validity for food group intake. This questionnaire is short and remains appropriate for identifying associations between diet and health/disease among adults in Japan.

Elaboração de salsicha de peixe pargo Pagrus pagrus de tamanho reduzido proveniente da pesca de arrasto com baixo valor comercial / Development of fish sausage using low commercial value red porgy Pagrus pagrus

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver salsicha utilizando o pargo Pagrus pagrus de baixo valor comercial capturado na modalidade de pesca de arrasto e classificado como na categoria "mistura" por ter tamanho reduzido para o mercado varejista e realizar análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, toxicológicas e sensoriais. A salsicha foi elaborada na planta piloto da Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos utilizando 50% de surimi e 50% de filé. As análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas foram realizadas com métodos oficiais. O teste de aceitação foi realizado com 87 provadores que avaliaram o produto utilizando escala hedônica de sete pontos e também arguidos quanto à intenção de compra do produto. O produto foi considerado aceito quando 70% dos provadores atribuíram nota ≥ 4. Os resultados da composição centesimal foram: umidade 71,22%, proteínas 15,34%, lipídios totais 5,55%, carboidratos 6,11%, cinzas 1,78% e o valor energético 135,75 kcal. As avaliações microbiológicas e toxicológicas mostraram que os produtos apresentaram qualidade satisfatória conforme a legislação. A salsicha foi aceita por 82,7% dos provadores e o aspecto global do produto atingiu média de 4,93 (±1,69). Em relação à intenção de compra foi atribuída a maior porcentagem para talvez sim/talvez não (32%), seguido de provavelmente compraria (24%), e 28,1% informaram que provavelmente ou decididamente não comprariam. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o peixe de baixo valor agregado da categoria "mistura" resultou em produto embutido viável para o uso na tecnologia do pescado.

The aim of this work was to develop sausage using the low commercial value red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) caught in the "fish mix" category in the trawl fishery and to perform physicochemical, microbiological, toxicological and sensorial analysis. The sausage was prepared using 50% of surimi and 50% of fillet in Embrapa Food Agroindustry Pilot Plant. The physicochemical, microbiological, toxicological analyses were performed with official methods. The sensorial analyses were performed with 87 testers who evaluated the product using a hedonic scale of seven (7) points and were also accused of buying the product. The product was considered accepted when 70% of the tasters assigned a score ≥ 4. One sausage formulation was tested using 50% surimi. The results of the centesimal composition were: moisture 71.22%, proteins 15.34%, total lipids 5.55%, carbohydrates 6.11%, ash 1.78% and energy value 135.75 kcal. The parameters of microbiological and toxicological are within the current legislation for breaded products. The sausage was accepted obtaining 82.7% and the overall impression of the product reached a mean of 4.93 (± 1.69). Regarding intention to purchase for sausage, the highest percentage was attributed to maybe / perhaps not (32%), followed by likely to buy (24%), and 28.1% reported that they probably or decidedly would not buy. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the low commercial value fish of the "fish mix" category resulted in a viable product available for use in fish technology.

University food environment: characterization and changes from 2011 to 2016 in a Brazilian public university / Ambiente alimentar universitário: caracterização e mudanças no período de 2011 a 2016 em uma universidade pública brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the food environment of a public university located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to review the changes that occurred between the years 2011 and 2016. Methods Time trend study (through repeated cross-sectional studies) of the sale of food, culinary preparations and beverages in the University Campus establishments in 2011, 2012 and 2016. Variables regarding the description of the establishments and the offer, price and advertising of food, beverages and culinary preparations were assessed through a checklist. Comparisons between establishments in each year and the analysis of such comparison changes during the period were performed by assessing the difference between absolute and relative values observed in each year. Results Increased number of establishments available, good convenience and financial accessibility were observed. There was a relative disadvantage in the availability of fresh or minimally processed foods and culinary preparations; a predominance of advertising of ultra-processed foods; and lack of nutritional information of culinary preparations. The predominance of establishments selling snacks and candies increased over the years. Conclusion In the period studied, the university food environment did not favor healthy food choices.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o ambiente alimentar de uma universidade pública localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e analisar as mudanças nele ocorridas no período de 2011 a 2016. Métodos Estudo de tendência temporal (por meio de estudos transversais repetidos) da comercialização de alimentos, preparações e bebidas nos estabelecimentos existentes dentro do campus em 2011, 2012 e 2016. Foram examinadas, por meio de checklist, variáveis referentes à descrição dos estabelecimentos e a oferta, preço e propaganda de alimentos, bebidas e preparações. A comparação entre os estabelecimentos e a análise das variações verificadas no período foi realizada com base no exame das diferenças entre valores absolutos e relativos observadas em cada ano. Resultados Foram observados aumento da disponibilidade de estabelecimentos, boa comodidade e acessibilidade financeira. Verificou-se desvantagem relativa da disponibilidade de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e de preparações, predominância de propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados e ausência de informações nutricionais das preparações. A predominância de estabelecimentos que comercializavam lanches e guloseimas se acentuou no período. Conclusão No período estudado, o ambiente alimentar universitário não favoreceu escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

Food advertisements on television and eating habits in adolescents: a school-based study

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of television food advertisements with eating habits in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS The sample was composed of 1,011 adolescents, aged from 10-17 years. The influence of television food advertisements on eating habits, as well as food consumption and socioeconomic variables were assessed through questionnaires. A binary logistic regression was performed to assess the magnitude of the associations, adjusted for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and parental schooling. RESULTS Of the sample, 83.3% (n = 843) reported food consumption while watching TV. Adolescents who do not consume food while watching TV had a higher weekly consumption of fruits (3.98, SD = 2.0 versus 3.39, SD = 2.1) and vegetables (4.1, SD = 2.2 versus 3.4, SD = 2.3). Adolescents that consume food while watching TV had higher weekly consumption of fried foods (3.1, SD = 2.0 versus 2.3, SD = 1.7), sweets (4.1, SD = 2.1 versus 3.3, SD = 2.1), soft drinks (3.2, SD = 2.1 versus 2.2, SD = 1.9), and snacks (2.3, SD = 2.0 versus 1.6, SD = 1.7). For 73,8% of the sample, food advertisements induce product consumerism, most commonly sweets and fast foods. Buying or asking to buy food after seeing it on the television was associated with fried foods (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.03- 1.79), sweets (OR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.30-2.18), and snacks (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.12-2.22). CONCLUSION Food advertisements were associated with greater consumption of fried foods, sweets, and snacks in adolescents, even after adjusting for confounding factors.

Main sources of added sugar in Argentina

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour dietary recalls and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed by Argentines, 26.9% of added sugars were provided by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, came from baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets and candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%), while women consumed more added sugars in infusions (25.5 vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day), while no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos por los argentinos el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces y golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5 vs. 21.8%), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

Principales fuentes de azúcares de adición en Argentina / Main sources of added sugars in Argentina

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos, el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces, golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5% vs. 21.8), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and to determine the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour intake records and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed, 26.9% of added sugars was contributed by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, was obtained by baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets, candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%) and women more in infusions (25.5% vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day) and no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.

Ultra-processed food consumption among infants in primary health care in a city of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, / Consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados entre crianças com menos de um ano na atenção primária à saúde em uma cidade da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil,

Abstract Objective: To analyze the prevalence of ultra-processed food intake among children under one year of age and to identify associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed. We interviewed 198 mothers of children aged between 6 and 12 months in primary healthcare units located in a city of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. Specific foods consumed in the previous 24 h of the interview were considered to evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods. Variables related to mothers' and children's characteristics as well as primary healthcare units were grouped into three blocks of increasingly proximal influence on the outcome. A Poisson regression analysis was performed following a statistical hierarchical modeling to determine factors associated with ultra-processed food intake. Results: The prevalence of ultra-processed food intake was 43.1%. Infants that were not being breastfed had a higher prevalence of ultra-processed food intake but no statistical significance was found. Lower maternal education (prevalence ratio 1.55 [1.08-2.24]) and the child's first appointment at the primary healthcare unit having happened after the first week of life (prevalence ratio 1.51 [1.01-2.27]) were factors associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods. Conclusions: High consumption of ultra-processed foods among children under 1 year of age was found. Both maternal socioeconomic status and time until the child's first appointment at the primary healthcare unit were associated with the prevalence of ultra-processed food intake.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados entre crianças com menos de um ano e identificar os fatores associados. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal. Entrevistamos 198 mães de crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 meses em unidades de atenção primária à saúde localizadas em Embu das Artes, uma cidade da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Alimentos específicos consumidos nas 24 horas anteriores à entrevista foram considerados para avaliar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. As variáveis relacionadas às características das mães e crianças e as unidades de atenção primária à saúde foram agrupadas em três blocos de influência cada vez mais proximal com o resultado. Foi realizada uma análise de regressão de Poisson de acordo com um modelo estatístico hierárquico para determinar os fatores associados ao consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Resultados: A prevalência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi 43,1%. As crianças que não eram amamentadas apresentaram maior prevalência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, porém não foi encontrada diferença estatística. Menor nível de escolaridade materna (RP 1,55 [1,08-2,24]) e o fato de a primeira consulta da criança na unidade de atenção primária à saúde acontecer na primeira semana de vida (RP 1,51 [1,01-2,27]) foram fatores associados ao consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Conclusões: Foi encontrado consumo elevado de alimentos ultraprocessados entre crianças com menos de um ano. A situação socioeconômica materna e o tempo da primeira consulta da criança na unidade de atenção primária à saúde foram associados à prevalência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados.

Development and evaluation of food environment audit instrument: Auditnova / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de instrumento de auditoria do ambiente alimentar: Auditnova

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop and assess the reliability of an instrument that enables auditing information on consumer food environment indicators, such as availability, price, promotional and advertising strategies, and quantity of brands available, using the food recommendations adopted by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population as a theoretical basis. METHODS This is a methodological study in two phases: 1. development of the audit instrument and 2. assessment of its reliability and reproducibility . The Content Validity Index was estimated for each instrument item (>0.80 satisfactory). Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed by percentage agreement and Kappa coefficients. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Scatter-plots were used to measure the degree of linear correlation between two quantitative variables. RESULTS The Content Validity Index was 0.91. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were mostly high (Kappa> 0.80), for food availability indicators. Among the items that measure advertising, Kappa values for inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.57 to 1.00 and for the test-retest ranged from 0.18 to 0.90. Prices and quantity of brands showed a positive linear correlation between measurements performed by researcher 1 and 2 and between visits 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS AUDITNOVA is reliable for measuring aspects such as availability, price, quantity of brands, and advertising of foods available in the consumer food environment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Desenvolver e avaliar a confiabilidade de um instrumento de auditoria do ambiente alimentar do consumidor que possibilite captar informações sobre indicadores do ambiente alimentar do consumidor como disponibilidade, preço, estratégias promocionais e publicitárias e quantidade de marcas disponíveis, utilizando como base teórica as recomendações alimentares adotadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo metodológico em duas fases: 1. desenvolvimento do instrumento de auditoria e 2. avaliação de sua confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade . Foi calculado o índice de validade de conteúdo para cada item do instrumento (satisfatório > 0,80). A confiabilidade interavaliadores e teste-reteste foram avaliadas por percentual de concordância e coeficientes de Kappa. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e scatter-plots foram utilizados para medir o grau da correlação linear entre duas variáveis quantitativas. RESULTADOS O índice de validade de conteúdo total foi de 0,91. A confiabilidade interavaliadores e teste-reteste foram altas (Kappa >0,80), em sua maioria, para indicadores de disponibilidade de alimentos. Entre os itens que medem a publicidade, a confiabilidade interavaliadores apresentou valores de Kappa de 0,57 a 1,00, enquanto o teste-reteste apresentou Kappas de 0,18 a 0,90. Preços e quantidade de marcas apresentaram correlação linear positiva entre as medidas realizadas pelo pesquisador 1 e 2 e entre as visitas 1 e 2. CONCLUSÕES O AUDITNOVA é confiável para mensurar aspectos como disponibilidade, preço, quantidade de marcas e publicidade de alimentos disponíveis no ambiente alimentar do consumidor.

Edulcorantes no nutritivos: consumo de los niños y adolescentes, y alimentos que los aportan / Non-nutritive sweeteners: children and adolescent consumption and food sources

La disponibilidad de alimentos y bebidas con edulcorantes no nutritivos (ENN) aumentó en años recientes. Objetivos: Estimar el consumo de ENN en niños y adolescentes de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, la prevalencia de ingesta superior a la admisible y los principales alimentos y bebidas aportadores. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de información recolectada en la Primera Encuesta Alimentaria y Nutricional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires realizada en 2011 que incluyó 2664 niños y adolescentes de 2 a 18 años. El consumo se evaluó mediante recordatorio de 24 horas. El contenido de ENN en alimentos y bebidas se obtuvo del rotulado nutricional. Se calculó la ingesta total de cada ENN y la adecuación a la ingesta diaria admisible (IDA) establecida por FAO/OMS. Resultados: El 44% de los preescolares, 53% de escolares y 51% de los adolescentes consumieron alimentos con ENN. Ningún niño presentó un consumo superior a la IDA de aspartamo, acesulfame-K y sucralosa. El 0,3% de los preescolares superó la IDA de sacarina, el 1% de preescolares, 0,9% de escolares y el 0,1% de los adolescentes superaron la IDA de ciclamato, debido al consumo de jugos concentrados para diluir. Las bebidas aportaron el 67% del ciclamato, el 91% del acesulfame-K y el 96% del aspartamo. Los edulcorantes de mesa aportaron el 30% del ciclamato y el 32% de la sacarina. Conclusión: El consumo de alimentos con ENN es usual en la población infanto juvenil, principalmente a partir de bebidas. Menos del 1% de los niños supera la IDA de ciclamato y sacarina.

The availability of food and beverages with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) has increased in recent years. Objectives: To estimate NNSs consumption among children and adolescents in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the prevalence of a daily intake higher than acceptable, and the main food and beverages contributing to it. Material and methods: Descriptive study about the information collected in the First Food and Nutritional/Nutrition Survey of Buenos Aires City, which was conducted in 2011 and included 2664 children and adolescents aged 2-18 years. Consumption was assessed by means of a 24-hour recall. NNSs content in food and beverages was obtained from nutrition facts labels. The total dietary intake for each NNSs and the adequacy to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Forty four percent of preschoolers, 53% of school children, and 51% of adolescents have had food with NNSs. No child was exposed to a consumption of aspartame, acesulfameK, and sucralose higher than the ADI. Saccharin consumption was higher than the ADI in 0.3% of preschoolers while cyclamate consumption was higher than the ADI in 0.9% of school children and 0.1% of adolescents, due to the consumption of concentrated juice, to be diluted with water. Beverages provided 67% of cyclamate, 91% of acesulfameK, and 96% of aspartame. Table-top sweeteners provided 30% of cyclamate and 32% of saccharin. Conclusion: Consumption of food and beverages with NNSs is usual among children and adolescents, mainly from beverages. Less than 1% of children are exposed to a consumption of cyclamate and saccharin higher than the ADI.

Impacto do Programa Bolsa Família no consumo de alimentos: estudo comparativo das regiões Sudeste e Nordeste do Brasil / The impact of the Bolsa Família Program on food consumption: a comparative study of the southeast and northeast regions of Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do Programa Bolsa Família no consumo de alimentos nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste. A base de dados procedeu do módulo sobre o consumo alimentar individual da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar realizada em 2008-09. O consumo foi avaliado por meio de dois registros alimentares. Os alimentos foram classificados em quatro grupos: in natura ou minimamente processados, ingredientes culinários, processados, e ultraprocessados. Para análise da medida de impacto utilizou-se o método Propensity Score Matching que assemelha os indivíduos beneficiários e não beneficiários em relação ao conjunto de características socioeconômicas. Após cálculo do propensity score estimou-se o impacto do programa através do algoritmo de pareamento do vizinho mais próximo. Mais de 60% do total calórico diário consumido pelos beneficiários do programa, em ambas as regiões, provém de alimentos que não sofreram processamento industrial. Os participantes do programa apresentaram menor consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, em ambas as regiões, e maior consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados na região Nordeste. Os resultados ratificam a importância da adoção de políticas intersetoriais, em paralelo ao programa, para o fortalecimento de práticas alimentares saudáveis.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) on food consumption in the northeast and southeast regions of Brazil. The database was obtained from the individual food consumption module of the Household Budget Survey conducted in 2008-09. Consumption was assessed through two food records. The food was categorized into four groups: fresh or minimally processed food; culinary ingredients; processed food; and ultra-processed food. To analyze the impact, the propensity score matching method was used, which compares the individual recipients and non-recipients of the PBF in relation to a group of socioeconomic characteristics. After the propensity score was calculated, the impact of the PBF was estimated through the nearest-neighbor matching algorithm. In both regions, more than 60% of the daily total calories consumed by PBF recipients came from foods that had not undergone industrial processing. The recipients of PBF had a low level of consumption of processed and ultra-processed food in both regions, and an increased level of consumption of fresh or minimally processed food in the northeast. The results indicate the importance of adopting intersectoral policies in parallel to the PBF in order to strengthen healthy eating practices.

Nutritional quality of dietary patterns of children: are there differences inside and outside school? / Qualidade nutricional dos padrões alimentares de crianças: existem diferenças dentro e fora da escola?

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the dietary patterns of children inside and outside school and investigate their associations with sociodemographic factors and nutritional status. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study in which children of both sexes, aged 1-6 years, attending private and public daycare centers and preschools in Brazil, were evaluated (n = 2979). Demographic, socioeconomic and dietary data (weighed food records and estimated food records) were collected. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis from 36 food groups. Results: Four dietary patterns were identified inside school, and three outside. Inside school, the "traditional" pattern was associated to low income and presented high nutritional quality. The "dual" pattern was associated with low income and with high intake of added sugar and glycemic load. The "snack" pattern was associated with children enrolled at private schools and with high intake of added sugar and glycemic load. The "bread and butter" pattern was associated with high intake of added sugar and trans fat. Outside school, the "traditional" pattern was associated with high intake of saturated fat, trans fats, sodium, and total fiber. The "bread and butter" pattern was associated with high intake of trans fats and glycemic load, whereas the "snack" pattern was associated with overweight, private schools, high income, and high intake of trans fats, sodium, and total fiber. Conclusion: There are differences in the nutritional quality of dietary patterns inside and outside school, and heterogeneity in adherence to these patterns were observed across regions and socioeconomic classes.

Resumo: Objetivos: Descrever os padrões alimentares de crianças dentro e fora da escola e investigar a sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos e estado nutricional. Métodos: Estudo multicêntrico transversal, no qual foram avaliadas crianças de 1 a 6 anos de ambos os sexos, atendidas em creches públicas e privadas e pré-escolas no Brasil (n = 2.979). Foram coletados dados demográficos, socioeconômicos e dietéticos. Os padrões alimentares foram derivados por análise fatorial a partir de 36 grupos de alimentos. Resultados: Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados dentro e três fora da creche. Dentro da creche, o padrão "tradicional" foi associado a menor renda e apresentou melhor qualidade nutricional. O padrão "dual" associou-se a menor renda e maior ingestão de açúcar de adição e carga glicêmica. O padrão "lanches" foi associado a crianças matriculadas em escolas privadas e com maior ingestão de açúcar de adição e carga glicêmica. O padrão "pão com manteiga" associou-se a maior ingestão de açúcar de adição e gordura trans. Fora da creche, o padrão "tradicional" foi associado a maior ingestão de gordura saturada, trans, sódio e fibra. O padrão "pão com manteiga" associou-se a maior ingestão de gordura trans e carga glicêmica, enquanto o padrão "lanches" associou-se às crianças com excesso de peso, de creches privadas, maior renda e com maior ingestão de gordura trans, sódio e fibra. Conclusão: Houve diferença na qualidade nutricional dos padrões dentro e fora da escola e a adesão a esses ocorreu de forma heterogênea nas regiões e classes socioeconômicas.

Food Consumption According to the Days of the Week - National Food Survey, 2008-2009 / Consumo alimentar segundo os dias da semana - Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação, 2008-2009

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluate the variations in energy, nutrients, and food groups intake between days of the week and weekend days in the Brazilian population. METHODS We used data from the first National Food Survey (2008-2009) of a one-day food log of a representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 10 years or older (n = 34,003). For the analyses, we considered the sample weights and the effect of the study design. The mean (and standard deviations) and frequencies (%) of energy, nutrients, and food groups consumption were estimated for weekdays (Monday to Friday) and weekend (Saturday and Sunday), we then estimated the differences according to the days of the week for the population strata analyzed. RESULTS The average daily energy intake for the weekend was 8% higher than the one observed for weekdays. The average percentage contribution of carbohydrate to the daily energy intake was higher during the week compared to Saturday and Sunday (56.3% versus 54.1%, p < 0.01). The inverse was observed for averages of the contribution to the daily intake of energy from total fat (26.8% versus 28.4%), saturated fat (9.1% versus 9.9%) and trans fat (1.4% versus 1.6%). The most significant changes between weekdays and weekend days were observed for eggs, sugar-added beverages, puff snacks and chips, beans, and pasta. During weekends, the frequency of beverage with added sugar consumption increased by 34%, the amount consumed increased by 42%, and the contribution to energy intake increased by 62% when compared to weekdays. CONCLUSIONS The Brazilian population increases energy intake and unhealthy food markers on weekends compared to weekdays.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar as variações na ingestão de energia, nutrientes e grupos de alimentos entre dias da semana e dias de fim de semana na população brasileira. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados obtidos no primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (2008-2009) de um dia de registro alimentar de amostra representativa da população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (n = 34.003). Para as análises, foram considerados os pesos amostrais e o efeito do desenho de estudo. Foram estimadas as médias (e desvios-padrões) e frequências (%) da ingestão de energia, nutrientes e grupos de alimentos para dias de semana (de segunda a sexta-feira) e de final de semana (sábado e domingo), sendo estimadas as diferenças segundo os dias da semana para os estratos populacionais analisados. RESULTADOS A ingestão diária média de energia do fim de semana foi 8% maior que a observada para dias de semana. A contribuição percentual média de carboidrato para a ingestão diária de energia foi maior durante a semana em comparação com sábado e domingo (56,3% versus 54,1%; p < 0,01). O inverso foi observado para as médias da contribuição para a ingestão diária de energia de gordura total (26,8% versus 28,4%), gordura saturada (9,1% versus 9,9%) e gordura trans (1,4% versus 1,6%). As mudanças mais importantes entre os dias de semana e de fim de semana foram observadas para ovos, bebidas com adição de açúcar, salgadinhos e chips, feijão e massas. Nos finais de semana, a frequência de consumo de bebidas com adição de açúcar aumentou em 34%, a quantidade consumida sofreu incremento de 42% e a contribuição para a ingestão de energia se elevou em 62%, quando comparados aos dias de semana. CONCLUSÕES A população brasileira aumenta a ingestão de energia e de marcadores de alimentação pouco saudável nos finais de semana em comparação aos dias de semana.

Análise da publicidade televisiva de alimentos no contexto das recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira / Analysis of TV food advertising in the context of recommendations by the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population / Análisis de la publicidad televisiva de alimentos en el contexto de las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña

O objetivo do estudo é analisar a publicidade televisiva de alimentos no Brasil com base nas recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira de 2014. A programação dos quatro canais mais populares de televisão foi gravada em janeiro de 2014, por dois dias não consecutivos. Os comerciais foram categorizados em (i) alimentos e bebidas, (ii) restaurantes e (iii) serviços, bens e produtos não alimentícios, sendo aqueles referentes à alimentação subdivididos conforme recomendações do guia. As categorias de comerciais foram descritas por meio de sua frequência (e intervalo de 95% de confiança), para o conjunto total dos registros e segundo o dia da semana. Dos 2.732 comerciais que foram identificados, a publicidade de alimentos e bebidas representou a terceira maior categoria anunciada, com 10,2%. Nessa categoria, os alimentos ultraprocessados corresponderam a 60,7% dos anúncios, e os alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados a cerca de 7%. A realidade evidenciada se opõe às recomendações do guia, reforçando a importância de ações para a regulamentação da publicidade de alimentos no Brasil.

This study aimed to analyze TV food advertising in Brazil based on the recommendations of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population, 2014. Programming from the four most popular TV channels was recorded on two non-consecutive days in January 2014. The commercials were categorized in (i) foods and beverages, (ii) restaurants, and (iii) non-food services, goods, and products, with those in the first category subdivided according to recommendations in the food guide. The commercials’ categories were described by means of their frequency (and 95% confidence interval), for all the records and according to the day of the week. Of the 2,732 commercials that were identified, food and beverage advertising was the third largest category, with 10.2% of the total. In this category, ultra-processed foods accounted for 60.7% of the commercials, while fresh or minimally processed foods at around 7%. The findings run counter to the guide’s recommendations, reinforcing the importance of measures to regulate food advertising in Brazil.

El objetivo del estudio es analizar la publicidad televisiva de alimentos en Brasil, en base a las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña de 2014. La programación de los cuatro canales más populares de televisión fue grabada en enero de 2014, durante dos días no consecutivos. Los anuncios fueron categorizados en (i) alimentos y bebidas, (ii) restaurantes y (iii) servicios, bienes y productos no alimenticios, siendo aquellos referentes a la alimentación subdivididos conforme las recomendaciones de la guía. Las categorías de anuncios fueron descritas mediante su frecuencia (e intervalo de 95% de confianza), para el conjunto total de los registros y según el día de la semana. De los 2.732 anuncios que se identificaron, la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas representó la tercera mayor categoría anunciada, con un 10,2%. En esa categoría, los alimentos ultraprocesados correspondieron a un 60,7% de los anuncios, y los alimentos in natura o mínimamente procesados a cerca de un 7%. La realidad evidenciada se opone a las recomendaciones de la guía, reforzando la importancia de acciones para la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos en Brasil.

Geographic and socioeconomic distribution of food vendors: a case study of a municipality in the Southern Brazil / Distribuição geográfica e socioeconômica de comerciantes de alimentos: um estudo de caso de um município no Sul do Brasil / Distribución geográfica y socioeconómica de comerciantes de alimentos: un estudio de caso de un municipio en el sur de Brasil

Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify the food vendor distribution profile of the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, and investigate its association with the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of different municipal regions. This descriptive, cross-sectional study obtained the location of food vendors from secondary data from different institutional sources. The density of different types of food vendors per 1,000 inhabitants in each municipal weighted area was calculated. The Kruskal-Wallis test compared the mean density of food vendors and the weighted income areas. The lowest-income regions had the lowest density of butchers, snack bars, supermarkets, bakeries/pastry shops, natural product stores, juice bars, and convenience stores. The identification of these areas may encourage the creation of public policies that facilitate healthy food startups and/or maintenance of healthy food vendors, especially in the lowest-income regions.

Resumo: Os objetivos desse estudo foram identificar o perfil de distribuição de comerciantes de alimentos no Município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, e investigar a associação com as características das diferentes regiões do município. O estudo transversal, descritivo, obteve a localização dos comerciantes de alimentos a partir de dados secundários de diferentes fontes institucionais. Foi calculada a densidade dos diferentes tipos de comerciantes por mil habitantes em cada área ponderada do município. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para comparar a densidade média de comerciantes de alimentos com as regiões do município, ponderadas por renda. As áreas de menor renda tiveram a menor densidade de açougueiros, lanchonetes, supermercados, padarias/pastelarias, lojas de produtos naturais, lojas de sucos e lojas de conveniência. A identificação dessas áreas pode incentivar a elaboração de políticas públicas que facilitem empreendimentos novos de comercialização de alimentos saudáveis e/ou a manutenção dos estabelecimentos de alimentos saudáveis, principalmente nas áreas de menor renda.

Resumen: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar el perfil de distribución de comerciantes de alimentos en el municipio de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, e investigar la asociación con las características de las diferentes regiones del municipio. El estudio transversal, descriptivo, obtuvo la localización de los comerciantes de alimentos, a partir de datos secundarios de diferentes fuentes institucionales. Se calculó la densidad de los diferentes tipos de comerciantes por 1.000 habitantes en cada área ponderada del municipio. El test de Kruskal-Wallis se usó para comparar la densidad media de comerciantes de alimentos con las regiones del municipio, ponderadas por renda. Las áreas de menor renta tuvieron la menor densidad de carnicerías, bares de aperitivos, supermercados, panaderías/bocaterías, tiendas de productos naturales, tiendas de zumos y tiendas 24hrs. La identificación de esas áreas puede incentivar la elaboración de políticas públicas que faciliten emprendimientos nuevos de comercialización de alimentos saludables y/o el mantenimiento de los establecimientos de alimentos saludables, principalmente en las áreas de menor renta.

Food consumed outside the home in Brazil according to places of purchase / Consumo de alimentos fora do lar no Brasil segundo locais de aquisição

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the places of purchase of food consumed outside the home, characterize consumers according to the places of consumption, and identify the food purchased by place of consumption in Brazil. METHODS We have used data from the Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (Household Budget Survey) of 2008-2009 with a sample of 152,895 subjects over 10 years of age. The purchase of food outside the home was collected from the records of all expenditures made in seven days. The places of purchase were grouped according to their characteristics: supermarket, bakery, street food, restaurant, snack bar, fruit shop, and other places. The types of food were grouped into nine categories, considering the nutritional aspects and the marketing characteristics of the item. We have estimated the frequency of purchase in the seven groups of places in Brazil and according to gender and type of food purchased per place. We have calculated the average age, income and years of education, as well as the per capita expenditure according to places of purchase of food consumed outside the home. RESULTS The purchase of food outside the home was reported by 41.2% of the subjects, being it greater among men than women (44% versus 38.5%). Adults had a higher frequency (46%) than teenagers (37.7%) and older adults (24.2%). The highest frequency of places of purchase were snack bar (16.9%) and restaurant (16.4%), while the fruit shop (1.2%) presented the lowest frequency. Sweets, snack chips and soft drinks were the most purchased items in most places. Average expenditure was higher for restaurant (R$33.20) and lower for fruit shop (R$4.10) and street food (R$5.00). CONCLUSIONS The highest percentage of food consumed outside the home comes from snack bars and restaurants, pointing to important places for the development of public policies focused on promoting healthy eating.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os locais de aquisição dos alimentos consumidos fora do lar, caracterizar os consumidores de acordo com os locais de consumo e identificar os alimentos adquiridos por local de consumo no Brasil. MÉTODOS Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 2008-2009 em uma amostra de 152.895 indivíduos acima de 10 anos. A aquisição de alimentos para consumo fora do lar foi coletada por registros de todos os gastos realizados no período de sete dias. Os locais de aquisição de alimentos foram agrupados de acordo com suas características: supermercado, padaria, comida de rua, restaurante, lanchonete, frutaria e outros. Os tipos de alimentos adquiridos foram alocados em nove categorias de alimentos, considerando os aspectos nutricionais e as características de comercialização do item. Estimou-se a frequência de aquisição de alimentos nos sete grupos de locais no Brasil e por sexo e o tipo de alimento adquirido por local. Calculou-se a média de idade, de renda e de anos de escolaridade, bem como da despesa per capita segundo locais de aquisição de alimentos consumidos fora do lar. RESULTADOS A aquisição de alimentos fora do lar foi reportada por 41,2% dos indivíduos, sendo maior entre os homens do que nas mulheres (44% versus 38,5%). Os adultos apresentaram maior frequência de aquisição (46%) do que os adolescentes (37,7%) e os idosos (24,2%). Os locais com maiores frequências de consumo de alimentos fora do lar foram lanchonete (16,9%) e restaurante (16,4%), enquanto frutaria (1,2%) apresentou a menor frequência. Doces, salgadinhos e refrigerante foram os alimentos mais adquiridos na maioria dos locais. Os gastos médios com alimentos foram maiores para restaurante (R$33,20) e menores para frutaria (R$4,10) e comida de rua (R$5,00). CONCLUSÕES O maior percentual de consumo de alimentos fora do lar é proveniente de lanchonete e restaurante, apontando importantes locais para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas com foco na promoção da alimentação saudável.

Vitamin K: content in food consumed in São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT Recent research on Vitamin K has shown its importance in maintaining vascular and bone health. Brazilian food composition tables do not show phylloquinone content in national foods. These data are needed to obtain more reliable results in nutritional status assessment studies of individuals in relation to this vitamin as studies have shown a geographical influence in food phylloquinone content. This study aims to determine phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) levels in its most important source: dark green leaved vegetables. Several varieties of vegetables were purchased directly from CEAGESP (General Warehouse Company of São Paulo) at different times. Phylloquinone was extracted using organic solvents and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography - HPLC. Results show the concentrations of phylloquinone in commonly consumed foodstuffs. In general, results showed variations with data from literature on the amount of Vitamin K in the plants analysed.

Alimento ou medicamento?: Espécies vegetais frente à legislação brasileira / Food or medicine?: Plant species in relation to the Brazilian legislation

O uso de espécies vegetais como fonte terapêutica e alimentícia tem apresentado significativo crescimento nos últimos anos, em especial no território brasileiro que é dotado de grande biodiversidade. A regulamentação dessas categorias de produtos envolve uma vasta lista de legislações, o que gera dificuldades no entendimento regulatório. Este trabalho teve por objetivo diferenciar algumas das classes de alimentos e medicamentos baseados em espécies vegetais e expor as legislações pertinentes a cada caso. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico e documental com base no acervo regulatório brasileiro atual e os principais dados foram compilados em forma de tabela. Este trabalho permitiu visualizar uma parte do universo legal referente aos produtos de origem vegetal, o que é essencial para o enquadramento correto dessas espécies frente a legislação, bem como seu comércio, propaganda e uso regular e seguro. Isto é fundamental frente à valorização emergente das espécies vegetais dentro do sistema público de saúde brasileiro de acordo com as exigências regulatórias de cada categoria.

The use of plant species as food and therapy source has shown significant growth in recent years, particularly in the Brazilian territory that is endowed with rich biodiversity. The regulation of these product categories, however, involves a wide range of legislation, which creates difficulties in regulatory understanding. This study aimed to differentiate some of the classes of food and medicines based on plant species and expose the laws pertaining to each case. We conducted a literature review and documentary based on the current Brazilian regulatory collection and the most important data were compiled in tabular form. This work allowed us to visualize a part of the legal universe for products of plant origin, which is essential for the adequate framing of these species in the legislation, as well their regular and safe trade, marketing and use. This is necessary because of the major regulations and requirements for food and medication categories and the emerging appreciation of plant species on the Brazilian public health system.

Analysis of television food advertising on children's programming on "free-to-air" broadcast stations in Brazil / Analise dos alimentos anunciados durante a programacao infantil em emissoras de canal aberto no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the content of television food advertising on Brazilian 'free-to-air' broadcast stations during children's programming. METHODS: This is a descriptive study which evaluated the content of food advertising between 08:00 a.m. and 06:00 p.m. on three Brazilian 'free-to-air' broadcast stations (A, B and C). Data collection was performed during 10 week days and weekends. Food advertising was organized according to the food group classification from the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. The annual exposure to food advertising was obtained considering the national children average exposure to television of five daily hours. The χ2 and Fisher's exact test were conducted in order to identify differences in the content of television advertising in the morning and in the afternoon and between broadcast stations. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty six hours of programming were recorded, totalizing 1,369 commercials - 13.8% of food. There was major participation of 'sugars and sweets' (48.1%) and 'oils and fats' (29.1%) among food advertising and much food publicity in the afternoon (15.7%; morning: 12.2%, p = 0.037). Moreover, the broadcast with more audience was the one that advertised more food (A: 63.5%; B: 12.2%; C: 24.3%), especially 'sugar and sweets' (A: 59.2%; B: 43.5%; C: 21.7%). Finally, an annual average exposure to 2,735.5 commercials was obtained for Brazilian children, totalizing 2,106.3 of food rich in sugar and fat publicity. CONCLUSION: Food advertising is focused on poor nutritionally food, emphasizing the need for specific intervention strategies. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar os tipos de alimentos veiculados em propagandas da televisão aberta brasileira durante a programação infantil. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo com avaliação do conteúdo das propagandas veiculadas entre 08h00 min e 18h00 min em três emissoras brasileiras de televisão de canal aberto (A, B e C). A coleta de dados foi realizada durante 10 dias de semana e finais de semana. As propagandas de alimentos foram classificadas segundo os grupos alimentares do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira e obteve-se a exposição anual às propagandas de alimentos, considerando a média nacional de exposição de crianças a cinco horas diárias à televisão. Os testes χ2 ou Exato de Fisher foram conduzidos no intuito de identificar as diferenças do conteúdo das propagandas televisivas nos turnos manhã e tarde e entre as emissoras. RESULTADOS: Foram gravadas 126 horas de programação, totalizando 1.369 propagandas, sendo 13,8% de alimentos. Verificou-se predominância de anúncio de produtos pertencentes aos grupos dos "açúcares e doces" (48,1%) e "óleos, gorduras e sementes oleaginosas" (29,1%). Observou-se maior publicidade dos alimentos no período da tarde (15,7%; manhã: 12,2%; p = 0,037). Ademais, a emissora de maior audiência foi a que mais veiculou propagandas de alimentos (A: 63,5%; B: 12,2%; C: 24,3%), sobretudo alimentos ricos em açúcares e doces (A: 59,2%; B: 43,5%; C: 21,7%). Por fim, obteve-se média de exposição anual de crianças brasileiras a 2.737,5 propagandas de alimentos, sendo 2.106,3 ricos em açúcares e gorduras. CONCLUSÃO: A publicidade de alimentos se concentra em produtos pobres nutricionalmente, denotando a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção específicas. .

Distribución de energía y macronutrientes en hogares colombianos / Intra-household distribution of energy and macronutrients in Colombian households

Introducción. Conocer la distribución del consumo dietético en el hogar es útil para establecer la política alimentaria. Objetivos. Estimar la distribución de la energía y los macronutrientes en hogares colombianos, según el parentesco. Materiales y métodos. Se aplicaron dos cuestionarios sobre el consumo dietético de las últimas 24 horas ( 24 Hours Dietary Recall , R24H) en 1.505 sujetos residentes en 432 hogares. Se calcularon la ingestión usual para cada individuo, la ingestión agregada para cada hogar y el porcentaje de participación de los integrantes del hogar. La participación en el consumo en el hogar se ajustó en modelos lineales por edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, necesidad de energía, nivel socioeconómico, escolaridad y tamaño del hogar. Resultados. El jefe del hogar part icipa en promedio en 27,4 % (IC 95% : 26,5-28,2) del total de la energía, sin diferencia por sexo o si aporta a los ingresos del hogar o no. La participación de los sujetos sin parentesco, 30,3 % (IC 95% : 25,3-35,3), y de los hermanos del jefe, 26,0% (IC 95% : 22,7- 29,3), es equivalente a la del jefe. Al ajustar la participación, el nieto cobra importancia, 29,8% (IC 95% : 27,4-30,9). Los hombres participan más que las mujeres (p<0,05). Aun en hogares pequeños, la participación es menor si el nivel económico es bajo y reciben ayuda alimentaria (p<0,05). Conclusión. Surge la necesidad de una intervención cultural con fines nutricionales para modificar los principios de contribución, necesidad, equidad y demanda, a la luz de las estructuras de poder y autoridad. Se evidencia desigualdad en la distribución.

Introduction: Knowing the intra-household distribution of dietary intake is useful to establish food policy. Objective: To estimate the intra-household distribution of energy and macronutrients by kinship in Colombian households. Material and methods: We applied two recalls of dietary intake for the last 24 hours (R24H) in 1,505 subjects living in 432 households. Usual intake was calculated for each subject, aggregated for each household and calculated the share (%) for each of its members. Participation data was adjusted in linear models for age, gender, body mass index, energy requirement, socioeconomic levels, education and household size. Results: The head of the household participates on average in 27.4% (95% CI: 26.5 to 28.2) of the total energy, without sex differences or if they contribute to the household income or not. The participation of unrelated subjects was 30.3% (95% CI: 25.3 to 35.3), and 26.0% (95% CI: 22.7 to 29.3) of the siblings of the head of the household, which is equivalent to that of the head of the household. By adjusting participation, the grandson becomes important with 29.8% (95% CI: 27.4 to 30.9). Men participate more than women (p<0.05). Even in smaller households, participation is lower if the economic level is low and they are receiving food aids (p<0.05). Conclusion: In the context of the structures of power and authority, the need for a cultural intervention with nutritional purposes to modify the principles of contribution, necessity, equity and demand emerges. Inequality is evident in the distribution.